Choosing Methods in Mental Health Research Choosing Methods in Mental Health Research develops a new framework for mental health research It is concerned with how to choose the most appropriate mental health research method, not only to address a specific question, but also to maximise the potential impact on shaping mental health care Mike Slade and Stefan Priebe focus attention on the types of audience that the researcher is seeking to influence, the types of evidence each audience accepts as valid, and the relative strengths and limitations of each type of methodology A range of research methodologies are described and critically appraised, and the use of evidence by different groups is discussed This produces some important findings about the interplay between research production and consumption, and highlights directions for future mental health research theory and practice The findings presented here will be relevant to mental health service users and professionals who use research evidence to inform decision making It will also prove an invaluable resource for students and researchers in the field of mental health Mike Slade is Clinical Senior Lecturer in the Health Services Research Department at the Institute of Psychiatry and a Consultant Clinical Psychologist in Rehabilitation, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust Stefan Priebe is Professor of Social and Community Psychiatry at Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London He has published widely on concepts, therapeutic processes and outcomes in mental health care Contributors: Thomas Becker, Peter Beresford, Pat Bracken, Terry Brugha, Tom Burns, Lorenzo Burti, Joan Busfield, Simon Gilbody, Sunjai Gupta OBE, Lars Hansson, Dave Harper, Karen Henwood, Frank Holloway, Rachel Jenkins, Heinrich Kunze, John S Lyons, Rosemarie McCabe, Howard Meltzer, Sophie Petit-Zeman, Vanessa Pinfold, Stefan Priebe, Bernd Puschner, Mike Slade, Phil Thomas, Graham Thornicroft, Andre Tylee, Paul Walters, Simon Wessely, Barbara A Wilson, Whitney P Witt Choosing Methods in Mental Health Research Mental health research from theory to practice Edited by Mike Slade and Stefan Priebe First published 2006 by Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis Inc 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Copyright © 2006 selection and editorial matter, Mike Slade and Stefan Priebe; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers This publication has been produced with paper manufactured to strict environmental standards and with pulp derived from sustainable forests British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Choosing methods in mental health research : mental health research from theory to practice / edited by Mike Slade & Stefan Priebe p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-1-58391-844-9 (hbk.) ISBN-10: 1-58391-844-2 (hbk.) Mental illness—Research Mental illness—Research— Methodology I Slade, Mike II Priebe, Stefan, 1953– [DNLM: Health Services Research Mental Health Services Research Design WM 30 C548 2006] RA790.C456 2006 2006010647 362.2072—dc22 ISBN 0-203-96600-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 1-58391-844-2 (Print Edition) ISBN13: 978-1-58391-844-9 Contents List of Contributors Foreword viii xi DAVID GOLDBERG Preface xiv MIKE SLADE AND STEFAN PRIEBE PART I Research methods 1 Who is research for? MIKE SLADE AND STEFAN PRIEBE Single-case experimental designs BARBARA A WILSON Conversation analysis 24 ROSEMARIE McCABE Discourse analysis 47 DAVE HARPER Grounded theory 68 KAREN HENWOOD Randomised, controlled trials 85 SIMON WESSELY Systematic reviews and meta-analysis SIMON GILBODY 99 vi Contents Surveys 113 RACHEL JENKINS, HOWARD MELTZER, TERRY BRUGHA AND SUNJAI GUPTA OBE PART II Consumers of research Influencing practice at primary care level 125 127 PAUL WALTERS AND ANDRE TYLEE 10 Influencing community mental health team practice to improve care outcomes 138 TOM BURNS 11 Influencing the public perception of mental illness 147 VANESSA PINFOLD AND GRAHAM THORNICROFT 12 Influencing the media 157 SOPHIE PETIT-ZEMAN 13 Influencing policy in the United Kingdom 167 FRANK HOLLOWAY 14 Influencing policy in Germany 178 BERND PUSCHNER, HEINRICH KUNZE AND THOMAS BECKER 15 Influencing policy in Italy 188 LORENZO BURTI 16 Influencing policy in Sweden 197 LARS HANSSON 17 Influencing policy in the United States 202 JOHN S LYONS AND WHITNEY P WITT PART III Generating high-impact research 211 18 The evidence context in mental health research 213 JOAN BUSFIELD Contents 19 A service-user perspective on evidence vii 223 PETER BERESFORD 20 Postmodern mental health services 231 PAT BRACKEN AND PHIL THOMAS 21 Research production and consumption 239 STEFAN PRIEBE AND MIKE SLADE References Index 249 291 Contributors Prof Thomas Becker, Department of Psychiatry II, University of Ulm, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Ludwig-Heilmeyer-Strasse 2, D-89312 Günzburg, Germany Prof Peter Beresford, OSP, Tempo House, 15 Falcon Road, London SW11 2PJ, UK Dr Pat Bracken, Department of Psychiatry, Bantry General Hospital, Bantry, Co Cork, Ireland Prof Terry Brugha, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Brandon Mental Health Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK Prof Tom Burns, University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK Prof Lorenzo Burti, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Policlinico G.B Rossi, Piazzale L.A Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy Prof Joan Busfield, Department of Sociology, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK Dr Simon Gilbody, Department of Health Sciences, Alcuin College, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK Dr Sunjai Gupta OBE, Department of Health, UK Prof Lars Hansson, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, PO Box 157, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden Dr Dave Harper, School of Psychology, University of East London, Romford Road, London E15 4LZ, UK Dr Karen Henwood, School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK Contributors ix Dr Frank Holloway, Croydon Integrated Adult Mental Health Service, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK Prof Rachel Jenkins, Health Services Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK Prof Dr Heinrich Kunze, Klinik für Psychiatrie u Psychotherapie, Zentrum für Soziale Psychiatrie Kurhessen, Landgraf-Philipp-Str 9, D-34308 Bad Emstal, Germany Prof John S Lyons, Mental Health Services and Policy Program, Northwestern University, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Abbott 1205, Chicago, IL 60611, USA Dr Rosemarie McCabe, Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Queen Mary, University of London, Newham Centre for Mental Health, Glen Road, London E13 8SP, UK Howard Meltzer, Health and Care Division, Office for National Statistics, Drummond Gate, Pimlico, London SW1V 2QQ, UK Dr Sophie Petit-Zeman, Association of Medical Research Charities, 61 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8TL, UK Dr Vanessa Pinfold, Rethink Severe Mental Illness, 28 Castle Street, KingstonUpon-Thames, Surrey KT1 1SS, UK Dr Bernd Puschner, Department of Psychiatry II, University of Ulm, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Ludwig-Heilmeyer-Strasse 2, D-89312 Günzburg, Germany Dr Phil Thomas, Centre for Citizenship and 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British Journal of General Practice, 44, 132–135 Yamagami, T (1998) Psychotherapy, today and tomorrow: status quo of behavior and cognitive therapy and its efficacy Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 52 Suppl:S236–237 Yardley, L (2000) Dilemmas in qualitative health research Psychology and Health, 15, 215–228 Yardley, L., Murray, M (2004) Qualitative analysis of talk and text: discourse and narrative analysis In D Marks, L Yardley (eds), Research Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology London: Sage Ziguras, S.J., Stuart, G.W (2000) A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of mental health case management over 20 years Psychiatric Services, 51, 1410–1421 Index academic researchers 61 accessibility 203 adult learning theory 132–3 AIDS counselling 43 alzheimer’s disease 20 american pragmatism 73 anecdotal evidence 162–3 anti-essentialist epistemology 51 anti-psychiatry applied research 7, 13, 24–5 assertive community treatment 202 see also Programme of assertive community treatment (PACT) assertive outreach 170–2 in London 244 see also assertive community treatment assessment instruments 116 assumptions 10, 12, 52, 102 and values 234–5 bias 90–1 disciplinary 69 epistemological 55, 65 implicit 58 reliability of prevalence 117 theoretical 28 threshold of recognising disorder 117 attitude surveys 153 attitudes 47, 49, 55, 146 to evidence 188 societal 235–6, 243 to medicine and health 193 audience 7, 205 role of 159 type of 231 audit 139, 143, 245 avenues to care 184 Balint’s syndrome 16 barriers to implementation 136 behavioural analysis 12, 73 behavioural research 208 benchmarks 127 Berlin Dehospitalisation Study 179–80 bias attitudinal 29 biomedical 101 experimenter 14 memory 29 minimising 101 observer 86, 89, 92, 116 perceptual 29 potential for 99 publication 104–5 researcher 218 review articles 100 selection 89 social 156 systematic 116, 209 vested interests 120 blinding 86 double-blind trials 235 campaigning 61, 148 tied to action 155 care giving and emotion management 79 Care Programme Approach (CPA) 110–11, 142, 170, failure of 172 goal-orientated staff time budgets 185 case management 185–6 case reports and media 161 case studies 220 category generation 33 causal relationships celebrity 159, 163, 165 CFM factor 158 292 Index change in practice drivers of 128 Childhood Severity of Psychiatric Illness 206 China psychiatry in clinical experience 128, 197 clinical leadership 132 clinical significance 15 choice 4, Christopher Clunis 174–5 see also Richie Report Cochrane Collaboration 99, 106 Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) group 106 cognitive behaviour therapy 144, 176 Collaborative Depression Study 209 commercialisation 216 commissioners research 6, community mental health 138 in Italy 191 Community Mental Health Teams (CMHTs) 139 community surveys 114 comorbidity 93–4, 209 complex interventions 94 computer-assisted data analysis 72 concept of mental illness confounders 89–90, 92, 96 consensus techniques constant comparison 72 constructionism 30, 52, 69, 77–8 social constructionist theory 49, 55 constructionist style of analysis 57 constuctionist contextualism see contextualism consumerism consumer angle 160, 163 content analysis 30, 52, 78–9 context 3, 33, 35, 47, 53, 65 and salience 134 experts 100 human 237 contextualism 77, 79 continuity model 129 continuity of care 138 control conditions 172 groups 10, 13 services 139 subjects 10, 14 conversation analysis 24–46, 47 limitations of 34 cost-benefit analysis 219 cost-effectiveness 111 as evidence 192, 219, 224 countervailing powers 214–7 credibility 64, 78, 82–83, 202, 224, 227, 244 critical incidents 129, 143–4, 146 critical mass 195 critical psychology 48, 52 cross-cultural comparisons 204 Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD) 175 day hospitals 180–1 decision modelling 111, 206 decision-support algorithm 206 deconstruction 61 deinstitutionalisation in Germany 182 in Italy 189–92 delusions in schizophrenia 43 deviant case analysis 31 Di Bella case 193 diagnostic information 118 diagnostic interview schedule (DIS) 204 direct evidence 189 discourse analysis 30, 47–67, 76–7 discursive psychology 47 Foucauldian 48, 52, 54 methods of dissemination 60–4 use in training professionals 63 disease prevalence 115, 121–3, 204 dissatisfaction demand of facts 191 driving change 146, 190 dissemination 6, 60–4, 99, 117, 238 and implementation 202 market segmentation principles 147 role of the media 151–2 strategies 109 distance from evidence 227–9, 237 economic considerations community mental health 141 in Italy 192–6 primary care 128–9, 131 economic evidence 192 education 62, 128–9 anti-discrimination projects 149 Index educating the public 194 initiatives 135 traditional education 134 understanding statistics 155 user-led projects 155 effectiveness and modernism 233–4 Database of Abstract Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE) 110 of treatments 208 efficacy 90, 96–7, 146, 171 evidence of 192, 197 efficiency and modernism 234 effort eligibility criteria 87 emancipatory disability research 226, 229 empowerment 5, 155, 225 epidemiology and power relations 219–20 salience of 203 Epidemiology Catchment Area (ECA) study 203 ethical views 197 ethics 10, 18, as a type of evidence 189 revealing identifiable data 121 ethnic minority groups 120 ethnomethodology 24, 26, 47 evaluative research 205 evidence-based policy making 167–8 evidence-based practice 4, 224 importance in USA 202 evidence-based medicine 127, 132, 145, 197 and ethics 237 attitudes to 128 emphasis on 221 guidelines 130, 134–6, 139, 169 in primary care 134, 176 evidence-based research 53 evidence confidence in 17 hierarchy of nature of reproducibility 118 selective use of 168, 218 types of 7, 78, 168 expectations of research 245–6 expert opinion 4, 149, 168 trusted expert 6, 194 experts by expertise 156 experiential knowledge 227–9 293 facts and values 231 fact making 214, 218 objective 237 false-positive findings 94 feasibility 209 federal staffing directive 183 feminism 48 feminist research 226 funding 185, 190–1, 194–5 and peer review 240 internal 203 General Medical Services contract 131 generalisability 57, 92–5 and treatment efficacy 208 assumptions 117 in policy making 203 generalisation 9, 18, 23, 32, and comorbidity 94 statistical 31 Germany influencing policy in 178–87 Goldberg-Huxley model 184 government directives 143 legal frameworks 181 power in mental health services 215 grounded theory 68–84 coding 71–2, 78–9 use by psychologists 76 use of memo’s 71–2 group studies 10 limitations of 15 guidelines connection between research and practice 242 dissemination 109 in primary care 135–7 in health policy 169, 179 role of systematic reviews 110 use of 127 Hampshire Depression Project 136 Healthcare Commission 159 health economics 104, 115, 172 health insurers 183, 186, 216 health maintenance organisations 216 Health of the Nation 173 health planning 119–20 Hessian Dehospitalisation Study 180 hierarchy of evidence 227 294 Index heuristic models 144 historical analyses 49 conditions 52 knowledge 51 origins 55 history of psychiatric categories 53 hospitalism 182 humanitarian views 197 hypothetico-deductive approaches 56, 71, 76 immediacy of results 145 impact 3, 6, 7, 8, 61–2, 78, 123 campaigns 149 factors 159, 241 of research on community mental health 139 on service development 240 inclusion and exclusion criteria 103, 209 individual subjects 9, 18 response 10 individualised research 203 inequities and inequalities of care 123 influences on practice 128 informal networks 149 informed patient Institutsambulanzen 182 institutional settings 24, 32, 48–9, 52, 54 insulin coma in schizophrenia 95 investment 145, 156 Italy influencing policy in 188–96 integrative approaches 49 integrity 82 interaction 24, 27, 29, 48, 54 social 55, 73 interference effects 18 internal coherence 55 internet 158 interpretive analysis 77–8 intersubject variability interventions 45 development of 45, 61–2 interviewers introduction of bias 120–1 use of 116–17 institutionalism, see hospitalism interviewing overuse of 64 iterative approaches 70–5 ivory tower research 239–48 language role of 51 study of 47 use of lay language 158 Law 179 191 learning in dementia 23 learning theory 12 legislation 181, 183 Fiscal law 191 limitations of research 6–7 local delivery plan 169 long-term outcomes 145 Madison study of assertive community treatment 140–2 Manchester Acute Day Hospital study 145 Marxism 48 Media bias 162 Di Bella case 193 focus 243 influencing the 157–66 press 151, 175, 177 profile 158 role of 150, 168, 196 television 150 use of mental health terminology 61 medication inventory 192 Mental Health Act Alliance 148 Mental Health library 110 mental health policy 61 Mental Health Research Network 225 methodological integrity 82 meta-analysis 168, 218 Cochrane 96 criticism of 224 qualitative 82 misuse of 105 Mind Out for Mental Health 157 mixed methods 65, 83 MMR debate model of scientific enquiry 246–8 modernism 64–65, 234–5 modernist agenda 232 multifaceted approaches 156 narrative analysis 76–7 narrative-based medicine 93 National electronic Library for Health (NeLH) 110 National Institute for Mental Health in England 130, 156, 169 Index National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) 110–11, 130, 145, and service development 242 importance of recommendations 169 role of 219 National Service Framework (NSF) 110–11, 130, 139, 146, 148, 169–70, 176 National Suicide Prevention Strategy 173 natural experiment 219 natural recovery 12, 19, 88 naturalism 25, 27, 32, 42, 64, 76 neurological studies neutrality 226–9 New Deal for Mental Health 138 new paradigm research approaches 226 NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination 99 NHS Plan 139, 169–70 non-experimental data 27 non-reductionism 71 non-specific factors 12 non-statistical knowledge 224 objectivity 214, 227 observation behaviour 29 methods 30 organisational investment 136 outcome measures, use of 94 outcomes management approaches 203, 205 Pan-London Assertive Outreach Study 244 participatory action research 76, 237–8 patient power 216 patient preference 135 patient-centred approaches 129, 134, 137 patterns in conversation 26–7 in groups of patients 93 of behaviour 14 of change 16–17 of disease 93, 121 recurrent and systematic 29 response patterns 14 search for 49 peer review absence of 169 failure of 164–5 295 performance management 143, 172 pharmaceutical industry alliance with medical profession 217 and psychiatric research 236 power 216 phenomenology 74 epistemology 62 pilot studies 117 placebo effects 89 placebos 86, 89, 91 policy research 83 systematic reviews 102, 109 making 110 reform of 132 types of in the UK 169 relationship with research evidence 169–70 influence of interest groups 172 think-tanks 203 Policy Implementation Guide 170 policy implementation guides 139 political support 189 political pressure 191, 207 positivism approaches 228 empiricist philosophy 69 limitations 236 post-positivist 49 postmodern epistemology 231–3 postmodernism 3, 5, 74, 167, 231 post-structuralism 55 post-traumatic stress disorder 96–7 power relations 49 and evidence context 213–7 in society 237 practicalities 10, 14, 16, 18, 32 practitioner experts 149 press office, role of 158–9, 165 Primary Care Programme 130 Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) 127, 130 primary health care conversation analysis 43 delivery of care 123, 176 impact on policy 177 management of depression in 105–9 management of severe mental illness 129–31 use of evidence 128 professional-patient interaction 32, 44, 218 doctor-patient 35–41, 134–5, 194 296 Index Programme of Assertive Community Treatment (PACT) 142, 145 efficacy of 171 effectiveness 172 fidelity to model 171–2 psychiatrists power 216 psychiatric admission interviews 41 psychiatric morbidity 115, 118, 121, 175, 177 Psychiatrie-Enquête 178–81 psychoanalysis 18, 48, 220 psychological interventions implementation of 197 stress debriefing 95–7 psychotherapy research 18, 81 psychotherapists 61, 64 public confidence 150 public opinion 149, 191, 193 public perceptions of mental health services 173–5 of mental illness 147–56, role of the media 168 publishing academic 61–2, 141, 149, 202, 244 Effective Health Care bulletin 109 internet 61, 109–10, 149 non-academic 61, 109, 128, 149 purpose qualitative research content analysis 52 conversation analysis 24–46, 47 discourse analysis 47–67 grounded theory 68–84 humanistic 47 methods 30, 54 quantification 34 reviews of 104 value of 220–1 quality 6, 104, 118, 134, 136, 239 targets 159 management 245 quantitative methods 29, 56 content analysis 52 decontextualised research 47 meta-analysis 103 realism 62 radical constructionism see constructionism randomisation 13, 86–8 allocation concealment 87, 90 alternation 87 stratified 206 randomised control trials 23, 45, 85–98, 103, 139 and ethics 96 and power relations 217–9 and the public 149 criticism of 224 ethical and methodological problems 217 generalisation of 134 in real-life situations 209 influencing policy 168, 202 role in treatment 197 rare cases 18 rating scales use of 94 realism 51–2, 56, 61–3, 78 real world data 68, 73 methods 76 practice 172 research 239 receptivity 43 reductionism 134 reflexivity client’s 81 researcher 56, 58, 78, reform of the psychiatric system in Germany 178–87 in Italy 189–92 role of academia 241 rehabilitation 18 relativism 52 relevance 32, 65, 68, 92, 112, 121, 181 to clinical practice 222 to policy making 208 to society 248 reliability 31, 48, 65, 117, 149 solving problems of 119 repeatability 55 replication 18, 142, 146 direct 23 manualisation 92 representativeness 57, 105, 119, 204 response rates 120 of sample 209 research commissioning 3, 64, government 119 research consumption 3, 6, 8, 60, 64, 230, 246 Index research design 6–8, 104 ABA 10, 17, 23 ABAB 10, 17, 18 ABAC 10 ABACACD 10 alternating treatments 12 anthropological embedded 12 group 14 inappropriate 19 mixed 12 multiple baseline 11–12 non-randomised reversal 10, 17, 18 research planning 3, research objectives 115 research priorities research production 3, 6, 8, 230 research questions 7, 8, 32, 54, 71, 80 design of 228 explicit 104 limited 224 openness 74–6 policy relevant 203 types of 119 resources 3, 69, 120, 240 interviewers 116 staffing 190 responsible journalism 162 review articles 99–100 revolving door syndrome 172 Richie Report 143–4 see also Christopher Clunis rigour 8, 56, 82, 104, 164, 234, 239 appropriateness of 245 risk and effectiveness 102 and mental illness 173–5 as a driving force 153–5 balance between risk and benefit 92 concept of lack of 99 role blurring and role overlap 138 Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health 172 Safety first 174 salience for community mental health teams 139–42, 145 for media 158–64 for primary care 134–5 for public 149 297 sample size 91, 97, 120, 124 Kish grid method 120 sampling bias 120 convienience 209 design 115–16 importance for policy making 203–4 random sampling 116 solving problems of 119 strategy 82 theoretical 57, 71 satisfaction 96 schizophrenogenic mother 151 Science in Action 214 Secteur approach 138 See Me Campaign 148 semiology 47 sensitivity 33 Seroxat 161–3, 218 service planning 123, 184 service structure research 144–5 service user concerns of 235 organisations 223 perspective 223–30 views 224 Service user Research Group England 225 single-case analysis 23 case-study 14 experimental designs social constructionist theory 49–51, 55, 62–4, 74 social construction of paranoia 58–61 social enquiry 26 Social Class and Mental Illness 219–20 social order 27 Social Origins of Depression 220 sociology of mental health services research 213 sociotherapy 185–6 Soteria project 195 Soviet Union psychiatry in so what test 164 staggered treatment 12 standards 190 statistics methods 9, 14–15 analysis 219 298 Index statistical information in influencing the public 153–4 stick and carrot strategies 156 strengths, of research 6–7 subjective experience 221 subjectivity 69, 73, 77, 214, 227 surveys 29 assessment instruments 116 origins and development of 113–14 General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) 114 impact 123 limitations of 120 strengths of 119 use of 121–3 survivor research see user-controlled research Sweden influencing policy in 197–201 symbolic interactionism 73–4 symptomatology 119 systemic analysis 26 systematic reviews 99–112 accessibility 109 and the public 149 efficacy and effectiveness 103 generalisability 102 heterogeneity 103, 106 impact 109–111 limitations of 104–5 relevance of 112 statistical power 102 strengths of 104 tabloid evidence 152–3 target audience 3, 6–8, 65 targets in health care 127 teaching impact of mental health lessons 148 team structure studies 139 testing hypotheses 120 thematic analysis 76–9 theoretical saturation 71 timeliness of research 203, 210, 246 traditional research values 227 transparency 236, 242 treatment efficacy studies 208 top down and bottom up approaches 130–1 Defeat Depression campaign 133 traditional model of research Trailblazers 131–4 training professionals 131–2 social skills training model 141 Thorn courses 139 transcription Jeffersonian notation 25 transparency 100 treatment compliance 145 treatment of malaria 95 trust of professionals 4, UK Clinical Research Council 111 UK Health Technology Assessment programme 111 United Kingdom influencing policy in 167–77 United States influencing policy in 202–10 user-controlled research 226–7 user involvement 226 user-led research 65 user movement 197–8, 221 US National Comorbidity Study (NCS) 203 validity 62–5, 94, 149, 214 apparent 31, 43 empirical 51 external 209, 245 face 55, 57, 143, 175 interpretative 82 internal 208 of instruments 120–1 of knowledge-based approaches 225 threats to 81 values 191 of patients 134 of practitioners 134 of service users 230 values-based medicine 134, 136 values-based research 242 vanishing cues procedure 20 variability 48 individual 13 intrasubject 10, 12 intersubject verificationist methods 76 visual object agnosia 16 water-cooler effect 168 withholding treatment 18 wow factor 165 .. .Choosing Methods in Mental Health Research Choosing Methods in Mental Health Research develops a new framework for mental health research It is concerned with how... Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Choosing methods in mental health research : mental health research from theory to practice / edited by Mike Slade & Stefan Priebe p cm Includes bibliographical... in? ??uencing the relationship between research production and its impact in the real world Considering this relationship may help in research planning and commissioning 4 Choosing methods in mental