Rethinking race and ethnicity in research methods john h stanfield, routledge, 2011 scan

RETHINKING RACE AND ETHNICITY IN RESEARCH METHODS Page Intentionally Left Blank RETHINKING RACE AND ETHNICITY IN RESEARCH METHODS John H Stanfield, II Editor First published 2011 by Left Coast Press, Inc Published 2016 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2011 Taylor & Francis All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Rethinking race and ethnicity in research methods / John H Stanfield, II, editor p cm Includes index ISBN 978-1-61132-000-8 (hbk : alk paper) — ISBN 978-1-61132-001-5 (pbk : alk paper) Ethnic relations—Research Race relations—Research Ethnology—Methodology Sociology—Methodology II Stanfield, John H GN496.R46 2011 305.80072—dc22 2011006967 ISBN 978-1-61132-000-8 hardcover ISBN 978-1-61132-001-5 paperback CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments Chapter Epistemological Reconsiderations and New Considerations: Or What Have I Been Learning since 1993, John H Stanfield, II 11 Part I: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods 27 Chapter 27 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Holistic Restorative Justice Methodology in Intercultural Openness Studies, John H Stanfield, II Discourse Analysis of Racism, Teun A van Dijk The Transformation of the Role of “Race” in the Qualitative Interview: Not If Race Matters, But How?, Eileen O’Brien Exposing Whiteness Because We Are Free: Emancipation Methodological Practice in Identifying and Challenging Racial Practices in Sociology Departments, Elizabeth Hordge-Freeman, Sarah Mayorga, and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva Archival Methods and the Veil of Sociology, Mary Jo Deegan Researching Race and Ethnicity:(Re)Thinking Experiments, Henry A Walker 43 67 95 123 141 Part II: Mixed Methods 169 Chapter 169 Chapter Multiple Methods in Research on Twenty-First-Century Plantation Museums and Slave Cabins in the U.S South, Stephen Small Small-Scale Quantitative and Qualitative Historical Studies on African American Communities, Yvonne Walker 191 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Quantifying Race: On Methods for Analyzing Social Inequality, Quincy Thomas Stewart and Abigail A Sewell Rehumanizing Race-Related Research in Qualitative Study of Faith-Based Organizations: Case Studies, Focus Groups, and Long Interviews, Dawn B Brotherton Psychohistory: The Triangulation of Autobiographical Textual Analysis, Archival and Secondary Historical Materials, and Interviews, John H Stanfield, II 209 235 253 Part III: Comparative and Cross-National Studies 273 Chapter 13 273 Chapter 14 Bush, Volvos, and 50 Cent: The Cross-National Triangulation Challenges of a “White” Swede and a “Black” American, L Janelle Dance and Johannes Lunneblad Weberian Ideal-Type Methodology in Comparative Historical Sociological Research: Identifying and Understanding African Slavery Legacy Societies, John H Stanfield, II Index About the Authors 293 313 329 PREFACE Rethinking Race and Ethnicity in Research Methods is the long overdue sequel to Race and Ethnicity in Research Methods edited by John H Stanfield, II and Rutledge M Dennis (1993, Sage) Chapter is my revisit to the introductory piece, “Epistemological Considerations,” in the 1993 book This edited volume is then divided into three sections As in the first book, authors offer intellectual histories and critical assessments of methods they use in racial and ethnic studies in sociology and in other sociologically oriented fields Articles in Part I, Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, are written by researchers who offer assessments of novel nontriangulated methods seldom addressed comprehensively in racial and ethnic sociological research The areas covered are: restorative justice (John H Stanfield, II), discourse analysis (Teun A van Dijk), qualitative interviewing (Eileen O’Brien), archival methods (Mary Jo Deegan), emancipation practices (Elizabeth HordgeFreeman, Sarah Mayorga, Eduardo Bonilla-Silva), and experimental designs (Henry A Walker) In the chapters in Part II, Mixed Methods, authors present innovative approaches to triangulating qualitative methods such as using historically oriented archival, secondary historical documents, observational techniques, and interviews (Stephen Small), triangulating qualitative and quantitative historical methods (Yvonne Walker), triangulating quantitative methods (Quincy Thomas Stewart and Abigail A Sewell), case studies, focus groups, and long interviews (Dawn Brotherton), and psychohistorical textual analysis of autobiographies, archival and secondary historical documents analysis, and oral histories (John H Stanfield, II) Part III, Comparative and Cross-National Studies, includes two examples of innovations in cross-national methodologies: ethnography (L Janelle Dance and Johannes Lunneblad) and my piece; Weberian ideal-type methodology in comparative historical sociological research Page Intentionally Left Blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As is the case for most writing projects, especially of this collaborative genre, there are many people to thank First, I thank my wonderful colleagues who agreed to contribute to this volume They did not have to take the time out of their hectic schedules but honored me and the academy by doing so and did so unselfishly I am proud to say they represent a rich mixture of baby-boomer and Gen-X scholars who have established their names in the social sciences or are well on their way in doing so The range of their provocative perspectives assures the long-lasting value of this edited volume as a source of needed discussion and innovation in the underresearched area of race and ethnicity in research methods as matters of intellectual histories, epistemologies, ethics, politics, theories, and technical relevance and creativity Thank you all so very much To really show my chronological age as I come to my sixtieth year on July 9, 2011, I am also grateful that three of the contributors are former students of mine: Dawn Brotherton and Yvonne Walker, Fielding Graduate University Human and Organization Studies doctoral students, and Eileen O’Brien, my extraordinary College of William and Mary undergraduate student who went on to receive her doctoral studies mentorship under Joe Feagin then at the University of Florida It is always an immeasurable honor when one’s former students agree to intellectual work with you as colleagues and friends I thank my publisher Mitch Allen, who, as a Sage Publications editor, recognized the potential significance of the bundle of papers I gave to him in the aftermath of the 1984 American Sociological Association Meeting The paper drafts of those became Race and Ethnicity in Research Methods Rethinking Race and Ethnicity in Research Methods comes to published light due to Mitch’s continued encouragement to me over the years to get the next cows born I wish to also thank Carole Bernard, our copy editor, for her superb work The completion of this edited volume project was made possible through the organized research program I direct at Indiana University, Bloomington This is the Research Program on Transcultural and Intercultural Philanthropic Studies, which is funded by the BEA Foundation, administered through the Silicon Valley Community Foundation, and housed in the Department of African American and African Diaspora Studies I cannot thank enough the members of my research assistance staff who worked diligently with me on this Index Drake, St Clair, 300 DS see discourse studies Du Bois, W.E.B Addams and, 132, 136 Dalits and, 305 Deegan’s research on, 129–131, 136 Elijah Mays and, 266 exclusion of, from theory courses, 100 historical marginalization of, 12 influence on feminist pragmatism, 137 professional marginalization of, 308 research methods used by, 197 on scientific research, 143–144, 161, 163, 210 Suppression of the African Slave Trade in the United States, 24 use of psychohistory by, 254 Duke University, 107 Dumont, Louis, 300 E Eaton, Isabel, 130 Eichstedt, Jennifer, 173, 185 Elementary Theory (ET), 157–160 elites, symbolic, 46–47 Ellison, Ralph, 305 Eminem, 75–76 emotion, control of, 105 empirical generalizations, 148–149, 164n7 empiricism analysis of leadership traits and, 205 defined, 141–142, 164n2 nature of research with, 150 overview of method, 146–147, 164n6 vs theory-driven approach, 145–146 English language, racial stereotypes and, 20 enumerations, 56 episodic memory, 44 epistemological racism, 99 Erikson, Erik, 255, 270 Eriksonian perspective, 255, 261, 266 ET (Elementary Theory), 157–160 ethics in research, 162 Ethnic and Racial Studies (ERS), 144–145, 164n5 317 ethnic game, 84 ethnicity, defined, 238 ethnic/racial Others definition of discrimination and, 44 definition of racialism and, 19–21 ethnographies and, 69 “lite” racism and, 48 normative restorative justice and, 38 “othering” questions, 84 in race relations field, 67 ethnographic research see also Children of Immigrants in Schools (CIS) program in the 1960s, 69 in discourse studies, 52 Du Bois’s use of, 197 etic and emic conceptualizations, 274 importance of research design, 288–289 by Small, on slavery, 172 vs case studies, 239 ethnography of communication, 49 euphemisms, 56 experimental research see also formal experiments advocacy of, 160–163 application for Elementary Theory, 156–160 dilemmas in sociology, 143–145, 164n4 in discourse studies, 52 example: Obama effect, 155–156, 163 introduction, 141–143 natural, 218–220 rarity in sociology, 150–151 training for, 151–152 varieties of designs for, 152–155 expressive mentors, 257–258 F facilitators, focus group, 241 fact collection, 143–144 fair-weather liberals and nonliberals, 30–31 faith-based organizations see religious organizations family historical accounts benefits, 199 318 INDEX family historical accounts (Cont’d) challenges, 198–199 introduction, 191–192 literature reviews for, 197–198 oral history and, 196–197 storytelling, 200 techniques, 199–200 Fanon, Franz, 305 Feldman, Arnold, 18 feminism challenges to colorblindness and, 72 cultural, 129 Fannie Barber Williams and, 131 focus groups and, 240 pragmatism and, 131, 133, 137–138 quantitative vs qualitative research and, 239 fiction, autoethnography and, 22–23 field experiments, 153–154 Fielding University School of Human and Organizational Development, 14, 39 Fields, Karen, 12 fieldwork, 52 filing archival materials, 135–136 Fisk University, 16, 17 focus, 56 focus groups overview, 240–242 in qualitative study of religious organizations, 247 folklore, family, 199 foregrounding, 56 forgiveness, 35, 36 formal experiments example: Obama effect, 155–156, 163 modeling racial inequality with, 221–222, 225 overview, 155 Fourah Bay College, 13 Fowler, James, 255, 270 Frankfurt School, 117n4 Frazier, E Franklin, 26n2, 135, 138 on caste, 300 Dalits and, 305 historical marginalization of, 12 Frederick Douglass Centre, 134, 137–138 Freud, Sigmund, 239 Freyre, Gilberto, 16, 39 Frogmore Plantation, 178 Fulbright Program, 13, 14 G Gallagher, Charles A., 70 Gandhi, 259, 303–304 Garvey, Marcus, 171 gatekeepers, accommodationist minority scholars as, 96, 117n2 gendered veil of sociology, 130, 131, 133 gender studies, 12 generality vs specificity, 55 genocide, 34 genre studies, 50, 51 Georgia Department of Archives, 172, 176 Georgia Historical Society, 172 “ghetto,” as term, 100 giftedness, 256 global consciousness defining blackness and, 17–18 deromanticization and, 15–17 local–global links and, 15 personal growth in, 13–15 Gloster, Hugh, 261, 269 Gordimer, Nadine, 39 graduate student socialization see sociology departments, racial practices in granularity, 55 Greenberg, Stanley, 295 Growing up Untouchable (Moon), 305 Guha, Ramachandra, 301 H Hani, Chris, 235 happy hours, 109 Harriet Tubman Museum, 173 Haynes family (Birdye, Elizabeth Ross, George E.), 138 hegemonic consensus, 47–48 Index Hemmings, Sally, 18 Heritage of Sociology series, 129 heritage tourist sites see plantation museum sites hermeneutics, 202–203 Higgenbotham, Elizabeth, 132 “high risk,” as label, 103–104 Hill, Michael R., 133–134 hip hop artists, 284–285 historical inquiry, 193–194 Hoetink, Harry, 295 Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation, 172, 178 holistic restorative justice proposed model, 35–38 vs other types of restorative justice, 39–40 homogeneity of whiteness/blackness, 15–16 inadequacy of, 68–69 qualitative interviewing and, 73–77 Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications (Dumont), 300 Hope, John, 259–260, 261 Horkheimer, Max, 117n4 Horowitz, Irving Louis, 129 Hughes, Everett C., 117n3 Hull-House Maps and Papers, 130, 131 Hull-House school of race relations, 138 see also Addams, Jane Hunter, Clementine, 175, 183 HWCUs (historically white colleges and universities), 96 see also sociology departments, racial practices in hyperboles, 56, 62, 63 I ideal typing see Weberian ideal typing Identity Change in Modern Society: A Study of the Physically Disabled (Deegan), 127 ideological square, 54, 62 implications, 55 independent variables see also inequality, quantitative modeling of in empiricist approach, 146 issues to consider with, 204–205 319 India as African slavery legacy society, 299–307 ideal typing and, 307–310 India after Gandhi (Guha), 301 Indiana University, 14, 209 Indian Institute for Advanced Study, 305 inequality, quantitative modeling of conclusion, 227–228 environmental factors behavioral, resource-based, and structural theories, 211–212 formal model, 212–215 overview, 210–211 introduction, 209–210 strategies comparative analysis, 216–218, 225 computational approaches, 222–224, 225 formal experiments, 221–222, 225 master plan, 224–227 multilevel analysis, 220–221, 225 natural experiments, 218–220, 225 survey modeling, 215–216, 225 informed consent, 241–242 innocence, racial, 110–111 inquiry historical, 193–194 theoretical, 194 insider status colorblindness and, 77 need for reflexivity and, 78 race-matching not a guarantee of, 74–75 instrumental mentors, 257–258, 269 intention, 53 interactional sociolinguistics, 49 interculturally opening, being lack of research literature on, 30 process of, 33 restorative justice and, 35, 37 International Slavery Museum, 172 Internet research archival, 136–137 on plantation museum sites, 174–176 320 INDEX interviews see also qualitative interviewing in discourse studies, 52 long, 242–243 narrative analysis of, 239 oral history, 196–197 in qualitative study of religious organizations, 247 Iraq War, 284 isolation, psychological, 108 J Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1920 (Deegan), 123, 128–129 Janowitz, Morris, 128, 129 Jefferson, Thomas, 18 Jim Crow era leadership in, 192, 193 Mays’s description of, 260–261 Johnson, Charles S., 12, 13, 16, 138, 266, 300 Johnson, Mordecai, 261 Jones, Lewis, 12 journalism discourse analysis of Sun article, 59–63 routine racism and, 47 Journal of the Illinois Historical Society, 132 K Kaesler, Dirk, 128 Kapoor, S D., 303 Kelsey, George, 268–269 King, Martin Luther, Jr see also Mays, Benjamin Elijah Ambedkar and, 303 influence on Dawn Brotherton, 236 similarities to Williams and Addams, 131 Small’s interest in, 171 King, Martin Luther, Sr., 268 Kingsley Plantation, 176, 186n1 Ku Klux Klan, 40 Kuper, Leo, 295 L labeling racial stereotypes and, 12 in sociology departments, 106–108 laboratory experiments see formal experiments Ladner, Joyce, 12 language racial stereotypes and, 20 as research challenge, 237–238 as status marker, 78 Latinos, 33 leadership empirical analysis of, 205 transactional vs transformational, 192–193 Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI), 205 level of description, 55 liberals, all-weather vs fair-weather, 30–31 life historical analysis of Benjamin E Mays, 258–270 overview, 253–255 linguistic anthropology, 49 linguistics see also discourse analysis computer and corpus, 50 formal approaches in, 52 general approaches, 51 “lite” racism, 48 literature reviews for family histories, 197–198 on plantation museum sites, 174–176 Liverpool, 171, 172, 178 long interviews, 242–243 longitudinal studies, 68, 70 Louisiana State Library and Archives, 176 Lowenthal, David, 295 Lunneblad, Johannes personal background, 275 pre-research concerns of, 283–284 respondents’ perceptions of, 284–287 lynchings, 260 Index M Magnolia Plantation, 177, 182 Mandela, Nelson, 235 Manheim, Ernest, 142, 164n3 Manheim, Karl, 164n3 Marcuse, Herbert, 117n4 Marrett, Cora Bagley, 125, 126 Martineau, Harriet, 134 Marx, Karl, 159–160, 194, 299 Mason, Philip, 295 mass media, 47 Masters of Sociological Thought (Coser), 294 Matewan Massacre, 148 Mays, Benjamin Elijah, 258–270 McCain, John, 155–156 McIntosh, Peggy, 31 McNatt, Rosemary Bray, 132 Mead, George Herbert, 137 Mead, Margaret, 39 meaning, semantic structure of, 58 meek minorities, 106 Melrose Plantation, 177, 182, 183 memory discursive reproduction of racism and, 44 oral history and, 196 restorative justice methodology and, 35, 36 mental models as basis for action, 57 racist discourse practices and, 45–46 semantic structure of meaning and, 58 mentors, 103 expressive and instrumental, 257–258 Mays–King relationship, 269 Merton, Robert, 19, 30, 240–242 metaphors, 62, 63 Mexico Olympics, 171, 172 microaggressions, 100–101 middle-class people, 15 militant minorities, 106, 107 military see armed forces Mill, John Stuart, 146–147, 164n6 Mills, Charles W., 97 Mine Boy (Abrams), 305 321 modality, 55 Morehouse College, 14 see also Mays, Benjamin Elijah Morris, Aldon, 12 Morrison, Toni, 305 Ms magazine, 127 multilevel analysis, 220–221, 225 multivocality, 89 museums, 171 see also plantation museum sites mutual self-disclosure, 78–79 Myrdal, Gunnar, 19, 30, 193–194, 300 N NAACP, 132, 133, 265, 303 Nabrit, James, 261 Nabrit, Samuel, 261 Nanny of the Maroons, 171 narrative, 50 narrative analysis, 239 Natchitoches, 174, 176–177, 181, 182, 186n1 National Library (Jamaica), 172 National Park Service (NPS), 175–177, 179–180, 253 National Urban League, 132 natural experiments, 153, 218–220, 225 naturalization of racial expertise, 110–111 negative topics (semantic macrostructures), 55 Negroes in Brazil: A Study of Race Contacts at Bahia (Pierson), 17 Negro Family in the United States, The (Frazier), 200 Negro Fellowship League, 134, 138 Negro Heritage Trail, 173 networks, professional, 128 “new racism,” 48 news media, 47 New Woman of Color: The Collected Writings of Fannie Barrier Williams (Deegan), 123 nondepartmental ties, 109–110 normative racialism see universality of racialism normative restorative justice, 38–39 322 INDEX Northern Illinois University Press (NIUP), 132 Northwestern University, 18 novelists, 22–23 NPS see National Park Service number game, 62, 63 O Oakland Plantation, 177, 182, 186n1 Obama, Barack Clinton’s New Hampshire primary victory over, 73 documenting black lives and, 171 hostility toward, 254, 297 hyperbole about, 182 Jeremiah Wright and, 32 normative restorative justice and, 38–39 Obama effect experiment, 155–156, 163 sudden emergence of, 25, 26, 35 white rule and, 96 objectivity, fixation on, 288, 289 O’Brien (teacher), 27–28 Olympic Games Atlanta, 172 Mexico City, 171 Omveldt, Gail, 304 “one-drop” rule, 18 online research see Internet research openness, intercultural see interculturally opening, being oral history see also family historical accounts interviews, 196–197 storytelling, 200 strengths and weaknesses, 201–202 Other, racialized see ethnic/racial Others overachieving minorities, 106 P Palme, Olof, 285, 290n1 Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., The Clayborne, 266, 267 Park, Robert E., 16–17, 26n2, 135 participant observation, 52 paternalism, 11–12 Paton, Alan, 263 patterning events, 202 Patterson, Orlando, 295 performativity, 276 Philadelphia Negro, The (Du Bois), 129–131, 197 Philanthropy and Jim Crow in American Social Science (Stanfield), 13, 135 photographs, 199 Pierson, Donald, 16–17 Pitts, James, 12, 18 plantation museum sites introduction, 169–171 multiple-method study of archives and libraries, 176–177 conclusion, 185–186 digging deeper, 181–183 interviews, 179–180 researcher effect, 183–185 setting up the study, 174–176 site observations, 177–178 texts and images, 178–179 overview of research on, 173–174 as white-focused tourist attractions, 172–173 Plessy v Ferguson, 260 Polish Peasant in Europe and in America (Thomas and Znaniecki), 16 politics being interculturally opening and, 35 of race, 75 racism in extreme right, 47–48 positivism criticisms of, 144 quantitative vs qualitative research and, 239 rejection of, 73 vs psychoanalysis, 254 postmodernism interviews and, 242 quantitative vs qualitative research and, 239 pragmatic context models, 45–46 pragmatics, 49 pragmatism critical, 129 feminist, 131, 133, 137–138 preciseness vs vagueness, 55 Index predication, 55 Preface to Peasantry (Raper), 300 prejudice vs discrimination, 19, 31 Presley, Elvis, 75, 76 press see journalism presuppositions, 55, 56 pronouns, 56 protocol analysis, 52 Prud’homme family, 176 psychoanalysis, 254 psychohistory see life historical analysis psychology cognitive (see cognitive psychology) discursive, 50 social, 12 public history, 174 Q qualitative empiricist explanation, 148 qualitative interviewing activating a racialized subject and, 77–88 conclusion, 88–90 multiplicity of experiences and, 73–77 non-whites as researchers and participants, 71–73 overview, 67 vs quantitative methods, 68–71 qualitative research discourse analysis as sophisticated form of, 43 value of, 238–239 quantitative empiricist explanation, 148 quantitative research see also inequality, quantitative modeling of combined with qualitative methods, 70 community studies and, 203–205 limitations of, 68–69 queer studies see sexual orientation studies R Race, Hull-House, and the University of Chicago: A New Conscience against Ancient Evils (Deegan), 123, 132 323 Race, Hull-House, and the University of Chicago (Deegan), 136 Race and Ethnicity in Research Methods (Stanfield and Dennis) 1984 ASA roundtable and, 11–12 American focus of, 13 on archival research, 203 lack of global consciousness in, 14 on limitations of quantitative methods, 68 sexual orientation studies and, 23 as transitional text, 13 Race and Racism: A Comparative Perspective (van den Berghe), 293–294, 296 race as essentialized variable, 68–69 race consciousness, 18–19, 32 “Race Consciousness: Comments on New Directions” (Pitts), 18 race matching challenging colorblindness and, 72–73 homogeneity of black/white experience and, 73–77 vs activating a racialized subject, 77–88 “Race Rationalization as a Cohort Experience, 1928–1948” (Stanfield), 294 race-related research, challenges of, 236–238 race relations, study of black power movement and, 126 in sociology, 67 Race Relations Series, 14 racialism 1984 ASA roundtable and, 11–12 defined, 19–21 universality of, 30–33 vs racism, 32 racial paradise myth, 17, 298 racism, discursive reproduction of, 44–46 Rajshekar, V T., 305 Ramos, Arturo, 16 rapport, 289 Rashidi, Runoko, 305 Rastafarians, 171–172 324 INDEX recommendation letters, 103 Recording Oral History (Yow), 196 reflexivity about interviewing practices, 74 ethnographic research and, 274 reggae music, 171 reification of blackness, 17 of whiteness, 18 reliability qualitative interviewing and, 68, 70 of qualitative research, 243–245 religious organizations Brotherton’s experiences with, 235–236 qualitative study of, 245–249 remembrances see memory reparations, 35, 36 repetitions, 56 researcher effect, 183–185 researcher identity in CIS study, 277–278 race matching, 73–77 situational nature of, 289 resource-based theory of racial inequality, 211 restorative justice methodology defined, 33–35 suggested model, 35–38 types of, 38–40 rhetorical moves, 56 rhymes, 56 right-wing racism, 47–48 Robeson, Paul, 306 Robin, Ellen, 125 Robin, Stanley, 125 Rodney, Walter, 171 romanticism, 15–17 roundtable, 1984 ASA, 11–12 routine racism, 47 see also universality of racialism S Sage Publications, 14 science see also empiricism; theorydriven approach Du Bois on, 143–144, 161, 163 theory-driven vs empiricist approaches, 141–142, 145–146, 163n1 SCT (Status Characteristics and Expectation States) theory, 149, 164n9 sedimentation, 134 Selective Service System, 153 self-disclosure, 78–79 semantic categories, 56 semantic memory, 44 semantic models, 46 semantic structure of meaning, 58 semantic structures, 55–56 semiotics, 49 sexual orientation studies outing and, 117n6 underdeveloped in racial/ethnic research, 23 site observations, 177–178 slave cabins see also plantation museum sites archeological studies of, 182 importance of focus on, 170 locating, 174, 175, 181 as public restrooms, 178 site observations, 177–178 Small’s research focus on, 173–174 texts and visual images about, 179 slavery see also plantation museum sites Elementary Theory and, 159–160 restorative justice and, 34 treatment of, in museums, 171 Small, Stephen, 171–174 Smith, Lillian, 39 Smith, Michael, 295 social cognition, 44 Social Darwinism Jim Crow and, 260 marginalization of black scholars and, 12 vs transnationalism, 24 Social Forces (SF), 144–145, 164n5 social movements, 12 Social Problems (SP), 144–145, 164n5 social psychology, 12 Social Psychology Quarterly (SPQ), 144–145, 164n5 Index social semiotics, 49 social structure hegemonic consensus and, 47–48 symbolic elites and, 46–47 sociolinguistics, interactional, 49 sociologists, superficial progressiveness of, 15 sociology definition of sociologist, 128–129 growth of mainstream acceptance of black scholars in, 12–13 historical marginalization of black scholars in, 12 of knowledge, 294–295 sociology departments, racial practices in after graduation, 112–113 assimilation, 98–100 differential response and expectations, 101–102 disengagement of faculty, 102–105 expectation of uncontrolled emotion, 105 introduction, 95–97 microaggressions, 100–101 nondepartmental ties, 109–110 overcoming, 113–116 psychological cost/isolation, 108 racial innocence/naturalization of racial expertise, 110–111 racial stereotyping and grouping, 106–108 Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois), 131 sound structures, 56 South Africa dark skin prejudice in, 297–298 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 34 South Carolina State College for Negroes, 262 “Southern Negro Agricultural Worker: 1850–1870” (Seagrave), 203–204 Spanish Town Archives, 172 speech acts, 55 Spelman College, 263 Springfield, Illinois 1908 race riot, 133 St Augustine Historical Society, 176 325 Stamm, Marjorie, 125, 138–139n1 Stanfield, John H., II archival research by, 135 childhood experiences of, 27–30 growing global consciousness of, 13–15 undergraduate experiences of, 293–294 Stanford University, 99, 142 Stark, Warner, 294 statistics calls to abandon, 69 limitations of, 67, 68 vs discourse analysis, 43 status marker, language as, 78 stereotype threat, 155–156 stereotyping, racial, 106–108 storytelling, 200 Strange Career of Jim Crow, The (Woodward), 300 structural theory of racial inequality, 211–212 Sun (newspaper), 59–63 superstructures, 56 Suppression of the African Slave Trade in the United States (Du Bois), 24 survey methodology, 154–155 combined with interviews, 68, 70 vs case studies, 240 symbolic elites, 46–47 “symbolic racism,” 48 syntactic structures of sentences, 56 T talented tenth, 133, 139n2 Tally’s Corner (Liebow), 69 Tarzan, 171 technological revolutions, 25 telescoping historical time, 201–202 Tent of Miracles (Amado), 305 tenure avoiding controversy before, 117n5 criteria for, 99 of John H Stanfield, II, 13, 26n1 liberation from patronization and, 11 threats regarding, 112 white logic and, 113 326 INDEX Texas A&M University, 99, 104 text grammar, 49 text processing, cognitive psychology of, 50 theoretical inquiry, 194 theorist, Deegan’s identity as, 126–127, 128 theory-driven approach advocacy of, 160–163 introduction, 141–142, 163n1 neglect of, in sociology, 143–144 overview of method, 148–149, 164–165n10, 164n8 research with (see experimental research) vs empiricism, 145–146 theory of racism, 44–46 Thomas, W I., 16, 254 Thompson, Edgar, 307–310 Thurman, Howard, 259, 261, 266, 303 time warps, 201 topic vs comment organization, 56 transactional leadership, 193 Transaction Press, 129 Transatlantic Slavery Gallery, 172, 178 Transcultural and Intercultural Philanthropic Studies research program, 14 transformational leadership, 192–193 transnational studies, 23–25 triangulation see also Children of Immigrants in Schools (CIS) project broad and narrow definitions, 275–276 growing respect for, 23 researcher roles and, 277–278 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 34 turn taking, conversational, 55 Tuskegee experiment, 71–72, 162 Tylese (schoolchild), 235 U unification, 35, 36 universality of racialism by American blacks, 32 discourse and, 47 nonrecognition of, in American society, 30–33 University of California-Berkeley, 172 University of Chicago, 16 see also Chicago School archivist’s disguising of information concerning, 135 Deegan’s studies at, 126–127 Mays’s studies at, 262 use of life historical analysis at, 254 University of Chicago Press, 129 University of Georgia, 172 University of London, 14 University of Michigan, 99 University of Missouri, 142 University of North Carolina, 175 University of Sierra Leone, 13 University of Wisconsin, 99 Untouchables see Dalits urban sociology, 12 UU (Unitarian-Universalist) World, 132 V validity qualitative interviewing and, 68, 70 of qualitative research, 243–245 van den Berghe, Pierre, 295 variables see also inequality, quantitative modeling of in empiricist approach, 146 issues to consider with, 204–205 veil of sociology, 130, 133 vertical files, 176 Virginia Union, 262 visual images, 178–179 visual structures, 56 Volvos, 285 W “W.E.B Du Bois and the Women of Hull House, 1986–1899” (Deegan), 123 Wagenfeld, Morton, 125 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 295 Warner, Lloyd, 300 Washington, Booker T., 131, 132 Index Washington State University, 99 WCHS see World Citizens High School Weber, Dugan, 294 Weber, Max, 159–160, 161–162, 299 Weberian ideal typing defined, 296–299 India and, 308–310 Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 132, 137 West Baton Rouge Museum, 176 Western Michigan University, 125 white gaze, 103 white logic assimilation model and, 99 defined, 95 graduate student socialization and (see sociology departments, racial practices in) tenure and, 113 White Logic, White Methods (Zuberi and Bonilla-Silva), 95 whiteness denial of prejudice and, 31 varying cultural definitions of, 18 whiteness studies, 18 white people denial of prejudice by, 31 prejudice vs discrimination by, 31 superficial progressiveness of, 15 white privilege, 31 white sociology colorblindness and, 71–73 327 qualitative interviewing as challenge to, 67 Williams, Fannie Barrier Deegan’s research on, 130, 131–132 influence on feminist pragmatism, 137 Williams, S Laing, 131 Williams, Sam, 258 Wise, Henry A., 196 Woodson, Carter G., 308 World Citizens High School (WCHS), 280 see also Children of Immigrants in Schools (CIS) project worst-case formulations, 62, 63 Wright, Jeremiah, 32 Wright, Richard, 22, 138, 305 Y Yale University, 13 YMCA, 262, 264 Z Zelditch, Morris, Jr., 142 Znaniecki, Florian, 16 Zuberi, Tukufu on analysis of race, 69 growth of mainstream acceptance of black scholars and, 12 Zulu, 171 Page Intentionally Left Blank ABOUT THE AUTHORS Eduardo Bonilla-Silva is professor of sociology at Duke University He has published numerous articles and five books, including White Supremacy and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era (co-winner of the 2002 Oliver Cox Award by the American Sociological Association), Racism Without Racists: ColorBlind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States, White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism (with Ashley Doane), White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Social Science (co-winner of the 2009 Oliver Cox Award), and State of White Supremacy: Racism, Governance, and the United States (with MoonKie Jung and Joao H Costa Vargas) Dawn B Brotherton is a training specialist, leadership coach, and mentor She teaches in the School of Business and Leadership for Nyack College’s Washington, DC campus Her doctoral dissertation on race in an evangelical parachurch organization was completed at the Fielding Graduate University School of Human and Organizational Development (Santa Barbara, California) in 2010 L Janelle Dance is an associate professor of sociology and ethnic studies at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln Johannes Lunneblad is a lecturer and researcher in the Department of Education, Communication, and Learning at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden As fellows and co-researchers on the U.S.-Swedish Team of the Children of Immigrants in Schools six nations’ study (NSF, PIRE, No 0529921), Lunneblad and Dance have coauthored several scholarly works Among other interests, they both study how social differences (e.g., class, nationality, ethnicity) affect school success and how researcher-respondent interactions impact the data collection process Mary Jo Deegan is professor of sociology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln A specialist in feminism, race, social theory, disability, and the history of sociology, she has authored or edited twenty books and numerous articles on these topics She was accorded the Distinguished Scholarly Career Award by 329 330 ABOUT THE AUTHORS the History of Sociology section of the American Sociological Association, among her other honors Elizabeth Hordge-Freeman is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at Duke University Her dissertation, “Battling the Enemy Within: Racial Socialization in Brazilian Families,” explores the practices and ideologies associated with racial socialization She is also a coauthor on a recent article in the Journal of Marriage and Family that addresses colorism in U.S families Sarah Mayorga is a doctoral candidate in the Sociology Department at Duke University Her dissertation research focuses on multi-group segregation in Durham, North Carolina She is specifically interested in the effects of Latina/ Latino migration on neighborhoods in this historically black and white city Eileen O’Brien is an associate professor of sociology at Saint Leo University, Virginia campus She is the author of Whites Confront Racism: Antiracists and Their Paths to Action and, with Joe Feagin, White Men on Race She is the coeditor, with Joseph Healey, of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Selected Readings Abigail A Sewell graduated summa cum laude from the University of Florida, Gainesville, and is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at Indiana University Her areas of interest include medical sociology, social psychology, race/ethnicity, and quantitative research methods Her primary research question concerns the ways in which race and ethnicity function as structural sources of cultural attitudes, social change, and health disparities She is a Ford Foundation Predoctoral Fellow, a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow, and a Ronald E McNair Graduate Fellow Stephen Small, associate professor of African American Studies, University of California, Berkeley His research concentrates on analyzing links between historical structures and contemporary manifestations of racial formations and racialized relations John H Stanfield, II is professor of African American and African Diaspora Studies, Philanthropic Studies, Sociology, and director of The Research Program on Transcultural and Intercultural Philanthropic Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington; a member of the Consulting Faculty on Advanced Studies, Fielding Graduate University School of Human and Organization Development; and 2007–08 Distinguished Fulbright Chair, Catholic University– Rio de Janeiro He has taught at Yale University, the College of William and Mary, the University of California, Davis, and Morehouse College, among About the Authors 331 others Recent publications include: Historical Foundations of Reflective Black Sociology and Reflective Black Sociology:Epistemology, Theory and Method, both published in 2011 by Left Coast Press, Inc Quincy Thomas Stewart is an associate professor of sociology and a Faculty Fellow in the Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern University Professor Stewart completed his undergraduate training (B.S.) in Interdisciplinary Studies at Norfolk State University (1996) He completed his Ph.D in Demography and Sociology from the University of Pennsylvania (2001) Professor Stewart was a 2006 recipient of the Robert Wood Johnson Scholar in Health Policy Research fellowship at the University of Michigan His research interests pertain to demography, social inequality, and methodology Specifically, he is interested in the dynamic social processes that create inequalities in socioeconomic status, health, and mortality Teun A van Dijk is Professor Emeritus of Discourse Studies at the University of Amsterdam and currently a visiting professor at Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona After earlier work on literary theory, text grammar, and the psychology of discourse processing, since the 1980s he has explored several topics of Critical Discourse Studies, such as discourse and racism, ideology, context, and knowledge He founded and edited the international journals Poetics, Text (now Text & Talk), Discourse & Society, Discourse Studies, Discourse & Communication, and Discurso & Sociedad (www.dissoc.org), of which he still edits the latter four For a list of his publications, see his website www discourses.org Henry A Walker is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Arizona Previously, he taught sociology at Stanford, Cornell, Arizona, and several other academic institutions His published research on legitimacy processes, power, inequality, and theoretical methods appears in leading journals and research annuals Professor Walker has designed and run experiments that test ideas drawn from legitimacy theory, network exchange theory, status characteristics theory, and theories of collective action The Chinese edition of Building Experiments (with David Willer) was published in May 2010 Yvonne Walker is a doctoral candidate at the Fielding Graduate University School of Human and Organization Development .. .RETHINKING RACE AND ETHNICITY IN RESEARCH METHODS Page Intentionally Left Blank RETHINKING RACE AND ETHNICITY IN RESEARCH METHODS John H Stanfield, II Editor First published 2011 by Left... drafts of those became Race and Ethnicity in Research Methods Rethinking Race and Ethnicity in Research Methods comes to published light due to Mitch’s continued encouragement to me over the years... trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data: Rethinking race and ethnicity in research methods / John H