Issues and methods in rorschach research john e exner, routledge, 1995 scan

Issues and Methods in Rorschach Research The LEA Series in Personality and Clinical Psychology Irving B Weiner, Editor Exner • Issues and Methods in Rorschach Research Gacono & Meloy The Rorschach Assessment of Aggressive and Psychopathic Personalities Zillmer, Harrower, Ritzler, & Archer The Quest for the Nazi Personality: A Psychological Investigation of Nazi War Criminals Issues and Methods in Rorschach Research Edited by John E Exner, Jr Rorschach Workshops I~ ~~o~;!;n~~~up New York London Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Transferred to digital printing 2010 by Routledge Routledge Taylor and Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 Routledge Taylor and Francis Group Park Square Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN Erlbaum Associates, Inc of the book may be reproduced in roform, retrieval system, or any other itten permission of the publisher nc., Publishers ver, © M R Harrower, 1966 ng-in-Publication Data ch research / edited by John E Exner, To Marguerite R Hertz-A Rorschach pioneer who, over six decades, weathered the disdain of others and persisted as a staunch advocate for credible research about the test to which she devoted much of her professional life This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Contributors ix Preface xi Introduction John E Exner, Jr Conceptual Issues in Rorschach Research Robert R Dies 25 Formulating Issues in Rorschach Research Donald I Viglione and John E Exner, Jr 53 Variable Selection in Rorschach Research Irving B Weiner 73 Subject Variables in Rorschach Research Robert R Dies 99 Special Issues in Subject Selection and Design Barry A Ritzier and John E Exner, Jr 123 Reviewing Basic Design Features John E Exner, Jr., Bill N Kinder, and Glenn Curtiss 145 vii viii CONTENTS Issues of Probability and Rorschach Research 159 Howard Mcguire and john E Exner, jr Statistical Power in Rorschach Research Maroin W Acklin and Claude] McDowell II 181 10 Basic Considerations Regarding Data Analysis 195 Donald] Viglione 11 Some Special Issues in Data Analysis Howard Mcguire, Bill N Kinder, Glenn Curtiss, and Donald] Viglione 12 Factor Analysis With Rorschach Data 227 251 Eric A Zillmer and jacqueline K Vuz Author Index 307 Subject Index 315 About the Contributors Marvin W Acklin Clinical Studies Program, University of Hawaii at Manoa and Department of Psychiatry, John A Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii Gle1U1 Curtiss Jay Haley Veterans Administration Medical Center, Tampa, Florida Robert R Dies Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland John E Exner, Jr Rorschach Workshops, Asheville, North Carolina Bill N Kinder Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida Claude J McDowell II American School of Professional Psychology, Honolulu Hawaii Howard Mcguire Department of Psychology, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York Barry A Ritzier Department of Psychology, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York Donald J Viglione Department of Psychology, California Professional School of Psychology, San Diego, California Jacqueline Ie Vuz Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Irving B Weiner Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida Eric A Zillmer Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Ix 310 H AUTHOR INDEX Hunter, W F., 106, 121 Hurt, S W., 99, 108, 119 Hadley, S W., 35, 50 Hakstian, A R., 282, 305 Haller, N., 32, 44, 50, 53, 70, 214, 225 Hamburger, CD., 289, 304 Hancock, P A., 197, 225 Handler, L., 44, 45, 48, 114, 120 Hanson, R K., 30, 49, 73, 96, 182, 193 Harder, D W., 31, 48 Hardyck, CD., 206, 226 Harman, H H., 255, 265, 277, 285, 294, 297,301,305 Harman, M.]., 26, 50 Harper, G., 112, 119 Harralson, T L., 108, 120 Harris, B., 253, 275, 285, 306 Harris, D., 44, 48 Harris, R ]., 252, 278, 305 Hartmann, D P., 222, 226 Hartwig, F., 256, 305 Harwell, M R., 201, 205, 208, 214, 215, 225 Hatzel, D ]., 44, 49 Hayes, W L., 199, 225 Hays, W L., 166, 178 Hayslip, B., 99, 119 Healey, B ]., 40, 50 Heaven, T., 244, 249 Helenius, H., 115, 120 Henry, W P., 33, 46 Hertz, M R., 73, 96 Herzog, D B., 27, 51 Hibbard, S R., 44, 45, 48, 114, 120 Hillard, M C, 28, 50, 108, 121 Hilsenroth, M ]., 44, 45, 48, 114, 120 Himelstein, P., 109, 110, 119 Hirshberg, L M., 40, 48, 54, 61, 66, 70, 209, 216,217,225,241,244,245,247,249 Hoch, E L., 2, 24 Holland, M., 61, 71 Holmstrom, R W., 40, 41, 48 Holstrom, R N., 246, 249 Holt, R R., 44, 47, 49, 64, 70, 73, 96, 109, 118, 219, 225, 246, 249 Holtzman, W H., 239, 250 Holzman, P S., 44, 47, 49, 50, 78, 96, 107, 112, 113, 116, 120 Hopkins, K D., 197, 225 Howell, D C, 170, 178, 237, 250 Huck, S W., 170, 178 Hulsey, T L., 108, 120, 121 Hunsley, j., 30, 49, 73, 96, 182, 193 I Imm, P S., 110, 119 Insua, A M., 44, 49 Invemizzi, G., 116, 118 J jensen, A., 181, 193 johnson, D R., 107, 120 johnson, ]., 67, 68, 71 johnson, M H., 78, 96 johnston, M., 129, 143 jUpp, j.]., 44, 49 joreskog, K G., 257, 304 K Kaiser, H F., 255, 275, 282, 292, 305 Kandel, D B., 86, 96 Karns, D., 86, 96 Kaser-Boyd, N., 114, 120 Kassem, L., 27, 34, 35, 40, 44, 49, 50, 54, 71, 91, 96, 108, 114, 120 Kates, ]., 240, 250 Katzer,]., 189, 193 Kendall, P C, 182, 193 Keppel, G., 204, 206, 213, 214, 220, 222, 225 Khan, F., 253, 275, 285, 306 Kim, j 0., 262, 277, 282, 301, 305 Kinder, B N., 14, 24, 42, 49, 100, 116, 119, 120, 239, 240, 250 Kirk, R" 68, 70 Kirk, S A., 38, 49 Kirkner, F.]., 78, 96 Kish, L., 183, 193 Kleinman, M j K., 64, 70, 219, 225 Klopfer, B., 78,96, 136, 138, 143 Knapp, T R., 274, 305 Knutson,]., 181, 193 Kokes, R, F., 31, 48 Kraan, H F., 35, 47 Kraemer, H C, 170, 171, 178 Kreitler, H., 107, 120 Kreitler, 5., 107, 120 Krishnamurthy, R., 37, 46, 100, 118 Kubacki, S R., 28, 50, 108, 121 Kutch ins, H., 38, 49 311 AUTI-IOR INDEX L Uibott, S M., 117, 120 laicardi, c., 107, 108, 112, 115, 116, 118 lambert, M J 86, 96 lambert, W., 108, 120 larsen, R M., 181, 193 lawrence, J P., 254, 300, 306 Leavitt, F., 117, 120 Lehman, M., 107, 117 Leifer, M., 27,34,35,40,44,49, 50, 54, 71, 91, 96, 108, 114, 120 Lerner, H., 43, 49, 54,66, 71, 108, 120, 241, 244, 250 Lerner, P M., 39, 42, 43, 49, 54, 66, 71, 241,244, 250 Leura, A V., 21, 24 Levine, D W., 213, 225 Levitt, E., 136, 137, 138, 143, 240, 249 Lewis, M G., 107, 117 Light, R J., 157, 158 Lindeman, R H., 166, 178 Lipgar, R J., 239, 250 Lipgar, R M., 39, 44, 49, 57, 71, 114, 120, 216,225 Lipovsky, J A., 31, 34, 35, 46, 49, 60, 70, 91, 95, 116, 118 Lipsey, M W., 184, 187, 193 Loewenstein, R J 44, 46 Lohnes, P R., 274, 304 Lohr, N., 40, 50, 114, 121 Lord, F M., 201, 225 LoISOf, E F., 260, 300, 305 Lowenstein, R J., 63, 69, 117, 118 Lowman, R L., 99, 119 Loza, S M., 44, 49 Lubin, B., 181, 193 Lumpkin, V G., 44, 49 M Mason, B J 54, 71, 109, 119, 254, 260, 300,305 Matarazzo, J D., 181, 193 Manlar, C E., 115, 120 Mayman, M., 244, 250 McArthur, C, 181, 193 McDowell, C J., 106, 118 McGown, W., 67, 68, 71 McNemar, Q., 184, 193, 236, 250 Mead, L A., 40, 48, 103, 119 Mecceri, T., 205, 225 Meehl, P E., 57,66, 71, 193, 201, 215, 216, 221, 225, 242, 250 Mehta, CR., 174, 178 J R., 20, 24, 115, 119, 241, 244, 249,250 Merenda, P F., 166, 178 Meyer, G J., 33, 35,39, 49, 106, 120, 239, 250, 254, 260, 300, 305 Meyer, J R., 116, 120 Meyer, R., 40, 44, 47 Millon, T, 86, 96, 131, 143 Minman, B., 42, 48, 53, 70 Mol ish, H., 136, 137, 138, 143, 240, 249 Morgan, C D., 28, 50, 108, 120 Morgan, L., 114, 120, 240, 250 Mueller, C W., 262, 277, 282, 301, 305 Murray, L W., 222, 225 Myers, J., 220, 225 Meloy, N Nakazato, K., 116, 121 Nalesnik, D., 139, 143 Nash, M R., 44, 45, 48, 108, 114, 120, 121 Neidt, C 0., 175, 179 Nener, B E c., 116, 120 Newell, K M., 197, 225 Newman, A c., 253, 302, 305 Macciocchi, S N., 256, 305 Mann, T, 107, 117 Maris, R W., 28, 29, 49 Marsh, A., 119 Martin, J D., 44, 49 Martin, L S., 13, 24 Martone, M W, 27,34, 35,40, 44, 49, 50, Newton, R R., 108, 119 Neyman, J., 183, 193 Nisbett, R E., 42, 50 Noon, S M., 206, 224 Norcross, J c., 31, 34, 47 Norman, D K., 27, 51 Norton-Ford, J D., 182, 193 54, 70,91,96, 108,114, 120 Marwit, S J., 21, 24 Masling, J 21, 24 Norusis, M J 273, 274, 293, 30.5 Nunnally, J c., 168, 172, 178 Nunno, V J., 40, 47, 114, 120 312 o Oakes, M., 215, 216, 225 O'Brian, C, 44, 47 O'Connell, M., 42, 47, 54, 70, 79, 96, 243, 249 O'Grady, K., 222, 225, 256, 305 Orndoff, S., 106, 118 Ozer, D.]., 256, 266, 305 p Packer, A., 40, 47 Papa, R., 116, 118 Parker, K C H., 30, 49, 73, 96, 182, 193 Pasnak, R., 44, 49 Pasternak, R ]., 44, 49 Patel, N R., 174, 178 Pazielli, M F., 44, 47, 109, 118 Pearson, E., 183, 193 Pearson, T A., 40, 48, 103, 119 Peckham, R D., 197, 205, 224 Pedhazur, E J., 198, 225 Penati, G., 116, 118 Perfetto, G A., 33, 46 Perry, c., 54, 70, 243, 249 Perry, G G., 14, 24, 42, 49, 100, 116, 120, 239, 240, 250 Perry,] c., 42, 43,44, 47, 54,66, 70, 79, 96, 241, 244, 246, 249 Perry, W., 40, 44, 49,76,79,96, 209,218, 225, 241, 243, 247, 250 Peters, L., 107, 121 Petrinovich, L F., 206, 226 Phil, M., 40, 48, 103, 119 Pickar, D B., 33, 47 Pilz, J., 199, 226 Piotrowski, Z A., 26, 49, 73, 96 Q Quarrington, B., 30, 46, 182, 192 Quinlan, D M., 107, 120 R Rabin, A., 181, 193 Raimy, V., 2, 24 Rapaport, D., 78, 96, 136, 138, 143 AUTHOR INDEX Reiskind, N., 75, 96 Reller-Geary, L., 109, 110, 119 Resnick, M N., 114, 120 Revere, V., 60, 71 Reznikoff, M., 39, 46 Richman, N E., 114, 120 RitzIer, B A., 31, 48, 139, 141, 143, 205, 224 Robinson, P W., 171, 178 Rodeffer, c., 60, 71 Roe, A., 2, 24 Rogers, W D., 282, 305 Rorschach, H., 8, 75, 96 Rosensky, R H., 61, 71 Rosenthal, R., 183, 185, 193, 216, 220, 226 Rosnow, R., 183, 193, 216, 220, 226 Ros Plana, M., 36, 50 Ross, A a., 2, 24 Ross, L., 42, 50 Rossi,] S., 185, 186, 188, 193, 216, 220, 226 Russ, S W., 54,64, 70, 71, 219, 225 Ryan, R M., 40, 50,62, 71 Rydin, E., 40, 44, 50 s Sachs, R G., 117, 120 Sanders, ] R., 197, 205, 224 Sandler, H M., 170, 178 Santostefano, S., 114, 121 Sargent, H., 181, 193 Saunders, E A., 44, 50 Savage, L J., 256, 305 Schachtel, E., 123, 143 Schafer, R., 78, 96, 123, 136, 138, 143, 240, 250 Schalling, D., 40, 44, 50 Schimek, ] G., 40, 47, 54, 70, 76, 95, 209, 224, 241,244,247,249 Schretlen, D J., 36, 50, 116, 120 Schumer, F., 181, 193 Scott, R., 112, 119 Sedlmeier, P., 183, 184, 185, 193, 216, 220, 226 Serlin, R c., 213, 214, 215, 225, 226 Sexton, M C, 108, 120 Shaffer,] W., 254, 260, 300, 305 ShaHt, B., 58, 71 Shapiro, D A., 86, 96 Shapiro, ] P., 27, 34, 35, 40, 44, 49, 50, 54, 71, 91, 96, 108, 114, 120 313 AUTI-IOR INDEX Shenton, M E., 44, 48, 50, 107, 112, 113, 116, 120 Shimonaka, Y., 116, 121 Shirkey, E., 274, 275, 276, 304 Siegel, S., 172, 173, 174, 178, 200, 201, 208, 213, 226, 237, 249 Silk, K., 40, 50, 114, 121 Simon,] L., 165, 178 Simon, M.]., 34, 50, 115, 121 Singer, H K., 29, 50 Singh, S., 44, 50 Slap-Shelton, L., 110, 118 Smith,] E., 28, 50, 108, 121 Snodgrass,] G., 231, 250 Snyder, M., 213, 224 Sodt, ]., 189, 193 Sokolove, R L., 114, 120 Solovay, M R., 44, 48, 50, 107, 112, 113, 116, 120 Sorbom, D., 257, 30.5 Spearman, c., 268, 306 Sperling, M B., 40, 48 Spigelman, A., 44, 50, 60, 71,91,96 Spigelman, G., 44, 50, 60, 71,91,96 Spitzer, R L., 86, 97 Stanley, ] c., 100, 118 Stauffacher, J c., 78, 96 Stemklar, S., 129, 143 Stevens, D T., 106, 121 Stevens, ]., 208, 226, 260, 277, 281, 283, 306 Stiles, P G., 61, 71 Stine, R., 166, 178 Stotsky, B., 138, 143 Strauss, J S., 31, 40, 48, 50 Strauss, M E., 21, 24 Stricker, G., 29, 39,40,41,42, 43, 48, 50, 76, 78, 79, 86, 96 Strother, c., 2, 24 Strube, M J., 222, 226 Strupp, H H., 33, 35, 46, 50 Stuart, ]., 40, 50, 114, 121 Sugarman, A., 66, 71 Suzuki, A., 107, 121 Swoyer, V H., 274, 305 T Tabachnick, B G., 168, 179 Tarkkanen, P., 115, 120 TeUegen, A., 222, 224 Thieman, S., 170, 171,178 Thomas, C B., 254, 260, 300, 30.5 Thomas, E A., 13, 24, 109, 119, 129, 143 Thurstone, L L., 297, 306 Tobino, c., 107, 108, 112, 115, 116,118 Tomarken, A J., 213, 226 Tovian, S H., 61, 71 Trull, T., 131, 143 Tuber, S B., 36, 40,41, 47, 50, 55, 70, 78, 95,100,114,115,116,119, 120, 121, 205, 224 Tucker, R K., 183, 192 Tukey,] w., 256, 306 Tuset, A., 110, 118 Tunle, K., 258, 305 Tyson, P., 66, 71 Tyson, R L., 66, 71 u Urist, J., 40, 50, 54, 55, 71, 78, 96, 209, 218, 226, 241, 244, 245, 2.50 v Viglione, D J., 20, 24, 32, 40, 44, 49, 50, 53, 54, 66, 70, 71, 76, 79, 96, 114, 116, 120, 211, 218, 219, 224, 225, 240,241,243,247, 2.50 Vincent, K R., 26, 50 Vorus, N., 40, 50, 114, 121 w Waechtler, c., 253, 275, 285, 306 Waehler, C A., 44, 49, 114, 120, 121 Wagner, E E., 103, 107, 118, 121 Wahler, C A., 57, 71, 216, 22.5 Wald, B K., 27, 50 Walsh, M., 43, 49, 108, 120 Walsh, R A., 28, 50, 108, 121 Wanounou, V., 107, 120 Watkins, J G., 78, 96 Wayemaux, C M., 44, 47 Weeks, D L., 197, 22.5 Weiner, I B., 20, 24, 29, 30, 33, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48, 50, 51, 56, 57, 59, 71, 73, 76, 78, 79, 82, 83, 86, 94, 96, 97, 109, 119, 182, 192, 219, 226 Weisbender, L., 107, 121 314 Weisburg, L J, 27, 51 Welkowitz, ]., 169, 179 Wenar, C, 101, 109, 121 Wert, ] E., 175, 179 Westen, D., 40, 50, 114, 121 Widiger, T A., 86, 97, 131, 143 Wiener, M., 38, 51 Williams, H I., 254, 300, 306 Williams,]., 86, 97 Wilson, A., 44, 51 Winder, C L., 2, 24 Winkler, R L., 199, 225 Winstead, B A., 27, 50 Wisham, W., 78, 96 Wishner, J., 254, 272, 300, 306 Wittenborn, ] R., 254, 300, 306 Wong, H., 44, 47 Worchel, F F., 35, 38, 47 AUTHOR INDEX Wright, G., 163, 179 Wylie, J., 241, 249 y Yama, M F., 39, 51 Yamaguchi, K., 86, 96 z Zalewski, C, 107, 108, 121 Zalis, T., 129, 143 ZiUmer, E A., 253, 256, 258, 275, 285, 302, 305,306 Zivney, O A., 108, 121 Zubin, ]., 181, 193 Subject Index A Adaptive regression score, 64, 219 Affective disturbance, 134 Affective ratio, 10 Affective salience, 134 AFR, see Affective ratio Arnbitent response style, 7, American Psychological Association, ANOVA assumptions covariance analysis, 214 independence of observations, 204-205, 214 normality, 205, 214 violations, 205-206 variance homogeneity, 206, 214 Anti-image covariance matrix, 276 Artifactual controversy, 186, 188 B Biserial r correlation, 235 BMDP statistical package, 257 Body-image boundary scoring system, 44 Bootstrapping methodology, 165-166 Borderline disorder study, 81-82, 107-108 Bubble hypothesis, 25 26 c CD!, see Coping deficit index Central limit theorem, 168 Children divorce study, 91 play study, 64 sexual abuse, 91 group comparisons, 27 sociaVacademic adaptation study, 62-63 Children's depression inventory, 91 Clinical psychology, 73, see also Psychology Color projection, 39 Complexity composite, 240 Comprehensive system actuarial cutoff score, 242 adjusted D score, 132 agressive movement variable, 135 critical special scores, 44 depression index, 74 development, 241 D score, 77, 89-90 information processing, 133 methodology, 187 morbid score, 78 normative data, 63, 151-153 demographic characteristics, 141 descriptive statistics, 153 frequency data, 152-153 statistical issues, 152 315 316 Comprehensive system (Cont) normative data (Cont) testing siruations, 142 type I errors, 152 type II errors, 153 power coefficients, 188 strucnJral summary data, 34 inquiry effect, 139 workbook, 140, 258 Confabulation scores, 39 Contingency coefficient, 238 Cooperative movement, 10, 39 COP, see Cooperative movement Coping deficit index, 8, 39 positive, 129 Cramer C coefficient, 237-238 SUBJECf INDEX Ego strength index, 76 Ell, see Ego impairment index Empathy object relationship scale, 40 Equal distance assumption, 198 Equivalence of formulation, 237 Erlebnistypus ratio, 7, classification variable, 128 confounding factor, 128 response tendency, 12 Experience actual, 10 Experience stimulation composite, 10, 132 Extratensive response style, 7, 9, 12 distraction, 13 Erlebnistypus ratio, 128 physiological measures, 13 F D Decision theory, 160 162 Bayesian, 198 199 conditional probabilities, 199 null hypothesis, 175 176 zero difference expectation, 175 Delta index, 78 Depression index new, 38 original, 35, 37 self-repon measures, 31 Design sensitivity, 184-185 Disserlation Abstracts, Dissociative disorder srudy, 63 Dysthymic disorder, 38 E EBPervasive, 39 Effect size context interpretation, 222 estimation, 190 levels, 187, 190, 221 power and, 183-188, 214 results comparison across srudies, 221 statistical test power, 184 Egocentricity index, 31, 91, 205 low, 82 self preoccupation, 132 Ego impairment index, 79 Factor analysis confinnatory, 256-257 advantages, 256 exploratory, 255 257 Rorschach test, 251-303 H Heywood case, 294 Holtzman inkblot technique, 239 Homogeneity assumption, 15 diagnostic categories, 16 multiple subgroups, 15 16 Human movement, 39 variables, 76 Hypervigilance indices, 39, 129 Hypotheses logical, 58 statistical, 58 59 substantive, 58 59 testing, 183 I Incremental validity, 37 Independence of observations, 204-205, 214 Index Medicus, 99 Intelligence srudy, 75-76 Introversive response style, 7-10, 13 Erlebnistypus ratio, 128 physiological measures, 13 14 317 SUBJECf INDEX N J journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 185, 189-190 Journal of Qitlical Psychology, 189 Joumal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 189 Journal of Personali~y Assessment, 83, 100, 186, 189 Journal of Projective Techniques, 186 K Kappa coefficient, 157 Kunosis, 197,263,271 Nonparametric statistical techniques independence of observations, 205 psychological research, 200 Rorschach test data analysis, 198, 201-204 selection assumption violation, 200, 204 interpretive relationships, 203, 212-213 substantive criteria, 201-203 Nonpersonality variance, 86 87 meaninglessness, 87 Nowicki-Strickland locus of control scale for children, 91 Null hypothesis, 175-176 confidence limits, 215 statistical inference, 183 type I error, 184, 215-216 L Lambda style confounding effect, 126 127 high, 8, 11-12, 126 127 low, 126 127 statistical manipulation, 127-128 Large numbers law, 168 Lerner and Lerner scale, 42 Likert scale ratings, 133 Location sequencing, 39 M Marriage-license study, 92 Maximum likelihood factor extraction, 276 279 advantages/disadvantages, 278-279 goodness-of-fit test, 284 interpretation, 277 three factor solution, 287-288, 297 Measure of sampling adequacy, 275 Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMYB), 181, 188 Method variance, 35-36, 38 Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, 31, 182 MMPI, see Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory MOA, see Mutuality of autonomy scale Monte Carlo simulation studies, 200 201 Multiple personality study, 63 Mutuality of autonomy scale, 40 psychological disorder severity, 78 o Obsessional style, 39 Outlier problem, 106, 208, 212, 222 p Parametric statistical techniques psychological research, 199-200 Rorschach test data analysis, 196-197, 200 204, 207 selection assumption violation, 200, 204 statistical criteria, 201, 203-204 substantive criteria, 201-203 Pearson product-moment correlations, 172-173, 231-233 continuous versus discrete variables, 232 efficacy, 231-232 misapplication, 232 original raw data, 233 ratio score scales, 232 rho correlation, 233 transfonned scores, 233 Penetration score, 78 Perceptual accuracy, 39 Personality inventory for children, 35 Personality tests, 88-89 Piers-Harris children's self