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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES TRẦN VU THI THUONG VIỆT HÀ TO HOAI’S NOVELS AND MEMOIRS AFTER 1945 FROM THE GENRE PERSPECTIVE Major: Literary theory Code: 22 01 20 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN LITERATURE HANOI, 2020 The work was completed at: Graduate Academy of Social Sciences Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISORS: Assoc Prof Dr Ly Hoai Thu Dr Le Thi Huong Thuy PS.TS Tôn Thị Thảo Miên PGS.TS Nguyễn Thị Bích Thu Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Ngo Van Gia Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Le Quang Hung Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Phạm Quang Long The thesis will be defended in front of the Academy-level Thesis Committee, at: Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi at The thesis could be found at: - National Library - Academy Library 2020 LIST OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS Article: The narrative language in To Hoai's memoirs "Dust and Sand at Someone’s Feet" and "Every Afternoon", published in Culture and art Magazine, No 407 May 2018 Article: To Hoai’s novels and memoirs after 1945 from the genre perspective - an overview of the research situation, published in Science Journal of Hanoi Metropolitan University, No 26, October 2018 Article: The Poetry in novel The West by To Hoai, published in Journal of Social Sciences Manpower, Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, No 5, 2019 Article: Portrait of some characters in To Hoai memoirs, published in Science Journal of Hanoi Metropolitan University, No 34, October 2019 Article: Memoir substance in the To Hoai’s novels after 1945, published in Science Journal of Hanoi Metropolitan University, No 36, December 2019 INTRODUCTION The necessity of the subject 1.1 History of Vietnamese literature has many prominent names, among which it is impossible not to mention To Hoai – an excellent writer of modern Vietnamese literature He also made his mark and achieved success in many fields To Hoai's contribution was recorded in both stages before and after the August Revolution in 1945 Especially in the period after 1945, To Hoai gained more achievements, more works, more diverse genres With many typical works written after 1945: Mười năm (Ten Years, novel - 1958), Miền Tây (The West, novel - 1967), Cát bụi chân (Dust and Sand at Someone’s Feet, memoirs - 1992), Chiều chiều (Every Afternoon, memoirs - 1999), Ba người khác (Three Others, novel - 2006), To Hoai actually became a writer of unique, fascinating novels and memoirs Approaching a literary phenomenon from a genre perspective is a "alluring" research direction, which always contains newness, is a way to find the originality in each author's style and is also a path that promises to make certain contributions In the period after 1945, especially during the Doi Moi period, genre interaction was both intrinsic and autonomous in the process of mobilizing the life of the genre and showed the awareness of renewing the writing style of creative subject To Hoai's writing is no exception to that rule To Hoai on the one hand, closely sticking to specific characteristics of the genre, on the other hand, has a tendency to interweave the genre: novel-esque memoir, memoir-esque novel This creates a prose writing style, a To Hoai kind of author that different from previous and contemporaneous writers From these foundations, we have implemented the thesis To Hoai’s memoirs and novels after 1945 from the genre perspective The purposes and tasks of the thesis 2.1 The research purposes - To clarify the creative perspective and innovation of artistic thinking by To Hoai writer in the period before and after 1945, especially after 1986, thereby highlighting the appearance, movement, development, and the continuing and acculturation of the art of writing novels and memoirs in each stages - To identify characteristics of To Hoai’s novels and memoirs after 1945 from the perspective of genre, explain the genre interaction between novel and memoir; thereby confirming the position, contribution, style and talent of the writer in the progress of modern Vietnamese literature 2.2 The research tasks - To systematize research works on To Hoai novels and memoirs in general and after 1945 in particular - To identify characteristics of To Hoai’s novels and memoirs, clarify his stages of writing novel and memoir, the writer’s perspective and the artistic thinking renewal of the writer - To identify characteristics of To Hoai’s novels and memoirs after 1945 from the perspective of genre - To clarify the interweaving and blurring of the genre boundaries between To Hoai’s novels and memoirs after 1945, the artistic effect of genre interaction Object and scope of the research 3.1 Object of the research - To Hoai’s novels and memoirs after 1945 from the genre perspective 3.2 Scope of the research - Surveying a number of promient novels and memoirs of To Hoai after 1945: Ten Years (novels - 1958), The West (novels - 1967), Dust and Sand at Someone’s Feet (memoirs - 1992); Every Afternoon (memoirs - 1999); Three Others (novel - 2006) During the research process, a number of works by writer To Hoai and other writers will be referenced for comparison Research methodology - The main research methods: Biographical method, poetics method, interdisciplinary method, comparative method, systematic method New contributions of the thesis The thesis is the first specialized research on the system of To Hoai’s novels and memoirs after 1945, relatively completely reconstructing the appearance and development process of the two main genres in To Hoai’s works during this period The thesis shows the characteristics of To Hoai's novels and memoirs after 1945 from the genre perspective, the interaction between the novel and the memoir of To Hoai after 1945 to see the imprint of style, poetic characteristics and narrative techniques of the author Theoretical and practical significances of the thesis 6.1 Theoretical significances of the thesis Studying To Hoai’s novels and memoirs after 1945 is to clarify the genre's characteristics as well as the identification of how to blend and erase the boundaries of the genre, thereby contributing some knowledge of genre theory and suggestion some problems with creative practices and the reception of modern Vietnamese novels and memoirs 6.2 Practical significances of the thesis To Hoai is one of the most prominent authors who is taught in schools The research results of the thesis can be used in the study, teaching and learning of Vietnamese literature at high school and university level The structure of the thesis In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion and Bibliography, the thesis consists of chapters: Chapter Research overview Chapter Genre and appearance of To Hoai’s novels, memoirs Chapter Characteristics of To Hoai’s novels and memoirs after 1945 from genre perspective Chapter Genre interaction between To Hoai’s novels and memoirs after 1945 CHAPTER RESEARCH OVERVIEW 1.1 Overall research on To Hoai’s novels and memoirs In modern Vietnamese literature, To Hoai has always been a name that attracts a lot of attention, discovery from readers, researchers and critics, especially provides the gaps for in-depth research Research on the To Hoai’s novel has the opinions of researchers such as Vu Ngoc Phan, Phan Cu De, Ha Minh Duc, Tran Huu Ta These opinions have confirmed the value and attractiveness of his novels, and also provided suggestions for the study of specific novels of To Hoai Research on To Hoai memoirs were conducted by Ha Minh Duc, Nguyen Dang Manh, Vuong Tri Nhan, Van Thanh, Pham Viet Chuong, Ly Hoai Thu These authors have made sharp comments about To Hoai's memoirs and being a premise for the study of specific memoirs by To Hoai 1.2 Specific research works on To Hoai’s novels and memoirs after 1945 1.2.1 On specific novels Research works, articles on Ten Years (1958), The West (1967), Three Others (2006) have been conducted in many angles The authors have pointed out the unique values of To Hoai’s novels in terms of content and form These works have achieved certain results, contributing significantly to the research and discovery of To Hoai literature However, the issue of genre has not been discussed in depth, and also has not been considered as an outstanding aspect of ideas, thinking and creative style which dominated the novel characteristics of the writer after 1945 1.2.2 On specific memoirs His two memoirs, Dust and Sand at Someone’s Feet (1992) and Every Afternoon (1999) after being published have attracted the attention of the public The authors often focus on studying To Hoai’s memoirs from the perspective of narrative and poetics, which often goes into aspects such as language, tone, style Although, there are many works on To Hoai's memoirs but it is still not yet completed because until now there has not been a comprehensive and systematic study on the characteristics of To Hoai's memoirs after 1945 1.2.3 On the interaction between To Hoai‘s novels and memoirs Research on the interaction between the novel and the memoir To Hoai had some opinions and reviews The main opinions discussed the penetration of novel substance into the memoir and vice versa Discussing the penetration of memoir into novel genre, focusing on some opinions of authors such as Nguyen Huu Son, Tran Hoa Minh, Chu Mong Long, Tran Viet Thien Discussing the penetration of novels into memoirs, concentrated on some opinions of authors such as Nguyen Dang Diep, Ly Hoai Thu, Do Hai Ninh Laying the problem of To Hoai’s memoirs and novels after 1945 from the genre perspective, the thesis will focus on solving the following issues: Firstly, the thesis identifies, describes and generalizes the process of To Hoai’s novels and memoirs in the period after 1945 Secondly, the thesis goes into researching genre characteristics of To Hoai’s novels and memoirs after 1945 from the genre perspective, especially clarifying the genre interaction between novel and memoir, confirming that this is a striking feature of To Hoai’s writing style CHAPTER GENRE AND APPEARANCE OF TO HOAI’S NOVELS, MEMOIRS 2.1 Genre characteristics of novel and memoir 2.1.1 Novel viewed from a number of genre characteristics 2.1.1.1 The concept of novel Through the opinions of foreign and Vietnamese authors about the concept of novel, we believe that: Novel is a narrative genre, reflecting the broad picture of social life, and is capable of approach and describe reality with multi-dimensional inspiration 2.1.1.2 Novel genre characteristics When it comes to novel, it is necessary to mention the characters, the plot, the structure, the narrators These are the basic characteristics that define the novel genre and are the premise to study the genre characteristics of To Hoai’s novel in the period after 1945 2.1.2 Memoir viewed from a number of genre characteristics 2.1.2.1 The concept of memoir It can be said that family, homeland, era and circumstances of himself have greatly influenced the writer's perspective and artistic thinking That created a To Hoai unlike any other writer 2.3.2 The writing perspective of To Hoai Regarding novel, the first job of a novelist is to try to get close to the truth In the process of composing the novel, To Hoai always wondered to express his ethnicity Besides, To Hoai is aware of the essence of the novel and thinks that the novel must also have innovation Although To Hoai did not discuss much about novel, his views on novel can be considered as the guiding fulcrum in his journey of writing novel Regarding memoir, To Hoai focuses on the principle of truth According to To Hoai notion, to write a memoir, the writer desperately needs courage and honesty With the new conception of memoir writing, To Hoai has shown very vividly and honestly the atmosphere of the era and human destiny in his pages 2.3.3 The renewal of To Hoai’s artistic thinking 2.3.3.1 From the art conception about people With the gap before and after 1945, the art conception about people in To Hoai’s novels and memoirs has an innovation To Hoai’s art conception about people is a factor that influences his way of expressing social life and his way of building characters Discovering people and expressing people in many different angles, To Hoai has contributed to the overall achievement of the artistic conception about people in modern Vietnamese literature 10 2.3.3.2 To form and ecriture The change of ecriture showed that the writer was not satisfied with the previous model that reflected the art With the change in artistic thinking and stemming from the concept of approaching and reflecting the truth, To Hoai and many other writers at the same time were not afraid to expose the "naked reality" of life, eradicate the "idealization" way of writing, his epic viewpoint fades away CHAPTER CHARACTERISTICS OF TO HOAI’S NOVELS AND MEMOIRS AFTER 1945 FROM GENRE PESPECTIVE 3.1 To Hoai’s novel characteristics after 1945 from genre perspective 3.1.1 Art of character building 3.1.1.1 Building “excess” characters The system of characters in To Hoai's novels after 1945 in their position and identity revealed the "excess" of personality Through building characters with an "excess" of personality, readers realize the heterogeneity, incompatibility, incongruity between people and their personalities and identities At the same time, the reader recognizes the other side of the characters and another person inside each character The character presentation in the direction of inclination in the negative, limited, revealing "excess" personality is a new perspective of the writer about people 3.1.1.2 Placing characters in living environment and daily life relationships 11 The space for the characters to operate and express their personalities in To Hoai’s novels after 1945 is the daily, everyday living space in the countryside in different regions Placing a character in daily life, To Hoai helped readers understand more about life, cultural characteristics of each region as well as thoughts, souls, emotions and personal characteristics of the characters in the works To Hoai placed his character in the living environment in the village, in daily life relationships with family, brothers, relatives, neighbors, friends, lovers 3.1.1.3 The language depicts the character full of everyday life, bearing the local color To Hoai made a difference in terms of language depicting characters In his novels after 1945, the language depicts a character that is both idyllic, casual, everyday life, bearing the local color, typical of the countryside: suburban Hanoi, highland mountains, rural areas in the northern delta Acquiring the spoken words of each dialect into his writing pages both creates vivid text and ensures the objectivity of the words, creating a natural feature for the story while avoiding the forceful touch of the author 3.1.2 Narrative structure 3.1.2.1 Linear structure Linear structure is a type of structure organized according to time logic, events are arranged in chronological order, before and after The common point of the novels Ten Years and The West is that the writer built the development story in linear order, events and details 12 follow this linear order, later events are steps of development of previous events Although the writer implements the traditional and simple structure, the organization is reasonable and effective, bringing high artistic effect showing the change of life and people in different spaces and time 3.1.2.2 Psychological structure The art of building structures based on the psychological progression of characters has given the author many opportunities to dive into expressing and analyzing the sophisticated and complicated developments of human inner life In his novel The West, To Hoai focused on describing the mental states, thoughts, and moods of Giang Sua, the Xa old man, Thao Nhia In his two novels Ten Years and Three Others, To Hoai does not focus too much on describing the psychological progression of the character, only brief thoughts and some monologues 3.1.2.3 Structure with noncorresponding opening and ending The opening and ending play an important role in a novel's plot The opening of a work is a core element in pique interest among readers The ending of the work is valuable to create an echo, which is also a way to make the work have a lasting vitality with time The opening of To Hoai’s novels after 1945 often follows the traditional formula, starting with an event taking place in the past, which is the scene of daily activities Ending in To Hoai's novels after 1945 is often an open and unfinished ending, an open ending, a "beckoning" ending 13 3.1.3 Narrative tone 3.1.3.1 The humorous and witty tone The witty, humorous ego of To Hoai is expressed through the art of storytelling, through drawing character portraits, through conversations between characters With a witty and mischievous tone, To Hoai reminded the reader of deep, happy and sad memories of a distant time, with many childish mistakes A person who dares to look back on the past to realize his mistakes, dare to relive the past to find the feeling of serenity for himself in the present, must be a person who is brave, experienced and understand life 3.1.3.2 The lyrical, nostalgic tone The nostalgic flow is one of the factors to find out about the writer's past memories The lyrical tone mixed in nostalgia has brought the attraction to To Hoai’s novels after 1945 The lines of sadness spread, not too climax but it is also convincing enough, leading readers to penetrate The social life of the land reform period was full of pain and tears, and also the life of the upland people in the old regime and the new regime 3.2 To Hoai’s memoir characteristics after 1945 from genre perspective 3.2.1 Author figure 3.2.1.1 Author figure through artistic view of social and literary life The historical, social, cultural, era environment and his own personality dominates To Hoai's way of seeing, feeling, thinking about social life The reality of social life has been carefully observed 14 and carefully recorded by the writer To Hoai brought readers to a northern village with stories from "land reform" and "correction", from "subsidy period" "cooperatives" to innovation to a market economy A miniature, complex, complete picture of all the good bad, white - black appears like life itself This gave his memoirs an appeal from the complex, colorful colors contained in it The vision of reality in the memoir differs from the fictionalized reality which is re-created in other genres of To Hoai and other authors, in that reality belongs to the past but is seen in the present time Because to ponder, to experience, to talk about yesterday to indirectly talk about the present 3.2.1.2 The author's self-expression into figure Memoir is a memory about self, about the author Memoir is a place for the author to confess his feelings to readers Memoir writing is a thought struggle To Hoai has struggled with himself to build up a mental portrait with a gentle, serene mood and expresses the true self to himself and to life To Hoai when writing his memoirs is also to return to his childhood, youth and impressions of writing and to review the joys - sadness, gain - loss in his life, above all to find out experiences in life 3.2.2 The art of portraying character 3.2.2.1 Portraying fellow comtemporary artists When drawing portraits of writers and also his colleagues, To Hoai did not focus on building "mental portraits" but look at the trifles in everyday life, from appearance, dress, walking, talking to activities in 15 daily life When building portraits of artists and contemporaries, To Hoai always put them on the background of vivid history and atmosphere of literary era To Hoai has built portraits of artists and contemporaries from his memory 3.2.2.2 Portraying small, everyday people To Hoai succeeded in building a portrait, depicting the fate of the masses in the most severe periods of history The "genuine on the bottom" words full of love, respect of To Hoai has left the reader with deep feelings about each specific person, each specific fate That is the fate of workers and women in historical upheavals It is also the fate of farmers, families in the whirlwind of market mechanisms 3.2.3 Narrative tone Tone is a strong factor in To Hoai's art of narrative Whether To Hoai writes novels or memoirs, readers still find the unity in the narrative tone that is witty, parodic, humorous and lyrical 3.2.3.1 The witty, parodic, humorous tone The main tone in To Hoai’s memoirs after 1945 was a funny, witty and parodic tone The witty and humorous nature of To Hoai's memoirs is expressed in the cruel, somewhat obscene way of saying words that are almost words of everyday life To Hoai explored and applied a traditional and modern ecriture to create a complex, witty, deep, delicate and gentle tone To Hoai brought to his pages laughter with many levels and different nuances 16 3.2.3.2 The lyrical, deep tone The two memoirs, Dust and Sand at Someone’s Feet, and Every Afternoon, are written based on humanistic inspiration and lead to a lyrical and deep tone The lyrical tone in Dust and Sand at Someone’s Feet is a pitying, pensive tone about the fate of the contemporary artists in the period of Nhan van – Giai pham The lyrical tone in the Every Afternoon is a pitying tone, reflecting on the fate of farmers, artists and the whole period of the changing and vicissitude of the country's history CHAPTER GENRE INTERACTION BETWEEN TO HOAI’S NOVELS AND MEMOIRS AFTER 1945 4.1 Genre interaction in modern Vietnamese literature and in To Hoai‘s prose after 1945 The theory of genre has shown a fairly common rule, that is the invasion, infiltration, blurring between literary genres creating the "boundaries" of the genre, blurring the borders of the genre Genre interaction is an expression of literary innovation and renovation efforts Genre interaction is an expression of genre transformation process that is both regular and expressive of the empirical sense, innovation, creativity of writers before the requirements of the realistic literary life Creators must always innovate the genre to affirm their imprint, personality and style of creation Regarding the levels of genre interaction, it can be divided into many different levels: kind with kind, kind with type; type with type, type with kind; 17 element with element (according to the division of author Nguyen Thanh Thi) It can be seen that To Hoai’s prose after 1945 also had the penetration, blending, "blurring" between genres, in which the outstanding was the interaction between novel and memoir: memoiresque novel, novel-esque memoir This interaction mainly takes place in the formal aspect of the work The "blurring" of the genre boundaries between To Hoai’s novels and memoirs does not lose the inherent nature, strength and characteristics of each genre, but reflects the renewal of artistic thinking and affirming the creativity in the method of expressing the work’s content and form of the writer 4.2 Novel substance in To Hoai‘s memoirs after 1945 In To Hoai's memoirs after 1945, especially since 1986, readers discovered that the novel substance appears concentrated, dominates the expressive form factors, creating the change and diversity from the narrative structure to the narrative perspective The novel substance penetrating To Hoai's memoirs does not lose the characteristic of the genre, thereby creating a picture of multi-faceted life and multi-dimensional human, vivid as the inherent reality 4.2.1 Diverse narrative structure In traditional memoir, the work is usually structured in linear chronological order and has a sole structure according to the character's flashbacks However, with the learning of novel writing techniques, To Hoai's memoirs have used many new, modern and novel-esque structures They are circular and assembled structure 18 Each type of structure represents the writer's intention in revealing the content and ideas of the work 4.2.1.1 Circular structure The circular structure is a kind of staging that corresponds to the deliberate repetition of the artistic figures at the beginning and the end of the work, creating corresponding opening and ending for the work Repeating characters, images, details, events, motifs at the beginning and end of a memoirs is a way for the writer to inculcate, remind and reminiscently memorize memories, experiences, lessons from the past The similarity in the structure of two memoirs Dust and Sand at Someone’s Feet and Every Afternoon is both a circle 4.2.1.2 Assembled structure Traditional memoirs are often told in chronological order, whichever comes first, then being told first However, To Hoai used the thinking of a novel writer to recall the events and characters Memories in the writer's memoir run wildly, intertwining between the past and the present, sometimes overlapping In his memoirs of Dust and Sand at Someone’s Feet and Every Afternoon, readers realize that To Hoai has made time and space moves that caused the chronicle sequence to be broken With this type of structure, the story line is not constantly connected, but there is a disconnect, interlocking, confusion between event and people, between the past and the present 4.2.2 Multi-perspective narrative 19 In the two memoirs, Dust and Sand at Someone’s Feet and Every Afternoon, the narrative perspective is organized quite diverse and flexible, the position of the narrator comes from many points of view There is a viewpoint of To Hoai from the present to the past, there is also a viewpoint given to the characters As a result, the narrator in the work "does not freeze" but there is always a position swap The shift of the perspective from the outside to the inside, from the narrator to the character is a unique point that makes To Hoai's memoir very novel-esque 4.2.2.1 The narrative perspective of the narrator According to genre characteristics, most memoirs tell stories from the first person - a clear self, about himself, about people who have a relationship with him, about memories that make a deep impression Therefore, in two memoirs, the narrative perspective is the character "I" - the narrator Although, in the two memoirs, the narrator report everything in the first person, but the author still retains an objective narrative view 4.2.2.2 The narrative perspective given to the character In the two memoirs, Dust and Sand at Someone’s Feet and Every Afternoon, not only the narrative perspective of the narrator, the author also shifted the perspectives to the characters and gave them to the characters To Hoai gave the narrative perspective to characters such as Nguyen Tuan, Mr Coffee 81, Mr Ngai, Secretary Su’s wife , the author let them tell by their own thoughts, comments, and contemplations The combination of multiple perspectives makes the 20 work from monophony to polyphony, increase the dialogue, and simultaneously sound different tones in the same work 4.3 Memoir substance in To Hoai‘s novels after 1945 To Hoai’s novels after 1945 on one hand retain the genre poetic characteristics, on the other hand use some materials of the memoir genre The phenomenon of To Hoai’s memoir-esque novels after 1945 helps readers not only identify the author and the era through details related to biography and real life but also through life experiences and truthfulness the author 4.3.1 Novelization the private life 4.3.1.1 From the writer's prototype to the character In To Hoai's novels after 1945, there is not any character named To Hoai, none of the characters has circumstances, life, fate that exactly fits the writer but the reader is still recognizing the duplicates between events in the character's life and the writer, still recognizing the image of Le in Ten Years, Boi in Three Others figures of To Hoai Through the characters in the novels, To Hoai has revealed his personal ego, both the writer's life in real life and his fictional creative self 4.3.1.2 The experienced ego in each of the writing pages To Hai was born and raised in a poor land of weaving and textitles, had once fought together with textile workers and had gone through a period of land reform in the northern countryside, so the writer relied on the realistic details of life to materialize reality in works Thanks to that, To Hoai's novel storyline appears with many authentic details, 21 both the reality of events and the realism of the writer's feelings and experiences Creating the reality of life is more or less imprinted with the personal identity of the writer, showing an experienced ego at different stages of the writer's life and also the periods of historical development of the nation 4.3.2 The memoir-esque art of narrative The penetration of memoir substance into To Hoai's novels made the narrative structure not in chronological order but in the stream of consciousness of the characters, the narrator with the inner view - the character claiming "I" in the first person is relatively close to the author, bears the author's silhouette 4.3.2.1 The story structure follows the characters stream of consciousness Three Others was written based on the memory and recollection of To Hoai, one who directly carried out the reform work as the deputy chief of the reform team and the court judge Therefore, the story is told in a stream of consciousness, reminiscent of the author the character claiming "I" - Boi in the story The narrator confesses "I" from his own memory, from the facing of past mistakes to revive a period of national history - the period of land reform 4.3.2.2 The narrator bears the writer's silhouette In To Hoai’s novels after 1945, the narrator whether in the first or third person, on each page, the reader can see the silhouette of To Hoai Narrator throughout the works is still an experienced character It is To Hoai's attachment to suburban land - where To Hoai was born 22 and raised, with the different countryside and lands he came to, with the gratitude people there made his home makes the writer not be able to keep an objective attitude while telling CONCLUSION Through an overview of the research situation, we found that there are many research works on To Hoai's writing However, the comments and interpretations from the research works have mainly focused on some familiar aspects and until now, there have been no specialized, complete and seasoned works on the genre, genre interaction and genre selection as a focus of research This is the first specialized work to study two genres of novel and memoir in To Hoai works after 1945 from the perspective of genre in a general, comprehensive and systematic manner To Hoai is a writer who has made many contributions to the development of modern Vietnamese literature His writing career is divided into three stages: before 1945, 1945 - 1985, 1986 up to now To Hoai showed the innovation of artistic thinking from the conception about people to the art form and ecriture, thereby bringing readers a new perspective on the people in the present and the past and a new mode of expression Novels and memoirs are the two typical genres for style, artistic conception and are the main advantages of To Hoai With the genre of novel, To Hoai has affirmed his superiority in the art of character building, structure types from traditional to modern, with unique 23 narrative tone With memoirs, To Hoai has build the figure of the author, portrayed his contemporary artists and the small, everyday people Prominent in To Hoai's memoirs after 1945 is a mix of parodic, witty, humorous and lyrical voices The transformation of the novel and memoir To Hoai takes place at the genre poetics surface but does not lose its specific characteristics, and even shows the dynamism, freshness, modernity of each genre Looking from the mode of memoirs, the reader noticed that the novel substance had penetrated the memoir Seen from the mode of expression of the novel, the reader noticed that the memoir had penetrated the novel The genre interaction between the novel and the memoir in To Hoai’s work after 1945 shows his abundant writing and creative potential It can be said that this interaction contributed to the unique appearance of To Hoai’s novels and memoirs in the picture of modern Vietnamese literary life 24 ... tone that is witty, parodic, humorous and lyrical 3.2.3.1 The witty, parodic, humorous tone The main tone in To Hoai’s memoirs after 1945 was a funny, witty and parodic tone The witty and humorous... the August Revolution in 1945 Especially in the period after 1945, To Hoai gained more achievements, more works, more diverse genres With many typical works written after 1945: Mười năm (Ten Years,... characteristics of the To Hoai’s memoirs after 1945 2.2 To Hoai’s novels and memoirs in the flow of modern Vietnamese literature 2.2.1 The period before 1945 Before 1945, To Hoai's novels and memoirs achieved
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