A discourse can be of any size as long as it forms aKhông…….
Cohesion is concerned with formal surface structures (syntax and lexis) to interact with underlying …….. relations or underlying functional coherence to create textual unity.
According to David Nunan, (1993), …. can be related, not only in terms of the idea they share, but also in terms of their functions within the discourse.
Informativity depends on the notions of …… and probability.
The syntax of spoken language is typically ……. structured…. that of written language.
According to J. R. Firth, by studying conversations can we understand………….. better
Spoken language contains many ……, often simply sequences of phrases.
The writer is …… the speaker.
Coherence is concerned with the ……….. sequencing of the arrangement of the information, the concepts and relation of the textual world which underlie and are realized by the surface text.
………..refers to the relationship between a particular text and other texts which share characteristics with it.
According to Carthy (1993), cohesion is a guide to …..
Coherence is the feeling that a text …….
The first official studies on discourse appeared in….
According to Halliday & Hasan, (1976), discourse is …….
Passives, it-clefts or wh-clefts are common in…….
Linguistically, written language tends to consist of clauses that are…….
Under the influence of Bloomfield, and then Chomsky, linguists focused on ……….. problems of language for many decades.
In Dell Hymes’ model of context, Code is a term which is used instead of …….
There is aKhông ……. relationship between discourse and context.
The overhearers or unintended addressees are referred to as….. in Dell Hymes’ model of context.
………refers to the situation giving rise to the discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded.
The interpretation of one sentence …….. without looking back at the previous sentences or referring to the coming ones.
How many elements are there in Halliday’s model of context?
There is …….. of discourse kinds which consist of only one word/phrase/sentence.
According to Nunan (1993) there are ……..types of context
According to J. R. Firth, the context consists of …….elements.
According to J. R. Firth, all meaning was ……. .
Utterances are not only dependant on the physical context for their interpretations, they are also …… the language surrounding them.
The topic, the purpose of the event and the setting belong to ….. context.
What does Addresser refer to in Dell Hymes’ model of context?
According to Dell Hymes, the context consists of ……. elements.
………context is the language that surrounds or accompanies the piece of discourse under analysis.
…………..reference items are expressed through personal pronouns, possessive pronouns and possessive determiners.
Grammatical cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis and ……….
The basic meaning of the …….. is ‘there is something more to be said’.
……….is the use of one lexical item with the same meaning in more than one sentence.
What type of conjunction is ‘only’ in the following text?
I’d love to join in. Only I don’t know how to play.
A 3rd person form typically refers …….. to a preceding item in the text.
The basic meaning of the …….. is ‘contrary to expectation’.
First and second person forms are normally interpreted ……… by reference to the situation.
Echoing and auxiliary contrasting are the two types of ………
Based on………, reference is classified into exophoric and endophoric reference.
Why did you come home late last night? / I won’t tell you why.
The type of ellipsis that takes place after why is………..
Halliday & Hasan divides verbal ellipsis into ………
Lexical cohesion is divided into reiteration and ……….
…….. means either restating an item in a later part of the discourse by direct repetition or else reasserting its meaning by exploiting lexical relations.
Those conjunctions like likewise, similarly, in the same way, in (just) this way express ………
The three environments in which clausal substitution takes place are ………….
There are ………. types of substitution.
According to Halliday & Hasan, substitution is a relation within the text on the ……….. level.
…………refers to those pairs of opposites that are gradable such as thin><thick.
What type of reference is essentially a form of verbal pointing?
References to the entity/items within the text are …….. references.
………..is the relation between class and (direct) subclass.
The relation between furninture and table, desk, chair, bed is that of ……..
Reiteration includes repetition, synonymy, antonymy, superodinate,……..and general word.
……. is not an anaphoric relation.
……….refers to the use of nouns with general meanings to refer to some item with specific meanings.
‘not…but’ is the basic meaning of ……….
Which type of clausal substitution is perhaps not?
……….refers to the relation between different words bearing the same meaning or nearly the same meaning.
Clausal substitution is expressed through ………. .
………..reference: points the reader/listener backwards to a previously mentioned entity, process or state.
Nominal substitution is the use of a substitute item to replace the ………. of a corresponding noun phrase.
……….. expresses the relationship of identity which exists between units in discourse.
………presents a part/whole relationship.
………. refers to the association of lexical items that regularly co-occur.
People, object, place, creature are examples of………
References to assumed, shared worlds outside the text are ……..reference.
What type of reference is expressed through adjectives and adverbs and serves to compare items within a text in terms of identity or similarity?
Grammatical cohesion is the surface marking of …….. links between clauses and sentences in written discourse, and between utterances and turns in speech.
………… reference points the reader or listener forwards.
It’s the way I like to go to work. One person and one line of enquiry at a time. Otherwise, there’s a muddle.
In the above text, otherwise is aKhông………. conjunction.
Most of the instances of the substitute one/ones are ……….. .
Contrary, complementary, relational opposite and ordered series are the four subtypes of ……….
Which is NOT an IFID?
AKhông ……….. act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance.
So, to cut a long story short, we grabbed our stuff and ran.
In the above sentence, to cut a long story short is …….
Felicity conditions are those conditions for the performance of a speech act to be recognized ………….
According to Searles, Could you lend me a pen, please? is aKhông ……….
A presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case …….. making an utterance.
AKhông ……….. act is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying something.
Performative verb is a verb that ………….. names the illocutionary act being performed.
Presuppositions ………. under negation.
Bert: Do you like ice-cream?
Ernie: Is the Pope Catholic.
Which maxim is violated in the above text?
Which is NOT a felicity condition on the successful performance of the act of Promising?
……….. state(s) the ‘essence’ of the act, i.e., that the utterance ‘counts as’ speech act x or y or z.
Which type of presupposition is in the King of Sweden?
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