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LESSON: NITRIC ACID A. OBJECTIVES Outline molecular structure, physical properties (state, color, density, solubility), application of HNO3 HNO3 is one of the strongest acids. HNO3 is a very strong oxidizer: oxidizes most metals, some nonmetals, many inorganic and organic compounds. Predict chemical properties, test predictions by experiment and draw conclusions. Observing experiments, photos ..., drawing comments on the properties of HNO3. Writing chemical equations of reduced molecular and ionic formations illustrating the chemical properties of concentrated and dilute HNO3. B. VOCABULARY
LESSON: NITRIC ACID A OBJECTIVES - Outline molecular structure, physical properties (state, color, density, solubility), application of HNO3 - HNO3 is one of the strongest acids - HNO3 is a very strong oxidizer: oxidizes most metals, some non-metals, many inorganic and organic compounds - Predict chemical properties, test predictions by experiment and draw conclusions - Observing experiments, photos , drawing comments on the properties of HNO - Writing chemical equations of reduced molecular and ionic formations illustrating the chemical properties of concentrated and dilute HNO3 B VOCABULARY Tiếng Anh Tiếng Việt Tiếng Anh Tiếng Việt nitric acid axit nitric physical properties tính chất vật lí Modulation method Phương pháp điều solubility chế độ tan phịng thí nghiệm boiling point điểm sôi công nghiệp very soluble tan tốt laboratory in industry Teacher activities Hoạt động giáo the light viên ánh sáng Student activities Hoạt động học protect sinh bảo quản molecular formula công thức phân tử liquid structural formula Observing phenomenon Acidity cause công thức cấu tạo Colorless gas Tính axit chất lỏng the quan sát tượng khí khơng màu browning in the air hóa nâu khơng khí gây Oxidation phản ứng oxi hóa highest chemotherapy water vapour nước oxygen Excess dùng dư oxidation number Chemical properties reaction equation prove observe color Mixture unstable gunpowder passive Nước thủy transport tính chất hóa học protective phương trình phản film ứng oxide material quan sát several stages màu sắc Application hỗn hợp nitrogen fertilizer không bền dye thuốc nổ C EXPRESSIONS cường vận chuyển white precipitate chứng minh oxi thụ động Aqua regia số oxihóa hóa trị cao lớp màng oxit bảo vệ kết tủa trắng nguyên liệu giai đoạn Ứng dụng phân đạm phẩm nhuộm to be soluble/insoluble in tan/không tan to be responsible for gây at room temperature nhiệt độ phòng at standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p.) điều kiện tiêu chuẩn to take part in tham gia (phản ứng) to burn in air cháy khơng khí to be produced = to be formed tạo to be oxidized bị oxi hóa to be reduced bị khử to be broken down to bị phân hủy thành to be kept tightly corked nút chặt to be (left) exposed to air để ngồi khơng khí D PLAN OF TEACHING CONTENT Activity 1: Molecular structure TEACHING ACTIVITIES A NITRIC ACID: Capacity development: The ability to I Molecular structure: use chemical language and problem- - CTPT: HNO3 solving ability through the subject - CTCT: - Teacher: Ask hs to give CTPT and write CTCT of HNO3 molecule - Hs: Answer Activity 2: Physical properties II Physical properties: Textbooks Capacity development: The ability to - Colorless liquid, fuming in moist air use chemical language - Teacher: Ask Hs to observe and study the lesson content in the textbook, - Easily prone to heat or light decay → drawing out the physical properties of yellow dd HNO Hs: Indicate the state, color, durability of water solubility, concentration of - Soluble in water at any rate, D = 1,53g / concentrated HNO3 solution and cm3, ts = 860C specific gravity - Teacher: Comments, additions and conclusions Activity 3: General comments on the III Chemical properties: chemical properties of HNO3 - HNO3 → H + NO3- => is a strong acid Capacity development: The ability to → The highest OXH number can only be use chemical language, the ability to reduced => oxidation solve problems through subjects, the ability to apply chemical knowledge to life - Teacher: Ask students to write the electrolyte equation of HNO3 and determine the oxidation number of N in the HNO3 molecule → Predict properties? - Hs: Answer Activity 4: Acidity of HNO3 Acidity: HNO3 is a strong acid Capacity development: The ability to - Kneeling purple, works with basic use chemical language, teamwork oxides, bases, salts of weak acids capacity and ability to write chemical A strong acid with all the properties of an equations - Teacher: Ask students to discuss and state the general chemistry of acid? acid: HNO3 → H + NO3- - Hs: Discuss and state the chemical makes red kneel, works with weaker properties: Change the color of purple oxides, bases, salts of acid anemone to red, works with basic oxides, bases, salts of weaker acids, with metals Ví dụ: 2HNO3 + MgO → Mg(NO3)2 + H2O - Teacher: Ask students to complete the first properties in notebooks - Teacher: If students are properties of metals will not produce H2, so they will be explored in the next section 2HNO3 +Ca(OH)2 →Ca(NO3)2 + H2O 2HNO3 +CaCO3 → Ca(NO3)2 +CO2 + H2O Hs: Listening to come home to perfection Activity 5: Strong oxidation Oxidation properties: properties of HNO3 - Works with metals Capacity development: The ability to use chemical language, the ability to - HNO3 with OXH +5 number may be solve problems through subjects, the reduced to: ability to apply chemical knowledge to o life and group activities +1 +2 +4 -3 N2, N2O, NO, NO2, NH4NO3 depending - Teacher: Stating the strong oxidation on the HNO3 concentration and reducing capacity of HNO3 ability of participating substances - Gv: Oxidation of most metals (except a Effect on metals: Au, Pt) - Oxidation of most metals (except Au, - Teacher: Demonstration experiments Pt) between Cu effect with thick and thin +5 +2 HNO3 dd to prove Ask students to 3Cu + 8HNO3 (l) → 3Cu(NO3)2+ 2NO+ observe, discuss, raise phenomena? 4H2O - Hs: observe, discuss and make comments, write chemical equations +5 Cu+4HNO3 +2 solid → Cu(NO3)2+ - Teacher information: Often HNO 2NO2+2H2O dilutes to form NO; Special HNO3 forms NO2 - Passive Fe, Al, Cr with solid, cool - Teacher: Passive test presentation of HNO3 Al, Fe, Cr with cold concentrated HNO3 solution - Hs: observe, comment phenomena Activity 6: Strong oxidation b Non-metallic effect: properties of HNO3 - Works with - Concentrated HNO3, hot OXH obtained nonmetals and compounds some non-metallic C, S, P, obtained Capacity development: The ability to NO2 use chemical language, the ability to 6HNO3 + S→ H2SO4+ 6NO2+2H2O solve problems through subjects, the ability to apply chemical knowledge to c Effects on compounds: life - HNO3 special oxidize many inorganic - Gv: When heated, concentrated and organic compounds HNO3 can oxidize some non-metals to FeO+ 4HNO3 → Fe(NO3)3+NO2+ 2H2O the highest level of oxh - Cloth, paper, sawdust, pine oil are Screening of experimental video: destroyed when exposed to solid HNO3 HNO3 condensed with S Hs observed, commented, wrote reaction equations - Teacher: Ask students to read part C - Hs: Read the text - Teacher: Give reaction between FeO HNO3 - Hs: Write PTHH Activity 7: Application of HNO3 IV Application: SGK Capacity development: The ability to use chemical language, the ability to apply chemical knowledge to life Hs studied textbooks said the application of HNO3 Activity 8: Modulation of HNO3 V Modulation Capacity development: The ability to In the laboratory: NaNO3 (or KNO3) use chemical language, the ability to crystals act with concentrated H2SO4, solve problems through subjects heated - Teacher: Ask questions: How is NaNO3+H2SO4(đ)→ HNO3+NaHSO4 HNO3 prepared? - Teacher: For students to read, observe picture 2.7 sgk → Ask hs to know how to prepare HNO3 in the laboratory Write chemical equations Hs: Answer In technology: HNO3 is produced in three stages: Axit nitric lỗng đặc đến 68% axit với hỗn hợp azeotropic với 32% nước Để thu axit có nồng độ cao hơn, tiến hành chưng cất với axit sunfuric H2SO4 H2SO4 đóng vai trị chất khử hấp thụ lại nước 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O (Pt, 850oC) 2NO + O2 → NO2 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O → 4HNO3 Dung dịch axit nitric cơng nghiệp thường có nồng độ 52% 68% Việc sản xuất axit nitric thực công nghệ Ostwald Wilhelm Ostwald phát minh Activity 9: B Nitrate salt: M(NO3)x - Teacher: For hgk sgk research, I Properties of nitrate salts: indicate the solubility characteristics of Physical properties: nitrate salts; Write the electrolyte - All nitrate salts are water soluble and equation for some salts are strong electrolytes Hs: Answer, write electrolysis Ca(NO3)2 → Ca 2+ + 2NO3- equations Activity 10: KNO3 → K+ + NO32 Chemical properties: - Teacher: Let students read and collect -The nitrate salts are unstable by heat, information from SGK when heated nitrate salts have strong H Ask hs to discuss to draw OXH properties conclusions about the pyrolysis - Decomposition products depend on the reaction of nitrate salts nature of the metal cation: Hs: Discuss for minutes, present - Teacher: Comments, conclusions - Gv: Ask hs to write the pyrolysis equation of some salts: Al (NO3)3; o * Kim loại đứng trước Mg t → muối Nitrit + O2 NaNO3; Pb (NO3)2 o 2KNO3 t → 2KNO2 + O2 o t → * Từ Mg đến Cu Oxit kim loại + NO2 + O2 o 2Cu(NO3)2 t → 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 o * Kim loại sau Cu t → Kim loại + NO2 + O2 2AgNO3 → 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 Identify nitrate ions In neutral, ion, NO3- does not have the oxidation When the available H+ ion, ion, NO3- is oxidatively like HNO3 And so to realize the ion NO3- people lightly heated solution containing NO3- with metal H2SO4 diluted: 3Cu + 8H++2NO3-→3Cu2++2NO+4H2O 2NO + O2 → 2NO2 Không màu Activity 11: màu nâu II Nitrate salt application: - Teacher Let students study sgk and find out the fact that nitrate salts have applications? Hs: Nitrogenous fertilizer, black explosive E WORKED EXAMPLES KNOWLEDGE - qualitative questions Question 1: Nitric acid has CTPT as: A HNO2 B HNO3 C HNO5 D H3NO4 Question 2: The atom N in the molecule HNO3 has the oxidation number: A B C D Question 3: In the laboratory, people often prepare HNO3 words A NaNO2 and concentrated H2SO4 B NaNO3 and concentrated H2SO4 C NH3 and O2 D NaNO3 and concentrated HCl LEVEL OF LEARNING - qualitative questions Question 1: Which of the following substances is not produced when metal reacts with HNO3 acid? A NO2 B N2O C N2O5 D NH4NO3 Question 2: Which of the following chemicals is used to distinguish cool-thick dd: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 A Al B CuO C Cu D Fe Question 3: Use the following chemicals to distinguish packets of flour: Cu, CuO, Fe, Fe2O3 A H2O B NaCl C NaOH D HNO3 Question 4: Add aluminum powder to dd HNO dilute, residue obtained NO, N2O and dd A Add excess NaOH to dd A to get X Gas X is: A N2 B H2 C NH3 D NO2 LOW LEVEL OF APPLICATION - quantitative and qualitative exercises Question 1: Dilute HNO3 solution reacts with all of the following series of substances: A.FeO, FeS, Fe2O3, BaSO4 B Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, H2S, FeS C FeCO3, NaNO3, CuS, Cu2S D Fe(OH)2, Fe, K2CO3, NaCl Question 2: Giving 19.5 grams of n-valent M metal dissolved in HNO solution to obtain 4.48 liters of NO gas (the only reducing product of N in standard conditions) M is metal: A Mg B Cu C Fe D Zn Question 3: Make gram of Fe dissolved in 250 ml of 2M HNO solution to obtain the only reductant, NO, to neutralize the excess acid, it is necessary to use 100 ml of 1M NaOH solution So m has the value of: A 2.8 grams B 8.4 grams C 5.6 grams D 11.2 grams Question 4: Give 11,2 grams of a metal Z dissolved in a sufficient amount of HNO 3, after the reaction obtained dd A and 2.28 liters of NO gas (in the standard) is the only reducing product Concentration dd A dried anhydrous salt with mass equal to: A 55.6 grams B 48.4 grams C 56.5 grams D 44.8 grams Question 5: M mg Mg completely dissolved in HNO solution, the reaction releases N2O gas (the only reducing product of N +5) and the solution after reaction increases 3.9 grams So m has the value of: A 2.4 grams B 3.6 grams C 4.8 grams D.7.2 grams HIGH PERFORMANCE Question 1: For substances: Fe, FeS, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cu2O, Na2S, Fe (OH) How many of these substances work with dilute HNO3 dd of the redox reaction: A.7 B.6 C.5 D.4 Question 2: Add 19,2g Cu to 500ml of 1M NaNO3 solution then add 500ml of 2M HCl solution The final reaction yields a solution of X and V liters of NO gas (the only reducing product of N in the test condition) The value of V is A 3.36 liters B 4.48 liters C 2.24 liters 10 D 4.48 liters Question 3: Give 27 grams of Al completely dissolved in HNO solution, the reaction causes the release of V liter of N2O, NO with molar ratio of 1: (dktc) after the reaction of 29.3 grams of salt So V has the value of: A 4.48 liters B 3.36 liters C 10.08 liters D Other results EXPERIMENTAL QUESTIONS Question 1: Conducting experiments: TN 1: Put some Cu powder in dilute HNO3 solution TN 2: Put a few sets of Cu in a thick, cool HNO3 solution Observe experiments, raise and explain phenomena by chemical equations Question 2: When doing experiments with HNO3 can generate many toxic gases Suggest a method to prevent those gases from being released into the air PISA QUESTION Question 1: Explain the verse: “Contemplative rice peeked out from the edge When listening to the thunder flag waving up " F HOMEWORK Question 1: By chemical methods, please show how to identify the following containers of liquid solution: HNO3, KNO3, dilute H2SO4, KCl Write chemical equations that happen if they exist Tutorial: +) Use BaCl2 solution +) Use AgNO3 solutions +) Use purple kneeling: Question 2: Write an abbreviated molecular and ion equation a) NaOH HNO3 → b) CaCO3 HNO3 → Question 3: Give 2.19 grams of a mixture of Cu, Al completely working with excess HNO3 solution, obtaining solution Y and 0.672 liters of NO gas (in the DCT, which is the only reducing product) Calculate the percentage by mass of two metals in the mixture? 11 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO Cao Cự Giác (Chủ biên), Trần Trung Ninh (2018) Phương pháp dạy học hoá học tiếng Anh trường Trung học phổ thông Nxb Đại học Vinh Cao Cự Giác (2019) Dạy học số chủ đề hoá học tiếng Anh Nxb Giáo dục 12