The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics “This book will rapidly become a go-to text for research methods in applied linguistics Its topics cover the full range of issues researchers are likely to face, and the discussions are written by leading authorities in the field A wonderful up-to-date resource.” – Tim McNamara, The University of Melbourne, Australia “An exceedingly timely volume of vast and enduring relevance, Rose and McKinley have produced a text of great value and importance to the field The book – in both its sum and its parts – manages to balance breadth and depth of coverage while remaining an indispensably accessible resource for advancing the methodological knowledge of novices as well as experienced scholars.” – Luke Plonsky, Northern Arizona University, USA The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics provides a critical survey of the methodological concepts, designs, instruments and types of analysis that are used within the broad field of applied linguistics With more than 40 chapters written by leading and emerging scholars, this book problematizes and theorizes applied linguistics research, incorporating numerous multifaceted methodological considerations and pointing to the future of good practice in research Topics covered include: • • • • • • key concepts and constructs in research methodology, such as sampling strategies and mixed methods research; research designs such as experimental research, case study research, and action research; data collection methods, from questionnaires and interviews to think-aloud protocols and data elicitation tasks; data analysis methods, such as use of R, inferential statistical analysis, and qualitative content analysis; current considerations in applied linguistics research, such as a need for transparency and greater incorporation of multilingualism in research; and recent innovations in research methods related to multimodality, eye tracking, and advances in quantitative methods The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics is key reading for both experienced and novice researchers in applied linguistics as well as anyone undertaking study in this area Jim McKinley is an associate professor of applied linguistics and TESOL at the Institute of Education, University College London, UK Heath Rose is an associate professor of applied linguistics at the Department of Education, University of Oxford, UK Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics provide comprehensive overviews of the key topics in applied linguistics All entries for the handbooks are specially commissioned and written by leading scholars in the field Clear, accessible and carefully edited Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics are the ideal resource for both advanced undergraduates and postgraduate students THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF SECOND LANGUAGE RESEARCH IN CLASSROOM LEARNING Edited by Ronald P Leow THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF LANGUAGE IN CONFLICT Edited by Matthew Evans, Lesley Jeffries, and Jim O’Driscoll THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION Edited by Steve Walsh and Steve Mann THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF LINGUISTIC ETHNOGRAPHY Edited by Karin Tusting THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH METHODS IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS Edited by Jim McKinley and Heath Rose THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION CURRICULUM DESIGN Edited by Peter Mickan and Ilona Wallace For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com/series/RHAL The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics Edited by Jim McKinley and Heath Rose First published 2020 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Jim McKinley and Heath Rose; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Jim McKinley and Heath Rose to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Rose, Heath, editor | McKinley, Jim (Linguist) editor Title: The Routledge handbook of research methods in applied linguistics / Heath Rose, Jim McKinley Description: New York : Taylor and Francis, 2020 | Series: Routledge handbooks in applied linguistics | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2019031974 (print) | LCCN 2019031975 (ebook) | ISBN 9781138501140 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367824471 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Applied linguistics—Research—Methodology | Applied linguistics—Study and teaching—Handbooks, manuals, etc | Linguistics— Study and teaching—Handbooks, manuals, etc Classification: LCC P129 R685 2020 (print) | LCC P129 (ebook) | DDC 418.0072/1—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019031974 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019031975 ISBN: 978-1-138-50114-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-82447-1 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of figures List of tables List of text box List of contributors Introduction: theorizing research methods in the ‘golden age’ of applied linguistics research Jim McKinley ix xi xiii xiv PART I Key concepts and current considerations 13 Methodological transparency and its consequences for the quality and scope of research Emma Marsden 15 Multi-perspective research Brian Paltridge Expanding the scope of mixed methods research in applied linguistics Mohammad R Hashemi 29 39 Sampling: problematizing the issue Masuko Miyahara 52 Ensuring translation fidelity in multilingual research Gene Thompson and Karen Dooley 63 Researching multilingually in applied linguistics Jane Andrews, Prue Holmes, Richard Fay, and Susan Dawson 76 v Contents Solidarity and the politics of ‘us’: how far can individuals go in language policy? Research methods in non-Western contexts Cristine G Severo and Sinfree B Makoni Advancing quantitative research methods Shawn Loewen and Aline Godfroid 87 98 Interdisciplinary research Jack Pun 108 10 Ethics in applied linguistics research Peter I De Costa, Jongbong Lee, Hima Rawal, and Wendy Li 122 PART II Designs and approaches to research 131 11 Experimental and quasi-experimental designs John Rogers and Andrea Révész 133 12 Case study research: making language learning complexities visible Patricia A Duff 144 13 Ethnography: origins, features, accountability, and criticality Li Wei 154 14 Autoethnography and critical ethnography Sue Starfield 165 15 Action research in language education Darío Luis Banegas and Sal Consoli 176 16 Core dimensions of narrative inquiry Gary Barkhuizen 188 17 Methodological issues in critical discourse studies Christian W Chun 199 18 Integrating corpus tools into mixed methods research Ron Martinez 211 19 Systematic reviews in applied linguistics Ernesto Macaro 230 vi Contents 20 Meta-analysis in applied linguistics Yo In’nami, Rie Koizumi, and Yasuyo Tomita 240 21 Methods and approaches in language policy research Qing Shao and Xuesong (Andy) Gao 253 22 Grounded theory method Gregory Hadley 264 PART III Data collection methods 277 23 Planning and conducting ethical interviews: power, language and emotions Louise Rolland, Jean-Marc Dewaele and Beverley Costa 279 24 Focus groups: capturing the dynamics of group interaction Nicola Galloway 290 25 Think-aloud protocols Lawrence Jun Zhang and Donglan Zhang 302 26 Stimulated recall Hugo Santiago Sanchez and Trevor Grimshaw 312 27 Questionnaires: implications for effective implementation Janina Iwaniec 324 28 Observations and field notes: recording lived experiences Xiao Lan Curdt-Christiansen 336 29 Diaries and journals: collecting insider perspectives in second language research Heath Rose 348 30 Oral language elicitation tasks in applied linguistics research Faidra Faitaki and Victoria A Murphy 360 31 Eye tracking as a data collection method Ana Pellicer-Sánchez and Kathy Conklin 370 vii Contents PART IV Data analysis 383 32 Using statistical analysis software (R, SPSS) Jenifer Larson-Hall and Atsushi Mizumoto 385 33 Descriptive statistics in data analysis Jessica Briggs Baffoe-Djan and Sara Ashley Smith 398 34 Inferential statistics in quantitative data analysis Simone E Pfenninger and Hannah Neuser 415 35 Factor analysis and statistical modeling in applied linguistics: current issues and possibilities Yuliya Ardasheva, Kira J Carbonneau and Xue Zhang 427 36 Qualitative content analysis Ali Fuad Selvi 440 37 Text analysis Wei Wang 453 38 Analysis of corpora Averil Coxhead 464 39 A discursive psychological approach to the analysis of talk and text in applied linguistics Matthew T Prior and Steven Talmy 474 40 Multimodal (Inter)action Analysis Jarret Geenen and Jesse Pirini 488 41 Toward an expansive interactional analysis Suresh Canagarajah, Daisuke Kimura, Mohammad Naseh Nasrollahi Shahri, and Michael D Amory 500 Index 514 viii Figures 1.1 5.1 5.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 Badges indicating open science practices in participating journals The collaborative serial translation approach (CSTA) The researcher as translator serial approach (RTSA) Integrated model of interdisciplinary research process (IRP) Visualisation of the first and second steps in interdisciplinary research Visualisation of steps involved in identifying insights for interdisciplinary research 9.4 Visualisation of the process of integration for interdisciplinary research 15.1 Action research features 15.2 Sample of cycles and stages in an action research project 16.1 Narrative study and narrative inquiry 16.2 Narrative and interaction 16.3 Narrative research and researcher engagement 16.4 Storied data 16.5 Analysis of narrative and narrative analysis 18.1 KWIC concordance sample of the word judge 18.2 Interaction among three key variables in corpus research 18.3 The Frequency Transparency Framework or the inclusion of multiword expressions in language teaching 18.4 Typical research procedure in quantitative corpus linguistics 18.5 Example of mixed-method corpus-informed research design 18.6 KWIC concordance of day 18.7 List of words that most frequently co-occur (collocate) with day in 9/11 corpus 18.8 KWIC concordance of rest in 9/11 corpus 18.9 KWIC concordance of work in 9/11 corpus 18.10 Sample window of n-grams generated from 9/11 corpus 18.11 Concordance of turn on in 9/11 corpus 18.12 KWIC concordance of okay (first item in keyword list) 20.1 Forest plot of effect sizes of changes in L2 proficiency of Japanese university students learning English 20.2 Funnel plot of effect sizes in relation to standard error 22.1 Three stages of grounded theory method 27.1 The “thank you and final comments” page 28.1 The online coding scheme 24 68 70 114 115 116 118 181 182 191 192 193 194 196 213 214 215 221 221 223 223 224 224 225 226 227 247 248 266 332 340 ix Index Cho, M. 317 Cho, S. 407 Choi, E. 194 Choi, J 167, 169 Chung, T. 465 circle chart 403 Clandinin, D J 189, 193 – 194 Clarke, V 149, 284, 287 clinical research supervisor 286, 287 Cobb, T. 226 COBUILD lexicography project 211 coding frame 444 code-switching 281, 306, 405 Codó, E. 260 Coffey, A. 161 Cohen, J. 246 Cohen, L 29, 337 collaborative serial translation approach (CSTA) 67 – 68 Collins, K M T. 47 Collins, L. 19 communicating: grounded theory methodology 272 – 273; interdisciplinary research 119 communicative competence, development of 496 – 497 Communicative Orientation of Language Teaching (COLT) 338 community/solidarity relationship, non-Western contexts of research and 90 – 92 comparison group, quasi-experimental research and 140 – 141 Complex Dynamic System Theory (CDST) 6, 418 complexity theory, defined 6 computational text analysis 459 computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) 221 – 222, 273, 447 Comrey, A L. 430 consent (participant consent) 26, 61, 123, 126, 168, 185, 282, 298 conceptual categories 267 conceptual equivalency in translation 65 concurrent thinking-aloud 303 confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) 427, 429 – 430 Connelly, F M 193 – 194 Conrad, S. 467 constant comparison 267 constructivism, defined 3 content analysis 440; see also qualitative content analysis (QCA) context: action and 177 – 178, 180; of culture 454; defined 363; of situation 455; text analysis and 454 – 455 continuous data 399 continuous values 399 control group: evaluating data and 244; quasi-experimental research and 140 – 141 516 conversation analysis 476 – 479; data in, handling 477 – 479; guidelines for 478 Cooper, H 241 – 242, 243 Copland, F 112, 127 corpora 464 – 470; analyzing tools available for 470; defined 464; for English language learner research 467; for frequency-based analysis 464 – 465; for lexical bundle research 467; methodological decision making when using 468 – 470; for multiword unit research 466 – 467; for replication research in word lists 466; uses for 464 – 468; for vocabulary identification 465; for vocabulary load research 465; for word lists 465 – 466 corpus linguistics 458 Corpus Linguistics 228 Corpus of Contemporary American English corpora (COCA) 19, 464 – 465 corpus research 211 – 228; Frequency Transparency Framework 215 – 216; to investigate social phenomena 218 – 227; lecture comprehension needs case study 218 – 221; mixed-methods approach, importance of 213 – 218; 9/11 personal accounts case study 221 – 227; origins of 211 – 213; qual and quan use in 228; variables in 214 – 215 Corpws Cenedlaethol Cymraeg Cyfoes/National Corpus of Contemporary Welsh (CorCenCC) project 468 – 469 Cortes, V 467, 469 Cortex 22 Costa, B. 285 Coulon, A. 156 Coulthard, M. 457 Cowan, J. 309 Coxhead, A 465, 466, 467, 469 Crawley, M J 393, 394 Creative Commons Licensing 25 Creese, A 112, 127, 160 Creswell, J W. 44 critical autoethnography 167 critical discourse analysis (CDA) 199, 448 critical discourse studies (CDS) 199 – 208; approaches to 199 – 200; vs critical discourse analysis 199; critiques of 205 – 207; future direction for 207 – 208; intertextuality and 201 – 202; introduction to 199; mediated discourse analysis and 204 – 205; multimodality studies and 202 – 204; systemic functional linguistics and 200 – 201 critical ethnography 157, 161; in applied linguistics 170 – 171; criticism of 170; described 169 – 170; introduction to 165 – 166; writing 172 – 173 critical realism 40; defined 3, 6 cross-cultural adaptation 70 Index cross sectional design 30, 33, 43, 349, 363, 421 Csizér, K. 333 Csomay, E. 465 cultural translation 65 Cumming, G 23, 100 Curle, S. 242 Current Issues in Language Planning 256, 260 Curry, M J 30, 31, 33, 34 Cusicanqui, S 91 – 92 Damschroder, L 448, 449 Dang, T N Y 465, 470 data-accountable visuals 385 data analysis: corpora analysis 464 – 470; descriptive statistics (descriptives) 398 – 413; expansive interactional analysis 500 – 512; factor analysis, statistical modeling and 427 – 437; inferential statistics 415 – 425; multimodal (inter)action analysis 488 – 498; qualitative content analysis 440 – 451; statistical analysis software (R, SPSS) 385 – 396; talk and text 474 – 484; text analysis 453 – 462 data and analysis transparency 19 data collection 4; vs data generation 149; diaries and journals 348 – 358; ethical interviews 279 – 288; eye tracking 370 – 381; field notes 343 – 346; focus groups 290 – 300; observations 336 – 346; oral language elicitation tasks 360 – 367; questionnaires 324 – 334; stimulated recall 312 – 321; think-aloud protocols 302 – 309; thinking-aloud for, concerns over 304 – 307 data dredging 21 data elicitation 4, 17, 312, 324 data generation and analysis in case study research 149 – 150 data integration in MMR 45 – 46 Davies, M 466, 469 Davis, A. 349 Dawney, L 45 – 46 Day, D. 480 Dean, J. 203 Dearden, J. 242 De Bot, K. 417 debriefing 170, 287 deductive reasoning, defined 6 De Fina, A 189, 190, 191 Demecheleer, M 465, 466 de Milliano, I. 308 Dempsey, N P. 313 Denscombe, M. 269 dependent variables, defined 133 Derrick, D J. 21 Deschambault, R 304, 309 descriptive self-report and survey data, presenting 405 – 407 descriptive statistics (descriptives) 398 – 413; behaviour frequency scales, presenting 407 – 408; central tendency measures as 399 – 400; descriptive self-report and survey data, presenting 405 – 407; frequencies, percentages and other descriptive information, presenting 402 – 405; frequency measures as 399; graphics and visual representations 411; means, presenting 408 – 410; presentation decisions 411 – 413; role of 398; spread measures as 400 – 401; standard deviation, presenting 410 – 411; understanding 398 – 399; using 401 – 402 De Silva, R. 319 Devitt, A J. 459 de Vos, J F 242, 245 Dewaele, J.-M. 282 diachronic, defined 7 dialectical pluralism 40 diaries and journals 348 – 358; benefits of 349; combination designs of 353; diary described 350; event contingent designs 352 – 353; implications for researchers 357 – 358; improving use of 353 – 357; interval contingent designs 351 – 352; introduction to 348; journals described 350 – 351; literacy demands, reducing 354 – 355; logs described 350; methods, designs of 351 – 353; participants time commitments, reducing 354; recall bias, reducing 356 – 357; signal contingent designs 352; technology use to enhance data quality 355 – 356; training to enhance data quality 356; types of 349 – 351; variable-scheduled designs 352 Diaspora, Indigenous and Migrant Education 128 Dickinson, W B. 298 Dikilitaş, K. 177 disciplinary research vs interdisciplinary research 111 – 112 discourse analysis 8, 30, 34 – 35, 110, 193, 199, 202, 258, 442, 453, 461, 474 – 475, 494 discourse of MMR 47 – 48 discovery of grounded theory: strategies in qualitative research, The (Glaser & Strauss) 265 discrete values 399 discursive psychology: constructionist orientation of 475; data, handling 482 – 484; described 475 – 476; project of respecification 476 dispositionality 5 Dörnyei, Z 127, 293, 324 – 325, 328, 331, 332, 333, 349 double articulation 203 Doyle, D. 184 Duff, P 149, 160 Dufour, S. 268 517 Index Dunn, K. 333 Durrant, P 272, 466, 467, 468 education, ethics in applied linguistics research and 126 – 127 Edwards, D. 475 Edwards, E 179, 182 EFA see exploratory factor analysis (EFA) Egbert, J 20, 428 Eggins, S 113, 115, 117, 455, 456 Egi, T. 313 Eisenchlas, S A. 316 Eisenhart, M. 57 Elliott, R. 350 Ellis, C 166, 173 Ellis, N C 99, 216, 466, 467, 469 – 470 Ellis, R 243, 417 emotions, managing 285 – 287; in interviews 285 – 286; retraumatisation/vicarious trauma and 286 – 287 emotional contagion 286 emotional labour 287 empathy 145, 281, 285 – 286, 342 empirical equivalence in translation 64 – 65 Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics 165 Engineering Academic Formulas List 467 English for Specific Purposes 32 – 33 epistemology, defined 3 EPPI Centre 235, 238 Eppler, M J. 44 Ericsson, K A 303, 304, 309 Erman, B. 467 ethical interviews 279 – 288; emotions and 285 – 287; interview guide for 280 – 281; introduction to 279; multilinguals and 284 – 285; planning for 280 – 282; power relations and 282 – 284; retraumatisation/ vicarious trauma and 286 – 287; setting up for 281; transcribing 287 – 288; when to use 279 – 280 ethical issues: action research in language education 184, 185; in autoethnography 168; with ethnography 160 – 162; internet-based research 126; with questionnaires 333 – 334; in sampling 60 – 61 ethics in applied linguistics research 122 – 128; assessment and 124; education in 126 – 127; future research for 126 – 127; internet-based research and 126; introduction to 122; literacy and 124 – 125; macro-ethics vs micro-ethics 122 – 123; researcher protection and 127; second language acquisition and 123 – 124; sociolinguistics and 125 – 126 ethnographic self 161 ethnography 154 – 162; in and for applied linguistics 158 – 160; critical 157, 161; defined 154; ethical/accountability issues with 518 160 – 162; features of 156 – 158; grounded theory methodology compared to 269 – 270, 271; as methodology 30; origins and development of 154 – 156; significance of 162; types of 156 ethnomethodology 155 – 156 Evaluation in Text (Hunston & Thompson) 457 event contingent designs, diaries and journals 352 – 353 evocative autoethnography 166 executive summary 237 expansive interactional analysis 500 – 512; example demonstration of 507 – 511; introduction to 500 – 501; logocentrism 502; metaphysics of presence 501 – 502; methodological individualism 502; methodological rich points 504 – 507; research background 504 – 507; theoretical shifts 501 – 504 experiential meaning 455 experimental language production tasks 363 experimental/quasi-experimental research designs 133 – 142; considerations when designing 140 – 141; control vs comparison group considerations 140 – 141; extraneous variables, controlling 141; factorial design 139 – 140; features of 133 – 135; introduction to 133; Latin square design 137 – 138; participant assignment considerations 140; pretest-posttest control group design 135 – 136; quality of 134; random assignment and 134; repeated measures design 138 – 139; time-series design 136 – 137; types of 135 – 140; validity and 134; variables and 133; writing reports on 141 exploratory action research 182 exploratory factor analysis (EFA) 427 – 429 external generalizability 58 external validity 134 – 135 extrapolating 57 Eyckmans, J. 100 eye-mind assumption 371 eye tracking 370 – 381; cognitive processing and 371 – 373; eye movements across input modes, examining 379 – 381; introduction to 370; methodological considerations 375 – 381; non-verbal input and 378 – 379; overview of 370 – 375; written verbal input and 375 – 378 factor analysis, statistical modeling and 427 – 437; article selection 431; assumptions analysis 433 – 434; CFA 429 – 430; content analysis 431 – 433; EFA 427 – 429; future studies for 436 – 437; implications of 437; introduction to 427; method analysis 434 – 436; SEM 429 – 430 factor extraction methods 428 factorial design 139 – 140 factor retention rules 428 Index factors 139 Færch, C. 304 Farhady, H. 98 Fassetta, G. 79 Fay, R 77, 80 Fecher, B. 20 Fehr, B J. 477 Fenstermacher, G D. 188 Fernandez, J. 149 Fetters, M D. 44 Fidell, L S. 402 Field, A P. 402 Fielding, N. 47 field notes: keeping 344, 346; observations and 343 – 346; taking 343 – 344, 345 Fine, G A. 161 Firth, J R. 454 Fischer, R. 137 Fitzpatrick, T 468 – 469 fixate 370, 371 fixation count 370 fixation duration 370 Flowerdew, J 31, 199 Flowerdew, L. 470 focused codes 267 focused investigation 267 focus groups 290 – 300; comfort advantages of 293; considerations for adopting 297 – 299; described 290 – 292; economical advantages of 293; emic/etic data access and 296; extracts from 294 – 295, 299; flexibility and 296 – 297; group dynamics as advantages of 293 – 294; introduction to 290; origins and use of 292 – 293; power/control and 296; spontaneous responses and 295 – 296 Fogarty-Bourget, C. 493 foreground/background continuum of attention/ awareness 494 Forman, J 448, 449 Fortanet, I. 33 Fortin, D. 268 forward-translation 65 Foucault, M. 206 Fox, M C 303, 306, 309 frames 5 – 6 Francis, G. 457 Fraurud, K. 428 Freeman, M. 190 Frels, R K 40, 47 French Language Learning Oral Corpus 19 frequencies, percentages and other descriptive information 402 – 405 frequency distribution 399 frequency measures 399 Frequency Transparency Framework 215 – 216 Fresc, L. 23 Fricke, S. 362 Friedman, D 36, 149 Friesike, S. 20 Furnham, A 417 – 418 Gablasova, D. 466 Gaines, R E. 194 Galloway, N 294 – 297, 351, 353 – 354 Ganassin, S 81, 82, 83 – 84 Gao, X 126, 259, 292 – 293, 306 Gardner, D 466, 469 Gardner, R. 479 Garner, E. 201 Gass, S M 126 – 127, 313, 316, 317, 318, 320 Gatterer, Christoph Wilhelm Jacob 155 Gee, J P 159, 206 generalization: case study reporting and 150; sampling and 56 – 58, 416 – 417 Generalized Additive (Mixed) Models (GAMM) 421 – 422 generalized (mixed-effects) regression model 418 – 420 General Service List (GSL) 214 genre 31, 35, 166, 172, 316, 454, 456 – 458 geopolitics of writing, The (Canagarajah) 170, 174 Georgakopoulou, A 125, 126, 190 Georgiadou, L. 283 Gergen, K. 172 Gergen, M. 172 Ghanem, R. 469 Giddens, A. 89 Gierlinger, E. 319 Gillham, W E 326, 328 Giofrè, D. 23 Glaser, B 264 – 265, 270, 272 Glass, G V. 56 Global academic publishing (Curry and Lillis) 34 global-synthetic 491 Gobo, G V 55, 56, 61 Goh, C C 304, 309, 353 Goldstein, T 170 – 171 Golombek, P 188, 189 Gonulal, T. 103 Goodwin, C. 503 Gorard, S. 39 Grabe, W. 36 Graham, D 216 – 218 Graham, S. 319 Gramling, D. 83 Granger, S. 467 Green, J L. 159 Greene, J A. 306 Greene, J C. 41 Gregersen, T. 316 Gries, S 393, 469 Griffiths, C. 177 Grosfoguel, R. 91 519 Index grounded theory methodology (GTM) 264 – 274; action research methodology compared to 269, 271; case studies methodology compared to 268 – 269, 271; communicating 272 – 273; comparisons with other qualitative research methodologies 268 – 272; described 264 – 266; ethnography compared to 269 – 270, 271; focused investigation stage of 266, 267; future of 273; introduction to 264; juxtaposition to 270, 272; open exploration stage of 266 – 267; origins of 264 – 265; phenomenology compared to 270, 271; theory construction stage of 266, 267 – 268; versions of 265 – 266 Gu, Y P. 308 Guba, E G 56, 57 Guetterman, T C. 44 Guillemin, F 64, 67 Gurzynski-Weiss, L. 319 Halliday, M A K 200, 201, 454, 455, 456 Hamel, J. 268 Hamilton, M. 159 Hamrick, P. 141 Handbook of Narrative Analysis (De Fina and Georgakopoulou) 190 HARKing 21 Harklau, L. 149 Hasan, R 454, 455 Hassan, X. 238 Hastie, T. 421 Hatch, E. 98 Haugen, E. 253 Heath, S B 125, 344 Heath, Shirley Brice 159 Hebing, M. 20 Hedges, L V 241 – 242, 243 Heller, M. 160 Hennessy, E A. 245 Henson, R K. 437 Hepburn, A. 475 Herodotus 154 Heron, M. 316 Hesse-Biber, S N 47, 49 Hessel, G. 330 Hewings, M. 32 Higgins, C. 480 highly structured observation 338 Hoang, H. 364 Hodge, R. 203 Hoey, M 456 – 457 Hoffman, E. 284 Holman, T B. 67 Holman Jones, S. 173 Holmes, P 81, 284, 285 Hopkins, K D. 56 Hornberger, N H. 160 Howell-Richardson, C 352, 354 520 Hu, G. 256 Hu, J. 306 Hu, R. 126 Huang, J 292 – 293 Huberman, A M 55, 58, 59 Huensch, A. 19 human dimension of MMR 48 – 49 Hunston, S. 457 Hussin, V. 320 Hyland, K 466, 467 Hymes, D. 158 Iberri-Shea, G. 424 ideational meanings of language 455 Identity 61, 92, 144, 165, 168, 171, 258 – 259, 479; construction 53, 59, 148; cultural 160; professional 48, 285; researcher 5, 48, 60, 93, 184; teacher 147, 179, 195 idiomatic equivalency in translation 64 immersion 444 independent variables, defined 133, 145 inductive reasoning, defined 6 inferential statistics 415 – 425; causal concepts, modern research methods and 418; causal powers, criteria for 416; generalized (mixed-effects) regression model 418 – 420; introduction to 415; logistic regression to analyze categorical data 422 – 424; nonlinearity, applied linguistics and 421 – 422; rerum cognoscere causas 416 – 418 In’nami, Y. 241 In Principle Acceptance (IPA) 23 insider research positions 5 Instruments for Research in Second Languages (IRIS) 18, 124; repository 101, 104 integration: interdisciplinary research and 117 – 119; process 111 interaction, narrative inquiry and 192 – 193 interactional attention/awareness 493 interactionism, defined 6 interactions, observation and 337 interdisciplinarity, defined 110 interdisciplinary research 108 – 120; analysing problem based on insights 117; communicating 119; compared with other methodologies 111; defined 109 – 110, 111; vs disciplinary research 111 – 112; disciplines and literature search for 116 – 117; integration and 111, 117 – 119; introduction to 108 – 109; multidisciplinarity and 111 – 112; problem focus of 113, 115 – 116; processes involved in 112 – 119; process model 110 – 111, 114; purpose of 110; transdisciplinarity and 112 interdisciplinary research process (IRP) model 113, 114 Interim Report on Vocabulary Selection (Faucett) 214 Index internal generalizability 58 internal validity 134 International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) 467 International Journal of Lexicography 228 International Language Testing Association (ILTA) 122, 124 internet-based research, ethics and 126 interpersonal meanings of language 455 – 456 interpreter 82, 285 interpretivism, defined 3 interquartile range (IQR) 401 Interrogating privilege: reflections of a second language educator (Vandrick) 172 – 173 intertextuality 201 – 202 interval contingent designs, diaries and journals 351 – 352 interview guide 280 – 281 interviews: ethical 279 – 288; for multilinguals 284 – 285; setting up 281; transcribing 287 – 288; types of 280; when to use 279 – 280 interview language (policy) 285 interviewer neutrality 285 investigator perspectives 30, 32 – 33 IRIS see Instruments for Research in Second Languages (IRIS) Ishida, M. 137 Ishihara, N. 193 issues, action and 179, 180 Ivanič, R. 159 Ivankova, N V 48 – 49 Iwaniec, J. 333 Jackson, D 317, 430 JASP 387 Jefferson, G. 507 Johnson, D C 88, 89 – 90 Johnson, E J 89 – 90 Johnson, K 188, 189, 316 Johnson, R B 40, 43 Jorgensen, D. 342 Josselson, R. 193 journal editors 23 – 24 journals 348; see also diaries and journals; described 350 – 351 Kachisnke, I. 429 Karimi, M N. 319 Kasper, G 192, 304, 477 Kaveh, Y M. 256 Kendon, A. 488 Kennedy, K J. 71 key-word-in-context (KWIC) 212 – 213 Khan, A U 193 – 194 Kidwell, M C. 23 Kieffer, M J. 433 King, K. 145 Kinginger, C. 192 Knight, D 468 – 469 knowledge communication, intersubjectivity in 495 – 496 Kobayashi, H. 320 Koizumi, R. 241 Kormos, J 138, 326 Kouritzin, S 122 – 123 Kramsch, C. 84 Kress, G 203, 204 Krishnamurty, P. 349 Krosnick, J A. 330 Krueger, R A 292, 299 Kubota, R 52, 60 Kumaravadivelu, B 180 – 181 kurtosis 400 Kvale, S. 288 Labov, W. 125 Laflair, G T 20, 428 Laine, H. 25 Lambert, C. 138 language, functions of 455 – 456 Language Assessment Quarterly 124 Language Attrition 18 language learners 144 Language Learning 22, 23, 243, 431 language policy: agency issues with 89 – 90; components of 255 – 256 Language Policy 256 language policy research 253 – 261; critical points of 260 – 261; effect, attitude, reaction, process and all, “how” approach 259 – 260; factual information, “what” approach 255 – 257; history/timing, “when” approach 257; identity, agency and subjectivity, “who” approach 258 – 259; introduction to 253 – 255; rationale, ideology and explanation, “why” approach 257 – 258; stages of 253 – 254; taxonomy of 254 – 255 Language Problems and Language Planning 256 Language Teaching 189 Language Testing 124 languaging 77 Larsen-Freeman, D. 422 Larson-Hall, J 102 – 103, 250, 385, 387, 388, 390, 393, 396, 424 Lather, P. 170 Latin square design 137 – 138 Laura Alba-Juez, L. 457 Lazaraton, A 53, 103 Lee, H B. 430 Lee, I. 316 Lee, J 194, 249, 480 Lee, J J 298 – 299 Lee, K P 298 – 299 Lee, S. 329 521 Index Lee, S-H. 192 Lee, Y-A 477 – 478, 480 – 481 Leech, L. 56 Leech, N L 47, 298 Lefstein, A. 188 Lei, L. 465 Lemhöfer, K. 242 Lemke, J L 201 – 202 Leow, R P 304, 307 Lesaux, N K. 433 Leung, C B. 125 Lewin, K. 269 Li, S 243, 249 Li Wei 77, 109, 269, 296, 343 Li, Y 30 – 31 Liddicoat, A J. 287 Likert scales: descriptives and 400; means and 409; questionnaires and 329 – 330 Lillis, T M 30, 33, 34 Lincoln, Y S 56, 57 Lindstromberg, S. 100 linear mixed-effects regression modelling 419 line chart 409 – 410 line graph 409 – 410 linguistic relativity 155 Linguistic Society of America 26 Lipsey, M W 244, 245 literacy, ethics in applied linguistics research and 124 – 125 Literacy Research Association 122, 125 Liu, D 465, 466, 467 Lo, Y Y. 319 Locke, T. 178 Loewen, S. 103 logical meaning 455 logistic regression to analyze categorical data 422 – 424 Lognostics 18 logocentrism 502 logs 348; see also diaries and journals; described 350 longitudinal vs non-longitudinal research 148 – 149 Lorge, I. 214 Lowie, W 396, 417, 418, 421, 422 Luke, A, 206 Lyle, J. 313 Lyons, A. 126 Macaro, E 235, 238, 242, 249 Macbeth, D. 172 MacDonald, J 33 – 34 Machin, D. 207 MacIntyre, P D. 316 Mackey, A 127, 145, 313, 316, 317, 318, 320 macro-ethics vs micro-ethics 122 – 123 macro-gaps 238 522 MacWhinney’s TalkBank 19 Malinowski, B 155, 337 Malmström, H 466, 467 Man, M 115, 119 mapping activity 234 Marley, D. 259 Marsden, E 18, 19, 20, 21, 100 Martin, J 456, 459, 460 Martinez, R 217, 219, 220 – 221 materials transparency 18 – 19 Matsumoto, K 304, 309 Matthiessen, C 118, 456 Maxwell, J A. 298 Maybin, J. 112 Mayoh, J. 43 Mayr, A. 207 Mayring, P. 443 McCallum, B 33 – 34 McCarthy, T M 319, 321 McEnery, A. 466 McEnery, T. 458 McGregor, J. 149 McKay, S L. 127 McKinley, J 52, 351, 357 McNamara, T. 124 McNeill, D. 491 Mead, M. 337 mean 399 meaning-making processes 5 – 6 means, presenting 408 – 410 Meara, Paul 18 median 399 mediated action 489 – 491 Mediated Action Theory 489 mediated discourse analysis 204 – 205 Mediated Discourse Theory: the mediated action 489, 490 membership categorization analysis 479 – 482; data with, handling 480 – 482; guidelines for 481 Menard-Warwick, J. 193 Mendis, D. 467 mental health 78, 283 Mertens, D 40 – 41, 47 Messmer, R. 313 meta-analysis 240 – 250; analyzing data stage of 245; described 243; evaluating data stage of 243 – 244; formulating problem stage of 243; implications of 250; interpreting results stage of 245 – 246; introduction to 240; literature search stage of 243; presenting results stage of 246 – 248; research synthesis and 240 – 242; stages of 243 – 248; strengths and weaknesses of 248 – 250 meta-linguistic awareness 283 metalinguistic thinking-aloud (MTA) 305 metaphysics of presence 501 – 502 Index method, defined 4 methodological dimension of MMR 42 – 46 methodological individualism 502 methodological perspectives 30 – 31 methodological rich points 504 – 507 methodological transparency 15 – 26; benefits of 26; challenges and concerns 24 – 25; data and analysis 19; described 16 – 17; future developments for 22 – 24; introduction to 15 – 16; journal editors and 23 – 24; materials 18 – 19; negative consequences of poor 19 – 22; non-transparency, trustworthiness and 21; peer-reviewers’ openness initiative and 23; preregistration and 22; Registered Reports and 22 – 23; replicability and 19 – 20; reporting practices and 21 – 22; reproducibility and 19 – 20; state of play of, in applied linguistics 17 – 19; syntheses and 19 – 20 Methods of critical discourse studies (Wodak and Meyer) 199–200 Meulman, N. 422 Meyer, M. 200 Meza, M D. 316 Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE) 467 Michigan Corpus of Upper-level Student Papers (MICUSP) corpus 468 micro-gaps 238 Miles, M B 55, 58, 59, 447 Millard, G. 362 Miller, C R. 457 Miller, D. 466 Miller, E R. 123 Milligan, C 348, 355, 357 Minn, D. 138 minority languages 160, 285 missing values 399 mixed methods research (MMR), expanding 39 – 49; advanced/innovative designs 43; big data and 44 – 45; data integration in 45 – 46; discourse of 47 – 48; human dimension 48 – 49; introduction to 39; methodological dimension 42 – 46; multimodal 45; pedagogical dimension 47; philosophical dimension 40 – 41; policy dimension 46 – 47; systemic view of 42 – 43; theoretical dimension 41 – 42; transmodal 45 Mizumoto, A 18, 386 MMR see mixed methods research (MMR), expanding mock interview 281, 285 modal density 493 – 494 mode (statistical) 399 moderating variables, defined 133 Modern Language Journal, The 23, 127, 431 Modiba, M. 313 Moere, A V. 45 Montag, W. 201 Morgan, Lewis Henry 155 Morgan-Short, K 19, 20, 22, 100, 304 Morris, S 468 – 469 Motha, S 171, 176 motivational relevancies 455 Mu, Y. 341 Muenchen, R A. 385 Müller, Gerhard Friedrich 154 multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinary research and 111 – 112 multilingual research, translation fidelity in 63 – 74; aims of 63 – 65; back-translation and 65 – 66; bilingual comparison/testing 66; collaborative serial translation approach to 67 – 68; conceptual equivalency 65; considerations for researchers 70 – 73; empirical equivalence 64 – 65; forward-translation and 65; idiomatic equivalency 64; introduction to 63; limitations of research and 71; postgraduate study and 72 – 73; purpose of research and 70 – 71; qualitative data translation 69 – 70; researcher as translator serial approach 69 – 70; review stage and 67; semantic equivalency 64; for survey style questionnaires 67 – 68; techniques for 65 – 70 multilingual subject, The (Kramsch) 84 Multimedia Adult ESL Learner Corpus 19 Multimodal (Inter)action Analysis 488 – 498; communicative competence, development of 496 – 497; foreground/background continuum of attention/awareness 494; intersubjectivity in knowledge communication and 495 – 496; introduction to 488 – 489; lower/higher-level actions of 491 – 492; mediated action 489 – 491; modal configurations 492; modal density 493 – 494; scales of action 495; site of engagement 494 – 495 multimodality discourse studies 202 – 204 multimodal MMR 45 Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) 423 multi-perspective research 29 – 36; described 29; future directions for 34 – 35; introduction to 29 – 30; investigator perspectives 32 – 33; methodological perspectives 30 – 31; space perspectives 34; theoretical perspectives 31 – 32; time perspectives 33 – 34; triangulation and 29 multiple-case study 145; vs single-case studies 147 – 148 Murakami, A. 394 Mur Dueñas, P. 31 Murray, K A 113, 117 Nakagawa, S 122 – 123 narration tasks 363 – 364 narrative analysis 195 – 196 523 Index narrative ethnography 193 narrative fatigue 190 narrative inquiry 188 – 197; analysis of narratives/ narrative analysis and 195 – 196; described 188 – 189; interaction and 192 – 193; literature concerning 188 – 190; narrative study and 191 – 192; researcher engagement and 193 – 194; storied data and 194 – 195 Narrative Inquiry in Language Teaching and Learning Research (Barkhuizen, Benson, and Chik) 190 narrative knowledging 188 – 189 Narrative Research in Applied Linguistics (Barkhuizen) 189 – 190 narrative reviews 230; as approach to research synthesis 241 narratives-in-interaction 194 narratives/narrative analysis, analysis of 195 – 196 narrative study, narrative inquiry and 191 – 192 Nascimento, Abdias do 92 Nation, I S P 464, 465, 466, 468, 469, 470 Nero, S J 256 – 257 Ngo, X M. 196 NHST see null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) Nishino, T. 433 Nivard, M G. 242 noninvasive observation 269 – 270 non-metalinguistic thinking-aloud (NMTA) 305 non-parametric tests 401 – 402 non-probability sampling 55 non-verbal communication 158, 281 – 282, 297, 343, 476, 488, 496 – 497 non-Western contexts of research methods 87 – 96; African politics of proper names and Ubuntu philosophy example 94 – 95; agency issues with language policy 89 – 90; community/solidarity relationship and 90 – 92; introduction to 87 – 89; Quilombo concept example 92 – 94 normal distribution 400 Norouzi, M. 319 Norris, J M 99, 241 Norris, S 491, 492, 495, 497 – 498 Norton, R S. 56 Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) 64 null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) 99 – 100 OASIS (Open Accessible Summaries in Language Studies) 24 observations 336 – 346; aspects of 336 – 337; defined 336; features of 337; field notes and 343 – 346; introduction to 336; origins of 337; participant 341 – 342; researchers’ role in 338; triangulation and 342 – 343; types of 338 – 340 Ochs, E. 192 O’Halloran, K L. 45 524 O’Neill, J. 178 ontology, defined 3 Onwuegbuzie, A J 40, 43, 47, 56, 298 open coding 267 open exploration 266 – 267 open sampling 266 Open Science Framework (OSF) 18, 100 – 101 Oppenheim, A N. 333 oral language elicitation tasks 360 – 367; experimental language production tasks 363; introduction to 360 – 361; narration 363 – 364; question-and-answer 364 – 366; researcher-developed measures 362 – 366; sentence-completion 366; spontaneous speech data analysis 362 – 363; standardised tasks 361 – 362 ordinal data 399 – 400 O’Riordan, T. 110 Orr, A M. 189 Ortega, L 99, 243, 424 Oswald, F L 100, 241, 242, 243, 246 Other floors, other voices (Swales) 35 outliers 400, 402 outsider research positions 5 Oxford Handbook of Language Policy and Planning, The (Tollefson & Pérez-Milans) 87 Paiz, J M. 173 Palgrave Handbook of Applied Linguistics Research Methodology 189 Pallant, J. 333 Palozzi, V J. 261 Paltridge, B 32, 33, 35, 159 – 160, 173 Palvenien, A. 342 Paquot, M. 465 paradigm: defined 2; examples 2 – 3 paralinguistic features 287, 477 parameters 398 parametric tests 401 Park, J-B H. 194 Parkinson, B 352, 354 participant observations 341 – 342 participatory paradigm, defined 3 Patiño-Santos, A. 260 Patton, M Q. 57 Pavlenko, A. 189 Pease-Alvarez, L. 259 Pecorari, D. 466 pedagogical dimension, MMR literacy and 47 peer-reviewers’ openness initiative 23 Pellicer-Sánchez, A. 380 Pennycook, A. 173 percentiles 401 Pérez-Milans, M. 260 personal construct repertory grids 273 Peters, E. 136 Petrovi, M. 465 Index p-hacking 21 Phakiti, A. 396 Pham, D. 45 phenomenology: defined 270; grounded theory methodology compared to 270, 271 Phipps, A 77, 83, 85, 282 physical place, observation and 337 Pickering, L. 467 pie chart 403 – 404 Piller, I. 171 pilot 21, 67 – 68, 73, 134, 141, 281, 297, 325, 367 Pinchbeck, G. 470 Pirini, J 492, 493, 496 PISA 65 Plano Clark, V L 48 – 49 Plonsky, L 19, 20, 21, 100, 102, 103, 241, 242, 243, 246, 250, 386, 388, 424, 437 Polanin, J R. 245 policy dimension of MMR 46 – 47 Polio, C 36, 313 Polit, D F. 56 politeness 30 – 31 Polkinghorne, D E 195 – 196 Pomerantz, A M. 477 Popping, R. 458 Porto, M. 349 positionality 5 positional reflexivity 172 positivism, defined 3 post-positivism, defined 3 poststructuralism, defined 6 Potter, J 304, 475 power relations 87 – 91, 123, 125, 170, 206, 258, 282 – 283 pragmatics 363, 496 pragmatism, defined 3 preregistration 22 Presser, S. 330 Pressley, M 304, 307 pretest-posttest control group design 135 – 136 principal axis factoring (PAF) 428 principal components analysis (PCA) 428 Prinsloo, M. 159 Prior, M 192, 285 – 286, 287 Prior, P. 458 probability sampling 54 – 55 Profile 189 Psychological Methods 243 publishing 22, 34, 83, 501 Pulvermacher, Y. 188 Pun, J 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 242 Punch, K 55 – 56 purposeful sampling 55 Pushor, D. 189 Qiu, X. 319 QQ plots 411 qualitative content analysis (QCA) 440 – 451; in applied linguistic research 448; chronological definitions of 440 – 442; coding frame for, building 444 – 446; methodological rigor/ credibility in 448 – 450; origins of 440; overview of 442 – 443; software used in 447 – 448; steps and procedures in conducting 443 – 447; types of 442 – 443 qualitative data translation 69 – 70 quality, key markers of 151 quantitative analysis in applied linguistics research 98 – 104; continued advancement of 103 – 104; critique of current practices 98 – 99; NHST and 99 – 100; open science movement and 100 – 101; overview of 98; sophisticated and new 101 – 103; statistical training in 103 quantitative synthetic approach 241 quartiles 401 question-and-answer tasks 364 – 366 questionnaires 324 – 334; appropriate items for 328 – 329; binary response items 331; defined 324; design of 327 – 333; ethics and 333 – 334; introduction/cover emails 327 – 328; introduction to 324; layout and length 332 – 333; Likert scales 329 – 330; multiple-choice items 331; open-ended questions 331; post-design 333; rank order items 331; response types 329; semantic differential scales 330; thank you and final comments page 331 – 332; uses for 324 – 327 Quilombo concept 92 – 94 R, using see statistical analysis software (R, SPSS) Rafaeli, E. 349 Rampton, B 112, 160 random assignment, experimental research and 134, 140 Ravelli, L. 200 reader generalizability 57 reasoning, theoretical stance and 6 Reed-Danahay, D 165, 166 reflexivity: autoethnographers/critical ethnographers and 165; defined 4; positional 172; textual 172 Registered Reports 22 – 23 regressions 370 Reich, G A. 407 relative frequency 399 reliability, defined 134 refugees and asylum seekers 77, 81, 125, 145, 286 – 287, 403 repeated measures design 138 – 139 Repko, A F 109, 113, 117 replicability, consequences of poor transparency on 19 – 20 replication 7, 19 – 20, 33, 100, 124, 141, 437, 466 525 Index reporting on case studies 150 Reppen, R 467, 469 representation concept, sampling and 56 – 58 reproducibility, consequences of poor transparency on 19 – 20 rerum cognoscere causas 416 – 418 research aim 4 research approach, defined 3 research designs and approaches: action research in language education 176 – 186; autoethnography 165 – 174; case study 144 – 151; corpus research 211 – 228; critical discourse studies 199 – 208; critical ethnography 165 – 174; defined 3 – 4; ethnography 154 – 162; experimental/ quasi-experimental 133 – 142; grounded theory methodology 264 – 274; language policy research 253 – 261; meta-analysis 240 – 250; narrative inquiry 188 – 197; systematic reviews 230 – 239 researcher as translator serial approach (RTSA) 69 – 70 researcher engagement, narrative inquiry and 193 – 194 researcher positionality 148 researcher protection, ethics in applied linguistics research and 127 researcher reflexivity 58 – 60, 148 researching multilingually in applied linguistics 76 – 85; defined 76; foregrounding language in 76 – 78; framework for 78; introduction to 76; linguistically diverse literatures, alternative views in 80 – 81; linguistic choices, being aware of 82 – 83; peer-linguistic support in community research, benefits of 81 – 82; TASOL case study example 79 – 80; writing multilingually, monolingualism and 83 – 84 research method 3 Research Methods for Applied Language Studies (Richards, Ross and Seedhouse) 293 Research Methods in Applied Linguistics (Dörnyei) 293 research objective 4 research synthesis: described 240 – 241; narrative review approach to 241; systematic qualitative review approach to 241 – 242; systematic quantitative meta-analytic review approach to 241 – 242; systematic quantitative review approach to 241 – 242; vote-counting review approach to 241 Research Synthesis Methods 243 resonance 151 respecification, discursive psychology of 476 restarts 410 retraumatisation 286 retrospective thinking-aloud 303 526 review stage of systematic translation procedures 67 rhetoric genre studies 457 – 458 Ricento, T. 88 Richards, K. 293 Richardson, J E. 199 Richardson, L. 172 rigour 25, 63, 72, 101, 127, 151, 161, 367, 448 Rinnert, C. 320 Risager, K. 84 RMly@borders project 79, 83 Roberts, C. 112 Roberts, J K. 437 Rock, F. 126 Roever, C. 396 Rogde, K. 362 Rogers, J. 138 Rojjanasrirat, W. 67 Römer, U. 466 Rose, D. 456 Rose, H 52, 296 – 297, 350, 351, 353 – 354, 356, 357 Ross, S. 293 Rowe, V C. 313 Rowland, C. 363 Ryan, J. 313 Ryan, K. 124 Ryde, J. 283 saccades 370, 371 Sachs, R. 141 Sacks, H 479, 480 Samata, S. 284 sample variance 400 – 401 sampling 52 – 61; described 53 – 54; ethical dimensions of 60 – 61; generalization concept and 56 – 58; introduction to 52 – 53; non-probability 55; probability 54 – 55; purposeful 55; qualitative sample study of 58 – 60; representation concept and 56 – 58; strategies 54 – 56; theoretical 55; types of 54 – 56 sampling logic 57 Samraj, B 32, 33 Sapir, E. 337 Sasaki, T. 304 Saville-Troike, M. 158 Savski, K. 258 scales of action 495 scatter plots 411, 412 Schallert, D L. 194 Schalley, A C. 316 Scheflen, A 488, 491 Schmid, M S. 422 Schmidt, M. 18 Schmitt, N 217, 468 Index Schmitt, T A. 430 Schnur, E. 469 Schoonen, R 433, 434 Schreier, M 57, 443, 448 Schriefers, H. 242 Schutz, A. 270 Scollon, R 205, 489, 490, 494 Scollon, S W. 205 score alteration 402 Scott, M 33 – 34, 457, 470 second language acquisition (SLA), ethics in applied linguistics research and 123 – 124 Seedhouse, P 293, 477 Segura-Bartholomew, G. 67 SEM see structural equation modeling (SEM) Semantic Count of English Words, A (Lorge & Thorndike) 214 semantic equivalency in translation 64 semiotic resources 146, 193, 202, 483, 500, 502, 503 – 504, 511 – 512 semi-structured interviews 280 semi-structured observation 338 sentence-completion tasks 366 sequences, observation and 337 Seton, B. 396 Shao, Q 126, 259 Shaver, J P. 56 Shaw, P. 466 Shi, L 316, 317, 320 Shintani, N 243, 249 showing 172 side-by-side pie charts 403 – 404 signal contingent designs, diaries and journals 352 significance testing 399 Silva, T. 124 Simon, H A 303, 304, 309 Simon-Maeda, A 168, 169, 172 Simpson, R. 467 Simpson-Vlach, R 216, 466, 467, 469 – 470 Sinclair, J 211, 216, 457 single-case analysis 479 single vs multiple-case studies 147 – 148 site of engagement 494 – 495 Siyanova-Chanturia, A. 466 skewness 400 Slade, D 113, 115, 117, 118 small stories 194 – 195 Smith, A M. 326 Smith, C. 219 social actors, observation and 337 social constructivism, defined 3 Social Semiotics 160 sociolinguistics, ethics in applied linguistics research and 125 – 126 solicited journals 348 Sorace, A. 365 Sorrell, J 468, 469 Sousa, V D. 67 space perspectives 30, 34 Spanish Language Learning Oral Corpus 19 spatial autocorrelation analysis 44 spontaneous speech data analysis 362 – 363 spatiotemporal contexts 195, 502 spatiotemporal scales 504, 507, 510 – 512 Spradley, J E 343 – 344 spread measures 400 – 401 Sprenger, S A. 422 SPSS, using see statistical analysis software (R, SPSS) Squires, A. 67 stacked bar charts 405 standard deviation 401; presenting 410 – 411 standardised tasks 361 – 362 Staples, S. 428 Starfield, S 159 – 160, 168, 293 statistical analysis software (R, SPSS) 385 – 396; doing statistics without 387 – 391; further readings for 395 – 396; introduction to 385; modeling 393 – 395; R vs SPSS arguments 385 – 386; statistical tests, R to perform 391 – 393; using R 386 – 387 statistical graphics 403 statistical training in applied linguistics research 103 statistics 398 Stelma, J. 77 stem and leaf plots 411 Sterling, S 126 – 127 Stern, H. 108 Stevenson, H W. 329 Stewart, S. 313 Stickler, U 316, 317, 320 stimulated recall research 312 – 321; geographical contexts of studies 314 – 315; interview types and procedures 318 – 319; introduction to 312; issues with 319 – 320; literature on 312 – 313; purposes of 315; recent studies of 314; recommendations for future 320 – 321; stimulus categories identified 317 – 318; thematic categories/subcategories in 314 – 320; training of participants in 319 Stokoe, E. 475 storied data, narrative inquiry and 194 – 195 Stowe, L A. 422 Strategies for English Language Learning and Reading (STELLAR) 339 Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (Oxford) 428 Strauss, A 264 – 265, 270, 272 Street, B 159, 344 structural equation modeling (SEM) 427, 429 – 430 527 Index structured interviews 280 Stubbs, M. 464 Studies in Second Language Acquisition 23, 431 survey style questionnaires: collaborative serial translation approach 67 – 68; translation within 67 – 68 Suzuki, Y. 429 Swales, J M 34 – 35 symbolic interactionism 155 Symonds, J E. 39 synchronic, defined 7 syntheses, consequences of poor transparency on 19 – 20 systematic qualitative review, research synthesis and 241 – 242 systematic quantitative meta-analytic review 241 – 242 systematic quantitative review, research synthesis and 241 – 242 systematic reviews 230 – 239; described 230; first trawl results and 233 – 234; inclusion and exclusion criteria for 231 – 232; in-depth review of existing research 234 – 237; mapping activity 234; purpose of 231; for relevant studies 232 – 233; team composition 230 – 231; writing in-depth analysis 237 – 239 systematic review team 230 – 231 systemic functional linguistics, critical discourse studies and 200 – 201 systemic view of MMR 42 – 43 Szostak, R 109, 113, 117 Tabachnick, B G. 402 Tagg, C. 126 Taguchi, T 324 – 325, 328, 332, 333 Takahashi, K. 171 talk and text analysis 474 – 484; approach to 476 – 484; conversation analysis 476 – 479; discursive psychology data, handling 482 – 484; discursive psychology described 475 – 476; introduction to 474; membership categorization analysis 479 – 482 talk around text 30, 33 Talmy, S 165, 169, 171, 480 Tan, S. 45 Tanner-Smith, E E. 245 Tao, J. 126 Tardy, C M 124, 159 – 160 Target Language Observation Scheme (TALOS) 338 Tarone, E E. 108 Tashakkori, A. 48 Tavares, N J. 316 Teachers’ narrative inquiry as professional development (Johnson and Golombek) 188 Teaching Arabic to speakers of other languages (TASOL) project 79 – 80 528 team ethnography 162 Teddlie, C. 48 Tegge, F. 465 tellership 192 Téllez, K. 241 Teng, L S. 433 ten Have, P. 477 TESL Canada Journal 127 TESOL Quarterly 189, 290, 293 text analysis 453 – 462; Birmingham school of text analysis 456 – 457; computational text analysis 459; in context 454 – 455; corpus linguistics 458; genres and structures 456; introduction to 453 – 454; language functions 455 – 456; rhetoric genre studies 457 – 458; sample study 459 – 462 text histories 30, 33 textography 34 – 35 textual meanings of language 456 textual reflexivity 172 theoretical dimension of MMR 41 – 42 theoretical perspectives 30, 31 – 32 theoretical sampling 55, 267 theoretical saturation 267 theoretical stance 4 – 7; approaches and 6; reasoning and 6; time and 7 theory construction 267 – 268 thesis genre 35 think-aloud protocols 302 – 309; approaches to understanding 303 – 304; as cognitive activity 304; concerns over 304 – 307; concurrent vs retrospective 303; described 303; effective use of 307 – 308; future directions for use of 308 – 309; informant training/prompting and 307 – 308; introduction to 302 – 303; reactivity and 305 – 306; veridicality and 306 – 307 Thompson, A. 259 Thompson, G 68, 71, 455, 456, 457 Thompson, S 19, 20, 100 Thorndike, E 213 – 214 Tibshirani, R. 421 time: observation and 337; theoretical stance and 7 time perspectives 30, 33 – 34 time-series design 136 – 137 Tollefson, J W. 253 Tracy, S. 151 Tracy-Ventura, N. 19 traditional reviews 230 transcribing data 483 transcription software 287 transdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary research and 112 transferability 57, 151 transformation 402 transmodal MMR 45 transparency: soft version of 16; strong version of 16 Index Transparency and Openness Promotion Guidelines 23 treatment 133 Tressoldi, P. 23 Tretter, T R. 428 trial coding 446 – 447 triangulation 29; data 149, 183, 292; methodological 297, 309; observations and 342 – 343 Tse, P. 466 Tsui, K T. 71 Turner, J L. 396 Tylor, Edward Burnett 155 Type-I error rate 420 Ubuntu philosophy 94 – 95 UK Linguistic Ethnography Forum (UK LEF) 158 – 159 unsolicited journals 348 unstructured interviews 280 unstructured observation 338 Uprichard, E 45 – 46 urban anthropologists 155 urban sociologists 155 user generalizability 57 Ushioda, E. 178 Vafaee, P. 429 validity, defined 134 van Dijk, T A. 199 van Leeuwen, T 203, 204 variable-scheduled designs, diaries and journals 352 ‘Varieties of Initial Learners in Language Acquisition’ (VILLA) 362 Velicer, W F. 428 Venables, E. 316 verbalisation, types of 304 Verschueren, J 206 – 207, 208 visibility 18, 22, 112 visual-world paradigm 373 von Schlözer, A L 154 – 155 vote-counting review, research synthesis and 241 vulnerable participants 83, 96, 125, 279, 280, 285 – 286 Vygotsky, L. 265 Wagner, J 477, 479 Wang, K. 466 Wang, S. 113 Wang, W. 455 Ward, J 465 – 466 Waxman, H C. 241 Webb, S 136, 465 Weinberg, M 191, 195 Wernicke, M. 480 Wertsch, J V 489 – 490 West, M. 214 Westmacott, A. 179 Wetherell, M. 475 White, P 459, 460 Whiteside, A. 84 Whittig, E. 124 Whyte, S. 320 Wieling, M. 422 Wiggins, S 482 – 484 Williams, G. 118 Williams, K M. 194 Williams, M. 57 Wilson, D B 244, 245 Winke, P 124, 126 – 127 Wodak, R. 200 Wood, D C. 467 writing: autoethnography 172 – 173; case study research 150 – 151; critical ethnography 172 – 173; experimental/quasi-experimental research designs 141; in-depth analysis systematic reviews 237 – 239; multilingually, monolingualism and 83 – 84 written review protocol 233 Wynne, M. 470 Yang, C 305, 306 Yin, R. 269 Yin, R K 56, 57, 111 You, C. 333 Yu, L-T. 194 Yu, S. 316 Yule, G. 108 Zalbidea, J 139 – 140 Zhang, D. 434 Zhang, L J. 433 Zhang, X. 124 Zhou, X 77, 80 Zimman, L. 125 Zone of Proximal Development 265 Zoran, A G. 298 Zuengler, J. 123 Zwick, W R. 428 529 ... in the ‘golden age’ of applied linguistics research Jim McKinley The growth of applied linguistics research Research in the emergent, broad, and inherently interdisciplinary field of applied linguistics. .. of Oxford, UK Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics provide comprehensive overviews of the key topics in applied linguistics All entries for the. .. problematize the diminishing role of language teaching in applied linguistics research (e.g ? ?McKinley, 2019; Rose, 2019; Rose & McKinley, 2017), and inform future directions of research within the field