tiểu luận kinh tế lượng DETERMINANTS OF LIFE EXPECTANCY AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN 2 YEARS 2015 2016

FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS -   - ECONOMETRICS REPORT DETERMINANTS OF LIFE EXPECTANCY AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN YEARS 2015 & 2016 Class ID: KTEE310(1-1920).1_LT Student’s name Student ID Pham Khanh Linh 1810340002 Pham Van Trang 1813340070 Nguyen Huyen Trang 1813340068 Le Thao Van 1813340074 Instructor: Dr Nguyen Thuy Quynh Hanoi, December 2019 Table of Contents ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Chapter OVERVIEW OF LIFE EXPECTANCY AND ITS DETERMINANTS 1.1 Definitions 1.1.1 Life expectancy and some related terms 1.1.2 Factors that affect life expectancy among developing countries 1.2 Review of economics theories about life expectancy 1.2.1 Development research 1.2.2 Research hypotheses Chapter MODEL SPECIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS OF DIRECT FACTORS ON LIFE EXPECTANCY 2.1 Methodology 2.1.1 Method to derive the model 2.1.2 Method to collect and analyze the data 2.2 Theoretical model specification 10 2.2.1 Specification of the model 2.2.2 Explanation of the variables 11 2.3 Data description 12 2.3.1 Data sources 2.3.2 Descriptive statistics and interpretation 2.3.3 Correlation analysis Chapter ESTIMATED MODEL AND STATISTICAL INFERENCES OF THE IMPACTS OF DIRECT FACTORS ON LIFE EXPECTANCY 15 3.1 Estimated model 15 3.1.1 Estimation result 3.1.2 Initial sample regression model 3.2 Testing problems of the model 15 3.2.1 Misspecification 3.2.2 Multi-collinearity 3.2.3 Heteroskedasticity 3.2.4 Autocorrection 3.2.5 Normal distribution of the disturbance 3.3 Testing research hypotheses 19 3.3.1 Testing the significance of an individual regression coefficients 3.3.2 Testing the overall significance of the model 3.4 Discussions 21 3.4.1 Meaning of the estimated coefficients 3.4.2 Coefficients of determination 2 3.4.3 Interpretation of estimation outputs 2 3.5 Recommendations 24 CONCLUSION 25 REFERENCES 27 APPENDIX 28 The STATA estimation outputs 28 Dataset of 123 developing countries during 2015 and 2016 30 INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT 38 ABSTRACT Life expectancy is a key summary measure of the health and wellbeing of a population A nation’s life expectancy reflects its social and economic conditions and the quality of its public health and healthcare infrastructure, among other factors Acknowledging of the importance of this indicator, this study attempts to examine the economic and health determinants of life expectancy among 123 developing countries for the period 2015-2016 In this research, the panel data method together with multiple regression model are applied to draw conclusions about the relationship between life expectancy and selected economic and health factors All explanatory variables turned out to be statistically significant, which imply that our chosen factors, to be specific, GDP, death causes due to non-communicable diseases and disease prevention such as immunization for measles should be considered to play an vital role in the changes in life expectancy Based on our research it has been suggested that these developing countries should formulate and implement appropriate economic and health policies and programs to improve the quality of life, as well as reduce the risk of dangerous diseases to make a huge change in the longevity of human INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing the topic Life expectancy at birth, widely used as an indicator of overall development of a country, has significantly increased over the last ten years in most of the developing countries in the world This has a particular indication for the developing world since they are striving earnestly for achieving socio-economic progress through investing on social sectors like health, education, environmental management, etc For its essential role in the economic growth of the developing countries, we wonder that: “By what ways can the governments of the developing countries can increase the average number of life expectancy in their country?” In order to figure out how, the analysis of determinants of life expectancy cannot be avoidable Although the determinants are different in different periods of time, we can conclude that the major determinants which have influences on life expectancy in developing countries include GDP per capita, cause of death by non-communicable diseases, immunization for measles In the report, we will use the econometric model to find out specifically whether they have negative or positive relationship And from the result, we might be able to find a way for solving the life expectancy problems Having learnt the econometrics course, we realized the importance of practicing analyzing with social economic figures After having collected enough data from world bank and other sources and thanks to the guidance of our lecturer Dr Nguyen Thuy Quynh, we decided to choose our topic “Determinants of life expectancy among developing countries in two years 2015 and 2016” Research objectives In building this research, we wish to answer these following questions: • General question: In year 2015 and 2016, what factors affect the life expectancy? • Specific questions: ✓ Which factors have the most influence on life expectancy from the beginning of 2015 to the end of 2016? ✓ To what extents can those factors affect life expectancy in two years 2015 and 2016? ✓ What recommendations should be made to increase the life expectancy among developing countries? Objects and scope of the research Objects: This research was made to analyze the effects of following factors (which are independent variables in the regression model built in the next chapter) on the life expectancy (the dependent variable): ✓ ✓ ✓ GDP per capita Cause of death by non-communicable diseases Immunization of measles Scope of the research: Research time: In two-year-time: from the beginning of 2015 till the end of 2016 Research space: 123 developing countries Research findings In establishing this research, we have gained so many things Firstly, the life expectancy plays a vital role in developing the economy As a result, the government in many developing countries have raised the expenditure on medical to higher level Secondly, there are several factors affecting the life expectancy, including the direct factors and indirect factors For instance, direct determinants are: health spending, food supply, education, …; indirect determinants are: economic misery, urbanization, environmental management and sustainability, and social safety nets In these factors, we have chosen main factors as we have discussed above Structure of the report The report contains the following contents: • Chapter 1: Overview of life expectancy and its determinants • Chapter 2: Model specification of impacts of direct factors on life expectancy • Chapter 3: Estimated model and statistical inference of impacts of direct factors on life expectancy CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDIX INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT Due to the time restriction and limitations in database, as well as our only fundamental knowledge about macroeconomics in general and econometrics in particular, errors and omissions are probably inevitable We are enthusiasts who are willing to learn from our mistakes, therefore, we are eager to receive your feedbacks and recommendations to improve our report Chapter OVERVIEW OF LIFE EXPECTANCY AND ITS DETERMINANTS 1.1 Definitions 1.1.1 Life expectancy and some related terms It is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other demographic factors including gender The most commonly-used measure is life expectancy at birth (LEB), which can be defined in two ways Cohort LEB is the mean length of life of an actual birth cohort (all individuals born in a given year) and can be computed only for cohorts born many decades ago, so that all their members have died Period LEB is the mean length of life of a hypothetical cohort assumed to be exposed, from birth through death, to the mortality rates observed at a given year Roles of life expectancy in economic growth: Life expectancy is one of indicators representing human development of a country and at some extent, it can reflect the nation living standards According to Ranis et al (1999), economic growth and development is a two-way relationship According to them, the first chain consists of economic growth benefiting human development, since economic growth is likely to lead families and individuals to use their heightened incomes, which implies better access to health services and other items, leading to higher life expectancy At the same time, the increased consumption in health, medical facilities is an important contributer to economic growth Lower mortality may increase income per capita by increasing the productivity of available resources (most notably human capital) 1.1.2 Factors that affect life expectancy among developing countries 1.1.2.1 Economic factor: Gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period As a broad measure of overall domestic production, it functions as a comprehensive scorecard of the country’s economic health Effect of GDP on life expectancy: As GDP grows higher, health expenditure will be of higher priority when government allocates its resources Health expenditure consists of all expenditures or costs for medical care, prevention, promotion, rehabilitation, community health activities, health administration and regulation and capital formation with the predominant objective of improving health in a country or region When the health expenditure increases, the average life expectancy of people living in that country is clearly improved The amount of health expenditure is one of most important indicators of development Due to a rapid increase in economic growth in developing country, as a result of direct correlation between these two factors, the life expectancy also tends to increase 1.1.2.2 Health factors a) Cause of death, by non-communicable diseases Non-communicable disease is a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another NCDs included as indicators in the World Health Organization Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013–2020 (i.e., cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease, and diabetes), comprised 70% of all deaths globally, and 80% of all premature NCD deaths in 2010 NCDs may be chronic or acute Most are non-infectious, although there are some non-communicable infectious diseases, such as parasitic diseases in which the parasite's life cycle does not include direct host-to-host transmission Effect of non-communicable diseases on expectation of life: non-communicable diseases (NCDs) constitute an overwhelming majority of global premature mortality As we have found in the Central European journal of public health, in 2014, life expectancy at birth was 76.87 years compared to 72.87 in 1996 The highest impact on life expectancy was recorded for ischaemic heart disease and PGLEs (both of which are non-communicable diseases) have increased For this figure, we can expect that when there is an increase in the number of people having non-communicable disease, there will be a extension in the average life expectancy 3.5 Recommendations The theory of economic development - how primitive and poor economies can evolve into relatively prosperous ones - is of critical importance to developing countries Health is very important to people and this is a global issue After analyzing and working on our chosen database and estimation outputs, we would like to emphasize some feasible solutions to lengthen the life expectancy in some developing countries For individuals, since health problem is one of the most obvious concerns among any citizen, we need to spend more expenditure on health care and take our nutrition, disease prevention into consideration Smaller steps of each individual therefore would mark an immeasurable improvement for the overall health and quality of life of the whole society because small changes can add up to a big difference For government, as our study shown, both two health factors have larger impacts on longevity then economic factor Thus, government need to implement policies to attract more foreign investment on healthcare and facilities in order to improve living standard and develop new medical technology This will also increase the GDP rate and improve the health of citizens, which increase the life expectancy rate Furthurmore, there should be more effective programmes of disease control which guarantee survival during the early years of childhood and adolescence, for example, immunization for mealses as mentioned It would be advantageous to identify and eliminate before they become major problems in developing countries Detecting and preventing disease is of massive importance as treating its consequences In short, healthy lifespans can only be increased if governments and individuals make combined efforts against the major health risks in each region 24 CONCLUSION Human development has recently been considered as the ultimate objective of human activity in place of economic growth It measures all the aspects which include people in a country become wealthier, healthier, better educated Since life expectancy is one of essential indicators for human development, it is necessary for an developing economy to pay more attention to this measure to evolve into a developed nation Our research examined the statistically dependent relationship betwwen Life expectancy at birth rate and GPD per capita, Cause of death by non-communicable diseases rate, the Immunization for measles rate The results obtained from this research are consistent with the economic theories and some previous published researches Specificially: There are positive impacts of GPD, Cause of death by non-communicable diseases rate and the Immunization for measles rate on Life expectancy at birth rate As those factors increase, Life expectancy rate would increase followingly Limitations and exceptions: However, as we use data based on developing countries, a lack of precise information is unvoidable, especially when it comes to health and medical fields, for example, on the size of one-year-old children makes immunization coverage difficult to estimate from program statistics In addition, it is proved that there are still lots of factors (i.e social and educational fields) that have huge impacts on our chosen depenpent variable But with the aim to focus only on the effects of economy and health on life expectancy, our research result at some extent is of sufficient reliability of validity Recommendations for future research: Acknowledge that there are a number of gaps in our findings about life expectancy that further research could gain benefits from to extend and further test the hypotheses we have developed To be specific: This was admitted due to The World Bank 25 In-depth exploration of how non-communicable diseases become such strongly related to the length of life would be very helpful Further research might compare, for example, deaths caused by non-communicable and communicable diseases or other injuries to decide which reasons affect the mortality rate the most Research could also explore the role of combined impacts between economic and healthcare factors and how these determining elements might support higher living standards and lifespans of human In retrospect, there is no denying that advances in health and safety, along with other generational growth factors, have led to drastic increases in the number of people living (and at older ages) than in the past However, with people living longer, associated medical problems will place a heavy burden on health systems and medical techonoly Consequently, government need to enhance proper measures to keep the increased longevity growth at reasonable pace, along with the economic growth of its nation To sum up, despite our lack in knowledge and collecting data, we have tried our best to gain more understanding about the basic process of running the econometrics model to bring out analyze the relationships between variables and sovle problems in development economics We would like to express my sincere appreciation to the guidance and devotion of Mrs Nguyen Thuy Quynh who help us finish the report in the right direction We are willing to revise our research problems based on your comments and advices to improve both theory and applications aspects of our report 26 REFERENCES Documents: Erick Messias (2003), “Income Inequality, Illiteracy Rate, and Life Expectancy in Brazil” (Accepted: December 09, 2002) Michel Garenne, Nada Darkaoui, Mhamed Braikat, and Mustapha Azelmat (2007), “Changing Cause of Death Profile in Morocco: The Impact of Child-survival Programmes” World Health Organization (2013), “Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013–2020” Rino Rappuoli, Mariagrazia Pizza, Giuseppe Del Giudice, and Ennio De Gregorio (2014), “Vaccines, new opportunities for a new society” John Clements (2019) “Modeling GDP per capita and life expectancy” https://towardsdatascience.com/modeling-gdp-per-capita-and-lifeexpectancy-a6a34a5dd84 Damodar N.Gujarati, Dawn C.Porter, “Basic Econometrics”, Fifth Edition Websites: Healthwise Staff (2018), Importance of Immunizations https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/hw255342? fbclid=IwAR1O9xRWP5tm4xXNCH8f8E_kKxA3BxyqH0 1-eYiECicW6QI3oieREHkQ> Audre Biciunaite (2014), Economic Growth and Life Expectancy – Do Wealthier Countries Live Longer? https://blog.euromonitor.com/economic-growth-and-lifeexpectancy-do-wealthier-countries-live-longer/ Esteban Ortiz-Ospina (2017), “Life expectancy”: What does this actually mean? https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy-how-is-it-calculated-and-howshould-it-be-interpreted 27 APPENDIX The STATA estimation outputs • Statistical description sum Variable Obs • Mean Std Dev Min Max le 246 70.1397 7.340437 gdp 246 6602.815 ncom 246 65.8565 9487.788 315.777 82081.6 22.21927 25.4 95.2 immu 246 86.76423 13.32825 50.881 83.6024 37 99 Correlation matrix corr (obs=246) lnle lnle lngdp lnncom lnimmu • lngdp lnncom lnimmu 0.7856 1.0000 0.8987 0.7544 0.5854 0.4667 1.0000 0.5433 1.0000 1.0000 Initial regression model reg lnle lngdp lnncom lnimmu Source SS df MS Model Residual 2.47606586 456326633 825355285 242 001885647 Total 2.93239249 245 011968949 Std Err t Number of obs F( 3, 242) Prob > F R-squared Adj R-squared Root MSE 246 0.0000 0.8444 0.8425 04342 lnle Coef lngdp 022017 003653 6.03 0.000 0148213 0292128 lnncom lnimmu _cons 1778297 070506 3.019738 0110658 0180042 06823 16.07 3.92 44.26 0.000 0.000 0.000 1560321 035041 2.885337 1996272 1059709 3.154138 28 P>|t| = = = = = = [95% Conf Interval] • Test for specification error ovtest Ramsey RESET test using powers of the fitted values of lnle Ho: model has no omitted variables F(3, 239) = 0.76 Prob > F = 0.5202 • Test for multi-collinearity vif Variable VIF 1/VIF lnncom 2.60 0.384157 lngdp lnimmu 2.35 1.43 0.426283 0.697339 Mean VIF 2.13 • Test for heteroskedasticity imtest,white White's test for Ho: homoskedasticity chi2(9) against Ha: unrestricted heteroskedasticity = 34.24 Prob > chi2 = 0.0001 Cameron & Trivedi's decomposition of IM-test Source chi2 df p Heteroskedasticity 34.24 0.0001 Skewness Kurtosis 16.08 1.89 0.0011 0.1687 Total 52.22 13 0.0000 29 • Fix for heteroskedasticity problems: robust reg lnle lngdp lnncom lnimmu, robust Linear regression F( Prob > F R-squared Root MSE Number of obs = 246 3, 242) = 317.51 = 0.0000 = 0.8444 = 04342 Robust lnle Coef Std Err lngdp 022017 0033615 lnncom lnimmu _cons 1778297 070506 3.019738 0129621 0195657 0716022 P>|t| [95% Conf Interval] 6.55 0.000 0153955 0286385 13.72 3.60 42.17 0.000 0.000 0.000 1522968 0319651 2.878695 2033625 1090468 3.160781 t Dataset of 123 developing countries during 2015 and 2016 No LE 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 63.377 78.025 76.090 59.398 76.068 74.467 72.266 71.514 73.6244 78.801 74.034 60.608 70.277 76.865 67.338 74.994 GDP 578.466 3952.83 4177.89 4166.98 13789.1 3607.3 5500.32 1248.45 5949.11 16066.5 4883.18 783.963 3035.97 4727.28 6799.88 8814 30 NCOM IMMU 44.8 93.1 75.0 27.2 78.1 92.9 86.2 65.4 90.8 82.8 67.3 35.1 63.8 94.4 43.9 74.0 63 97 95 56 89 97 98 97 99 96 96 67 95 83 97 96 17 59.919 575.315 32.0 88 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 74.6146 68.637 57.583 50.881 72.117 53.137 75.928 79.646 76.531 63.097 56.065 79.565 77.2756 78.561 78.578 64.136 73.241 76.143 71.302 72.412 77.5902 65.048 67.103 64.913 60.910 72.973 62.772 73.250 59.598 56.959 69.262 62.485 74.495 6993.78 1162.91 1326.97 380.404 3043.01 775.708 8033.39 13574.2 6175.88 1761.32 1426.46 11299.1 11780.1 7694.01 17715.6 1787.48 6691.72 6124.49 3598.97 3705.58 17412.4 639.304 5390.75 7381.75 668.381 3756.38 1766.01 3923.57 769.256 603.159 4166.13 815.728 2286.2 95.2 63.2 34 26.2 69.8 26.7 89.0 85.0 74.1 33.3 36.3 83.1 92.8 83.8 90.1 42.9 71.1 72.5 83.7 73.3 92.9 37.6 84.2 41.0 33.9 93.4 41.8 59.2 33.3 28.2 67.1 56.6 65.3 92 84 79 49 92 46 99 96 94 80 65 93 93 99 99 74 90 84 92 95 93 65 94 68 97 96 89 77 48 85 99 69 96 31 51 75.5683 12503.7 93.5 99 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 68.607 70.768 75.796 69.929 74.098 74.078 64.798 72.0 67.291 82.0244 70.6512 66.546 74.4805 78.768 51.038 62.269 74.322 65.539 61.953 77.691 57.509 81.8976 63.936 74.3532 74.904 69.111 75.726 57.206 65.810 62.119 69.515 81.5098 73.649 1605.6 3331.7 4916.09 4989.8 4892.9 4097.41 1336.88 10510.8 1542.57 27105.1 1121.08 2134.7 13639.7 7649.83 1219.18 710.384 14291.9 402.088 380.597 9033.39 751.17 24046.3 1194.31 9260.45 9605.95 3918.58 2875.26 547.238 1133 5032.89 792.553 45175.2 2049.85 61.7 72.5 81.2 53.4 80.0 77.9 25.4 85.4 63.5 79.7 81.9 58.0 91.7 89.7 31.2 29.5 90.0 42.4 29.9 85.2 29.6 90.8 36.2 88 79.7 79 78.8 25.4 66.6 40.4 62.4 89.3 75.8 87 75 99 71 91 94 96 99 84 98 99 83 96 82 90 64 94 58 87 99 62 89 70 99 97 98 99 85 84 85 85 95 99 32 85 60.631 360.853 26.1 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 53.112 76.887 66.577 77.776 73.662 75.792 77.4512 70.644 75.0122 71.1834 67.450 72.730 74.651 66.747 52.941 76.5634 80.7756 72.173 62.649 76.316 72.095 64.429 71.249 82.8976 63.111 76.091 59.927 72.941 75.922 67.704 76.532 61.373 71.1895 2730.43 16150.9 1356.67 13630.3 5406.7 6227.59 12572.3 2867.15 8977.5 9313.79 728.082 4155.28 20627.9 1218.76 588.229 16182.3 20887.5 1914.47 5730.93 3843.78 6921.41 2486.75 8561.97 82081.6 947.933 5840.05 570.681 18332.5 3859.81 6432.68 10948.7 709.021 2124.66 28.2 71.9 56.0 75.3 74.3 68.8 90.5 67.2 92.4 87.0 42.8 80.5 72.6 41.6 30.0 89.4 88.4 68.9 50.8 82.5 79.4 51.0 75.3 89.5 31.8 73.6 36.4 80.5 85.5 75.8 88.8 31.9 90.9 43 99 75 93 78 92 96 82 86 98 96 69 98 80 78 95 94 75 86 99 99 87 94 94 99 99 85 89 98 99 97 79 56 33 119 77.369 15613.8 85.5 96 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 70.928 69.869 75.11 66.085 59.534 63.763 78.194 76.298 59.925 76.221 74.64 72.493 71.785 73.8268 78.888 74.219 60.885 70.626 76.998 68.178 75.23 60.354 74.8122 68.977 58.063 51.593 72.347 53.438 76.21 79.779 76.732 63.556 56.567 2615.02 2721.64 2085.1 1608.74 1445.07 547.228 4124.11 3948.81 3506.07 12790.2 3591.83 3880.74 1401.62 5022.63 15847.1 4904.03 788.549 3076.66 4994.68 7243.86 8712.89 583.833 7469.46 1269.59 1363.4 406.532 3130.96 692.979 8078.79 13748.1 5871.22 1814.06 1481.65 83.0 74.0 76.6 53.4 31.7 44.1 93.1 75.7 27.4 77.6 93.3 86.6 66.9 90.5 82.8 67.4 35.7 64.5 94.5 45.7 73.9 32.7 95.2 64.4 35.2 26.0 70.3 27.3 89.3 84.7 74.8 34.6 37.2 99 54 97 67 86 64 96 94 45 90 97 98 97 98 92 95 68 94 68 97 95 88 92 84 78 49 93 37 99 94 93 67 71 34 153 79.738 11666.5 83.3 93 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 78.0219 78.607 79.0268 65.064 73.471 76.365 72.644 77.6415 65.482 67.175 65.418 61.166 73.207 63.124 73.541 60.1700 57.328 69.454 62.896 74.701 76.0634 68.897 71.035 76.047 70.122 74.175 74.184 65.393 72.300 67.577 82.2756 70.9512 66.924 12366.8 8060.8 18463.4 1898.88 6957.56 6060.09 3800.12 18228.1 716.88 5647.35 6979.71 671.105 3857.28 1931.39 4140.59 733.021 661.008 4542.62 735.755 2326.3 12839.6 1729.27 3562.85 5265.91 4649.47 4842.04 4109.58 1410.53 7714.84 1584.81 27608.3 1120.67 2308.8 92.4 83.7 89.9 44.4 72.3 72.2 73.8 92.7 39.3 84.4 41 34.3 93.7 42.7 59.2 35.1 30.0 67.6 57.1 66.5 93.8 62.7 73.3 81.9 54.7 80 78.4 27.1 86.0 64.4 79.8 82.7 59.6 90 99 98 75 85 86 90 93 66 94 64 97 93 89 86 48 86 99 69 96 99 88 76 99 80 95 96 96 99 80 98 97 66 35 187 74.5805 14133.7 91.8 93 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 78.80 52.059 62.802 74.6707 65.931 62.681 78.013 57.987 82.4537 64.208 74.3949 74.917 69.321 75.974 58.309 66.205 62.625 69.848 81.561 73.86 61.137 53.541 77.142 66.77 77.964 73.836 76.044 77.8512 70.802 75.3098 71.6512 67.93 72.895 7634.95 1119.72 714.623 14982.5 400.036 315.777 9282.72 779.875 25128.9 1135.56 9681.62 8739.14 3660.15 2897.66 391.553 1192.49 4786.23 777.148 46007.9 2107.57 362.131 2176 14721.7 1368.45 14356.3 5319.41 6205.37 12431.6 2941.21 9567.1 8745.38 726.353 4043.69 90.6 32.3 31.4 89.8 43.2 31.7 84.4 30.5 90.5 37.2 88.7 79.9 79.7 79.6 26.9 67.8 40.9 66.2 89.6 76.4 27 29.0 71.9 57.8 74.6 74.4 69.2 90.3 67.3 92.2 87.4 44.0 81.0 82 90 80 94 59 81 99 66 93 72 92 96 98 99 85 91 75 83 94 99 76 65 99 75 95 85 88 96 80 86 98 95 68 36 221 74.761 19879.3 73.2 98 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 67.078 53.444 77.1658 81.1756 72.424 63.153 76.482 72.193 64.663 71.358 83.6024 63.844 76.403 60.220 73.10 76.115 67.835 76.860 61.986 71.476 77.498 71.171 70.021 75.172 60.294 1269.04 501.416 16544.2 21617.6 1990.03 5272.63 3886.29 7041.56 2398.1 5606.71 80037.5 966.475 5978.61 587.874 15786.1 3698.56 6389.55 10820.6 608.706 2187.73 15387.1 2567.8 2830.97 2192.22 1464.58 42.1 33.2 89.2 88.4 68.9 51.3 82.8 81 52.2 75.9 89.6 32.9 74 37.6 80.7 85.8 76.2 89.4 32.9 91 84.9 83.7 74.1 77.2 33 93 85 95 92 82 85 99 99 86 97 94 90 99 87 86 96 99 98 79 65 95 99 84 99 95 37 INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT Based on each member’s attitude towards our group work, we have the table below: Evaluator Thao Van Van Trang Huyen Trang Khanh Linh Thao Van - 10 10 10 Van Trang 10 - 10 10 Huyen Trang 10 9.5 - 10 Khanh Linh 10 9.5 - Average Score 9.67 9.83 9.83 10 38 ... Immunization of measles Scope of the research: Research time: In two-year-time: from the beginning of 20 15 till the end of 20 16 Research space: 123 developing countries Research findings In establishing... question: In year 20 15 and 20 16, what factors affect the life expectancy? • Specific questions: ✓ Which factors have the most influence on life expectancy from the beginning of 20 15 to the end of 20 16?... choose our topic Determinants of life expectancy among developing countries in two years 20 15 and 20 16” Research objectives In building this research, we wish to answer these following questions: