Giải pháp thích ứng hàng rào kỹ thuật trong thương mại đối với hàng nông sản xuất khẩu sang thị trường hoa kỳ khi việt nam tham gia TPP tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND TRADE VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL AND TRADE POLICY AND STRATEGY LE THI MY NGOC SOLUTIONS TO ADAPT TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS EXPORTED TO THE US MARKET WHEN VIETNAM JOINS TPP Major: Commerce business Code: 62.34.01.21 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN ECONOMICS HA NOI – 2020 THE THESIS IS COMPLETED AT VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL AND TRADE POLICY AND STRATEGY - Supervisors: Assos Prof Dr Pham Quang Thao Communist Party Committee of Central Agencies Dr Luu Khanh Cuong University of Economics - Technology for Industries The thesis will be examined by Examination Board of Vietnam Institute of Industrial and Trade Policy and Strategy Address: 46 Ngo Quyen - Hanoi In the day the day month 2020 The thesis can be found at: National Library Vietnam Institute of Industrial and Trade Policy and Strategy Library INTRODUCTION Reasons of the research In the general context of world agricultural trade, Vietnam has gradually affirmed its position as a great power in exporting agricultural products (ranked 15th in the world and exported to more than 180 countries and territories) The export value of key products has increased, including: coffee, vegetables, catfish According to the current general assessment, Vietnam's agricultural exports are still not commensurate with the production potential and market opportunities are opened through the signing of free trade agreements, especially new generation free trade agreements such as the CPTPP One of the important causes of this restriction is that Vietnam's main import markets are increasingly setting strict technical standards for imported agricultural products In the coming years, promoting the export of our country's agricultural products continues to be an important orientation in socio-economic development in general and in agricultural and rural development in particular This orientation is not only derived from the potential and great untapped advantages of agricultural production, but also supported by export opportunities opening up from extensive integration efforts into international economy In order to boost the export of Vietnam's agricultural products, one of the important issues that is posing is how to better adapt to the technical barrier to trade of countries, especially developed countries Among import markets of agricultural products, the United States is not only the leading import market of the world and Vietnam, but also the market that applies the regulations on technical standards at high and strictly controlled process for agricultural products From the above-mentioned reasons and in the context that the United States is also one of the countries directly involved in negotiating and developing the TPP Agreement, the PhD student chose the topic: "Solution to adapt technical barriers in trade in agricultural products exported to the US market when Vietnam joins the TPP" as a doctoral thesis of commerce business Although the TPP was proposed and discussed for 10 years and officially reached the consensus of the majority of its members in 2016, on January 23, 2017, US President Donald Trump signed an order to withdraw The United States leaves the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement This raises questions about topicality, theoretical and practical significance for the PhD thesis topic For this question, PhD student will explain as follows: Firstly, the research objective of the project is the solution to adapt technical barriers to trade for agricultural products exported to the US market Up to now, the US is still the leading export market for Vietnam's agricultural products and maintains a high growth rate Therefore, the thesis topic still ensures the topical, theoretical and practical significance of the thesis Secondly, although President Donald Trump signed an ordinance to withdraw the United States from the TPP on July 23, 2017, during the previous 10 years, the United States, together with 11 other member countries, directly participated in the negotiations and built the TPP Agreement After that, the remaining 11 member countries renamed TPP to CPTPP and were officially signed in March 2018 In the CPTPP, the content of chapter on technical barriers to trade which was negotiated with the participation of the United States at TPP remains the same Therefore, the technical barriers to trade in the United States and in the CPTPP, on the one hand, will have similar levels On the other hand, technical barriers to trade of the United States are always evaluated at the level equal to or somewhat superior to those of the CPTPP countries In other words, the better solutions to US technical regulations for agricultural trade in the coming years will also ensure that Vietnam makes good use of trade opportunities for agricultural goods in the in the context of CPTPP implementation Solutions to better adapt to regulations on technical barriers to agricultural trade of the United States will remain topical, theoretical and practical in the coming years as Vietnam simultaneously increases agricultural exported to the United States and CPTPP member countries Thirdly, the PhD student submitted a proposal to the training institution - the Institute of Trade Research, now the Vietnam Institute of Industrial and Trade Policy and Strategy - to allow the adjustment of the topic title (removing the phrase when Vietnam joined TPP.) to better align with changing commercial practices However, due to the time limit allowed to change the title of the thesis (in the first half of the training period) according to the current Training Regulations, the training institution cannot issue a decision to change the PhD student’s name of PhD thesis At the same time, after consulting with the Department of Higher Education - Ministry of Education and Training, the training facility allows the PhD student to continue carrying out the thesis topic with a clear explanation of current and significant issues, theoretical and practical of the thesis topic Aims of the research The study aims to propose solutions to adapt US technical barriers to trade in imported agricultural products, to boost Vietnam's exports of agricultural products to the US market Object and scope of the research 3.1 Object of the research The thesis study technical barriers to trade and the ability to adapt US technical barriers to trade in agricultural products from the perspective of an exporting enterprise's approach 3.2 Scope of the research - As for the content: The thesis focuses on researching technical barriers to trade for three major agricultural commodity groups exported to the US market: (1) Agricultural products; (2) Tropical fruits; (3) Seafood These are the agricultural product groups that Vietnam has great capacity in manufacturing and exporting and the United States has a high import demand In particular, these are also agricultural products that Vietnamese enterprises exporting to the United States are facing many difficulties because of the technical barriers to trade of the US market Technical barriers to trade are very large in contents, in the scope of this study, the thesis focuses on studying only provisions in technical barrier to trade of the United States, which are: (1) Quality regulation product; (2) Regulations on food safety and hygiene; (3) Regulations on environmental protection; (4) Provisions on product traceability; (5) Regulations on labeling; (6) Regulations on packaging and packaging These are the regulations that Vietnam's agricultural products exported to the US market encounter the most and are also mentioned in all trade commitments between Vietnam and the United States to date Therefore, the thesis will focus on adaptive research of export enterprises with regulations related to the three mentioned agricultural products groups - As for the spacial dimention: The thesis focuses on researching the capacity of Vietnamese businesses, the ability to adapt regulations on technical barriers in trade for key groups of Vietnam's agricultural products to meet commitments in TPP Agreement, CPTPP Agreement and Vietnam-US Trade Agreement - As for the time dimension: Research the situation in the period of 2008-2018 and prospects in the period of 2020-2025, with a vision to 2030 Method of the research The subject uses both secondary and primary data sources Data collection is carried out through desk research, qualitative research and quantitative research New achievements of doctoral thesis The thesis topic has the following new points: - New contributions in academia and theory: + Supplementing and clarifying the theoretical background for technical barriers to trade and the adaptability to technical barriers to trade for exported agricultural products Identifying the content and factors affecting to the adaptation of technical barriers to agricultural products of exporters + Applying the value chain model of Michael Porter (1985) to clarify the internal factors resources of enterprise affecting the chain of activities that create product value in order to increase the adaptability of technical barriers to agricultural products export - New conclusions on practical assessment: + Analyzing the US technical barriers to trade which clarified the regulations on technical barriers for key groups of Vietnam's agricultural exports (Agricultural products, Aquatic products, Tropical fruits) Comparing the commitments in the Vietnam-US Trade Agreement, the TPP (CPTPP Agreement) clearly shows the similarity of these six regulations + Analyzing the current situation of exporting main groups of agricultural products of Vietnam, showing the concentration and increasing the export capacity of Vietnamese enterprises to the US market rather than to CPTPP member countries From the results of the survey of enterprises, experts and managers, the thesis also clarifies the results, limitations and causes of the limitation in meeting US regulations for key groups of agricultural products exports of Vietnam It specifies the causes from exporting enterprises and from relevant state agencies - New proposals on policies and solutions: Proposing three groups of solutions, in which, focus on the solutions to ensure the adaptation of three key groups of Vietnam's agricultural exports to regulations on technical barriers; improve and enhance resources to implement activities in the product value chain of enterprises Proposing two groups of proposals to government agencies and industry associations, in which focusing on the issues of standard harmonization, trade facilitation, investment, technology transfer and support on providing information, strengthening the connection of enterprises according to export value chains of key agricultural export products of Vietnam Structure of the research In addition to the introduction, conclusions, list of tables, references and appendices, the thesis is structured in chapters Chapter 1: Overview on published sciencetific works related to the research project Chapter 2: Theoretical backgound of technical barriers and increasing the adaptability of technical barriers to agricultural oproducts in international trade Chapter 3: Present situation of adapting technical barriers to trade for Vietnamese agricultural products exported to the US market when Vietnam joins TPP (CPTPP) Chapter 4: Orientation and solutions to adapt technical barriers to trade for Vietnamese agricultural products exported to the US market associated with the implementation of CPTPP CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW ON PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE RESEARCH PROJECT The thesis has reviewed 16 research works, including domestic research projects, foreign research projects By reviewing the domestic and foreign research works that have been published, the thesis has found out the research gap and the issues that need further study in the thesis CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF TECHNICAL BARRIERS AND THE ADAPTABILITY OF TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2.1 Concept and the importance of increasing adaptability to technical barriers to trade for agricultural products of importing countries 2.1.1 Relevants concepts - Technical barriers to trade According to the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Technical Barriers to Trade are the standards and technical regulations that a country applies to goods nical regulations) that a country applies to imported goods and / or procedures to evaluate conformity assessment procedures of imported goods against those standards and technical regulations - Agricultural products In this research, the thesis will use the concept of agricultural products in Vietnam's economic sector, agriculture sector including agriculture (cultivation, husbandry), fisheries, forestry and salt production Therefore, agricultural products are also known as agricultural products, or commonly known as agricultural products The thesis focuses on studying main groups of agricultural products exported to the US market, including: Agricultural products (coffee, cashew nuts, pepper); Aquatic products (catfish products and shrimp); Tropical fruits (longan, lychee, rambutan, mango, dragon fruit) - Technical barriers to trade for agricultural products Technical barrier to trade for agricultural products in this thesis is understood as: "technical regulations, standards on quality, regulations on food safety, regulations, standards on environment, regulation regulations on traceability of products, regulations on labels, regulations on packaging and packaging of agricultural products that import countries have introduced in order to limit and prevent lowquality goods and unqualified regulations and qualities entering the domestic market, ensuring the safety of human health, plants and animals, the environment and national security " 2.1.2 Types of technical barriers to trade in agricultural products Technical barriers to international trade are diverse and are applied very differently, depending on the type of product, the importing country and the exporting country To export products to the world market, manufacturers and exporters must comply with technical regulations (compulsory standards) developed by public organizations to ensure product quality, protect the environment school and consumer health For agricultural products, the main technical barriers in international trade can be classified into several main provisions: (1) Regulation on product quality; (2) Regulations on food safety and hygiene; (3) Regulations on environmental protection; (4) Provisions on product traceability; (5) Regulations on labeling; (6) Regulations on packaging and packaging 2.1.3 The role of technical barriers in trade in agricultural products - The role of protecting important benefits such as human health, the environment, national security, human health, plants and animals safety - The role of improving the competitiveness of enterprises and products - Protection role for domestic agricultural production 11 storage; Traceability of products; Regulations on labeling; Requirements for packaging and packaging 3.1.2 Commitments on technical barriers in Vietnam - US Trade Agreement The Vietnam-US Bilateral Trade Agreement is an event marking the positive development of bilateral relations since the two countries established diplomatic relations The Agreement details the commitment to open trade in goods, trade in services, trade related to investment and trade related to intellectual property rights Agreement is built on the principle of equality, mutual benefit, respect for independence and sovereignty of each other Under the agreement, there will be no non-tariff barriers and quantitative restrictions on many agricultural products 3.1.3 Commitments on technical barriers in TPP (CP TPP) The CP TPP Agreement is a free trade agreement, formed with the main objective of eliminating taxes and barriers in the exchange of goods and services among its members In addition, the CPTPP will agree on common rules and rules among its members Commitments on technical barriers in trade in CP TPP to facilitate trade by limiting unnecessary technical barriers in trade, increasing transparency, promoting legal cooperation and governance practices good reason Commitments in the TBT chapter apply to the development, promulgation and application of all technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the Central Government agency may affect in trade goods between the parties 3.1.4 The level of similarity between commitments in the Vietnam - US Trade Agreement, TPP, CPTPP - The level of similarity in standards between the CP TPP and TPP Agreements The United States is directly involved in negotiating the provisions on TBT in trade of TPP Agreement Basically, the CPTPP Agreement inherits all the contents of the TPP, so the US TBT is equivalent to the TBT of TPP and CP 12 TPP The CP TPP, even without the United States, is still considered to be a comprehensive, high-quality agreement, so the impact on the policy environment is much greater than previous FTAs Therefore, well implementing the commitments in CP TPP will be very beneficial for Vietnam in adapting US TBT - The level of similarity in standards between the TPP (CP TPP) and the Vietnam - US Trade Agreement Based on the commitments on TBT in the TPP Agreement, it can be seen that the TPP will not significantly change the current TBT application mechanism in TPP member countries including the United States At the same time, there will be no major changes in TBT of TPP members as well as the United States for Vietnamese exports under the impact of TPP Therefore, in the Vietnam-US trade relations, the mechanisms signed in the Vietnam-US BTA still remain valid As mentioned, the United States is directly involved in negotiating the provisions on TBT of the TPP Agreement Regarding the level of economic development and the level of agricultural protection of the United States and CP TPP countries such as Japan, Canada, Mexico equivalent Therefore, when adapting to the provisions on the United States TBT on agricultural products, Vietnam will exploit good opportunities to trade agricultural products with CPTPP countries - The implementation of commitments under the CP TPP will help Vietnam improve its ability to adapt to US TBT due to: The CP TPP's conformity assessment mechanism will help Vietnam improve its competitiveness for export goods and develop in a sustainable way to export goods to high markets such as the United States The CP TPP helps Vietnam improve the provisions of the law, establish management mechanisms to both conform to international treaties, improve the capacity to build and promulgate organization and enforcement capacity 3.2 Factors affecting the adaptability of technical barriers in trade of exporting enterprises in recent years 13 3.2.1 Government support policies Policies on effective participation in international standards organizations; The policy of perfecting Vietnam's standard system along the direction of compatibility with the standards system of importing countries; Policy on encouraging and creating conditions for enterprises to apply internal standards compatible with advanced standards; Policies on building a transparent, convenient and business-standard evaluation system; Policies to support market information and export promotion for businesses 3.2.2 Association support policies Develop the website of the Association and publish its publications in accordance with the law; Organize training workshops to disseminate legal knowledge and international integration; Provide complete information about export markets; Protect enterprises in commercial disputes; Organizing exchanges with international organizations, organizations and businesses in other localities; Cooperate with trade unions to deal well with the employer-employee relationship; Collecting and introducing customers, providing information, guidance and advice for businesses; Support businesses in training, technical advice; The Association has functioned as a bridge between businesses and the State; Carry out the external affairs of the industry in cooperation with international organizations 3.3 Present situation of Vietnam's exports of agricultural products to the US market 3.3.1 Vietnam's agricultural exports to the US over the years Agricultural products are one of the important export industries of Vietnam, making a positive contribution to the overall export turnover of the country In the 2007-2018 period, the agricultural sector achieved a growth rate of 9.3% per year In 2018, the export value of agricultural products reached US $ 40.02 billion, compared with 12 years ago, up US $ 27 billion The value of Vietnam's agricultural exports has increased an average rate of about 13% per year but not really stable 14 The United States is currently one of Vietnam's major exporters of agricultural products Agricultural products exported from Vietnam to the United States mainly include: seafood, cashew nuts, coffee, pepper, vegetables and fruits From 2007 to the present, the United States has always been the market Vietnam's largest consumer goods Export turnover of these items to the United States in the 2007-2018 period increased an average of 2.2% / year This is the leading market of Vietnam in exporting pepper, ranking second in coffee and seafood 3.3.2 Aquatic Product For the US market, in the year 2018, shrimp exports including both processed and frozen shrimp (HS160521, HS030617) decreased by -17% and -9% in value compared to 2017 due to the recent years shrimp products exported to the US are now subject to anti-dumping duties of 25.39% Catfish in 2018 have a significant growth rate, 43% compared to 2017 For the CPTPP market, shrimp exports of both HS160521 and HS030617 declined by -48% and 9% respectively in value compared to 2017 due to the import volume in CPTPP markets mostly decreased, only Australia increased 92% of frozen shrimp Particularly for catfish products, there was a significant growth rate 123% in 2018 compared to 2017 3.3.3 Agricultural Products - Cashew For US market: currently, the United States is still the largest market for Vietnam's cashew nuts with export turnover increasing steadily over the years, in recent years due to the increasing demand for cashew nuts of the United States, Export turnover to this market in 2018 reached a record of more than 1.2 million USD, accounting for one third of the country's total cashew exports 15 For CPTPP market: Cashew export turnover to the market of CPTPP countries is not high With raw cashew nuts (HS 080131), although the export turnover of 2018 to member countries' markets is not high, there have been changes compared to 2017 - Coffee The US market, currently the United States is the largest coffee consumer in the world, according to statistics from ITC, Vietnam is ranked fourth with 7.2% of the export market in the world, after Colombia ( 21% market share), Brazil (16.8% market share) and Canada (7.5%) Vietnam's coffee export turnover to the US market in 2017 reached about US $ 413 million, down 23.6% compared to 2017 CPTPP Markets, in general, the total value of exports of all types of coffee to CPTPP member countries in 2018 increased slightly compared to 2017 The countries with the highest demand for Vietnam's coffee products are Japan, followed by Malaysia, Mexico, Australia, Canada and Chile - Pepper The US market: currently the United States is still the largest market for Vietnam's pepper with an export turnover of US $ 178 million of all kinds of pepper in 2018, accounting for 23.5% of the total pepper export turnover in the country CPTPP market: In the context that pepper export continues to face many difficulties and great competitive pressure, the signing of the CPTPP Agreement is considered as an opportunity to expand exports for Vietnam's pepper industry Among CPTPP countries, only Malaysia is a country with significant pepper production, however, the export rate is not much, only about 3% of global exports The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) is assessed as an opportunity to expand exports for the pepper industry 16 3.3.4 Tropical Fruits US market: The United States is the largest consumer of fruit in the world Therefore, the export of Vietnamese vegetables and fruits (mainly fruits) to the US is still modest, but it is facing many opportunities to increase market share and export proportion CPTPP market: Among the CPTPP countries, only Mexico is the country that exports the most tropical fruits to the United States, the remaining countries have the volume of exports to the United States, although increased but not significant This will be a good opportunity for Vietnam, Vietnam fruit can be through Mexico, taking advantage of the incentives from the USMCA Agreement to bring fruits into the United States 3.3.5 General assessment of Vietnam's agricultural exports to the US market and CPTPP countries - Assess the export of Vietnamese agricultural products to the US market and CPTPP countries - Assess opportunities for exporting agricultural products to the United States and CPTPP countries 3.4 Actual situation of adaptability of technical barriers to trade for Vietnamese agricultural products exported to the US market The thesis uses the method of investigating and surveying 200 enterprises in the field of processing and exporting agricultural products to analyze and evaluate the adaptability of businesses exporting agricultural products to the US market The study will use the elements of resources in enterprises (infrastructure in production, human resources, technology in production, input materials, the link between production and product consumption) such as criteria to assess the level of adaptation to the US technical regulations (Regulations on product quality; Regulations on food safety and hygiene; Regulations on environmental protection; 17 Regulations on product traceability; Regulations on labels; Regulations on packaging, packaging packaging 3.4.1 Actual situation of adapting US regulations to imported agricultural products - Adaptive situation of regulations on product quality - Adaptive situation of regulations on food safety and hygiene - Adaptive situation of regulations on environmental - Adaptive status of regulations on product traceability - Actual situation of regulations on labeling - Adaptive situation of regulations on packaging and packaging 3.4.2 Actual situation of applying measures to increase the adaptability of businesses to the US technical barriers to trade - Actual situation of infrastructure's responsiveness in production - Actual situation of human resource responsiveness - Status of technological responsiveness in production - Actual situation of responsiveness in terms of input materials 3.4.3 Evaluate the state of adaptation of US technical barriers to trade in agricultural products 3.4.3.1 Achievements Firstly, the exporters are aware of the importance of improving their ability to adapt to the six US technical barriers to trade Secondly, state management agencies have carried out many activities to support businesses to adapt to the US technical barriers, including: effective participation in international organizations; Successfully negotiated with the United States on the recognition of equivalent standards to the US recognition of the equivalent of a food safety control system; Negotiate to expand markets for agricultural products; Establishing an early warning system and anti-dumping; Building and developing a secure food, agriculture and forestry food supply chain 18 Thirdly, industry associations carry out activities to support businesses to adapt to technical barriers, including: Supporting export enterprises to conduct trade promotion, brand and product promotion activities on the export market; Provide information about changes in export markets for businesses; Support businesses on legal issues Providing information, consulting policies, laws and supporting the settlement of international trade disputes; Some associations have performed well in foreign affairs and cooperation with international organizations, participating in international litigation to protect interests and enhance the position of the industry in the international community, promoting project of technical assistance, production support of the international community for Vietnam 3.4.3.2 The limitation Firstly, enterprises are not fully and comprehensively aware of TBT of import market Secondly, the problems exist in the support of state management agencies: The information connection between enterprises and export markets is limited; Linkage between production and consumption, links with domestic and foreign suppliers remains weak; Not effectively participating in the global supply chain of agricultural products; The work of supporting enterprises in trade promotion activities has not been effective Thirdly, the problems that exist in the support from the industry association: have not promoted their role and voice; Not implemented well activities to support businesses 3.4.3.3 Reasons Vietnam has not developed a clear export strategy; The competitiveness of Vietnamese export enterprises is still weak; Government support for exporting enterprises is limited 19 CHAPTER 4: ORIENTATION AND SOLUTIONS TO ADAPT TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE FOR VIETNAMESE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS EXPORTED TO THE US MARKET ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CPTPP 4.1 Trends of application of technical barriers in world agricultural trade and export prospects for Vietnam 4.1.1 Trends of application of technical barriers in world trade in agricultural products In the context of tariff barriers being removed, subsidies and subsidies excluded, administrative procedures in import and export management are increasingly reduced, technical barriers are taken advantage of by countries to protect domestic production and the interests of the community of that country Most countries use technical barriers as a secret weapon to protect domestic trade For their own purposes, each country has developed regulations and standards to such an extent that the goods of other countries are difficult to meet or meet at a much higher cost than before, or otherwise Standard variables, technical standards and conformity assessment procedures into technical barriers The rise of the intangible technical barriers has now created a poorly ventilated trade environment, detrimental to the process of trade liberalization on a regional and global scale Some comments on the trend of changing technical barriers in trade of countries around the world according to the following trends: - Trends of increasing technical barriers in world agricultural trade - Trends of trade protection - Trends of new technology development - Trends in environmental protection and sustainable development - New trends related to genetically modified products - Trends related to climate change, environmentally friendly products 20 4.1.2 Prospects to expand the export market of Vietnam's agricultural products through the implementation of trade agreements - Prospects to increase export turnover, expand market share by implementing trade opportunities from trade agreements Currently, Vietnam has been participating in a series of free trade agreements, including CPTTP Through the implementation of commitments in the CPTPP, it will open a promising new stage of cooperation, expected to bring practical benefits to exporters, creating a great resilience for the agricultural sector Vietnam Agricultural and aquatic products of Vietnam have advantages and opportunities to boost exports thanks to preferential tariffs from groups of countries such as Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Australia, New Zealand, etc Trade in agricultural products of Vietnam will have the opportunity to cooperate in developing high-tech agriculture with markets such as Canada, the fifth largest agricultural exporter in the world - Prospects to deeply participate in the value chain of world agricultural products Implementing the commitments in the CPTPP will help Vietnamese agricultural products to participate more deeply in the global agricultural product value chain, because the TBT in the CPTPP are very high, to join this playground Exporting enterprises must comply with the requirements of the market, be socially responsible, towards sustainable development - Prospects to improve competitiveness in the export market of agricultural products In order to improve competitiveness, exploit well opportunities to expand export markets of agricultural products from the implementation of new generation FTAs Building image and improving the quality of Vietnamese agricultural products on the world market, ensuring that it does not violate the provisions on TBT of a country or a group of countries will be a good "certificate" to penetrate agricultural products Production in other markets 21 4.2 State viewpoints and orientations supporting enterprises to improve the adaptability of technical barriers to trade to US agricultural products 4.2.1 Some State viewpoints on supporting exporters to improve the adaptability on US technical barriers to trade - Firstly, improving TBT adaptation in trade with the United States is a breakthrough in Vietnam's agricultural, farmer and rural development strategy for the period 2020-2025, with a vision to 2030 - Second, improving the adaptability to US technical barriers to trade is an effective measure to exploit trade opportunities when Vietnam is proactive and actively participates in economic integration - Thirdly, strengthening the active and active participation of related parties to improving US adaptability technical barriers to trade - Fourthly, synchronously combine measures to improve the adaptability to technical barriers of the United States, in which, the investment in application of advanced technologies and techniques to improve quality and conform to national standards is the focus - Fifth, improving the adaptability to US technical barriers to trade in combination with the requirements of completing technical measures for agricultural products imported into Vietnam, ensuring fair trade of agricultural products, sustainably with other countries and regions around the world 4.2.2 Orientations to improve the adaptability of US technical barriers to trade 4.2.2.1 Orientation from the State - Development orientation of the commodity and agricultural products exported to the United States - Development orientation of agricultural products export to the United States - Technical support orientations for enterprises exporting agricultural products to the United States 22 - Orientation to formulate and promulgate regulations on quality control of agricultural products - Orientation to improve the capacity of agencies that supervise, supervise and issue certificates of exported agricultural products 4.2.2.2 Orientation to the US technical barriers to trade from exporters of agricultural products - Raising awareness of the importance of raising the adaptability of technical barriers in trade in general and of the United States in particular - Research market information and changes in regulations on TBT in the US market - Develop a sustainable export strategy through investing in resources within the business and building brands for exported agricultural products - Improve competitiveness and work together to build a supply chain for manufacturing exports to the United States, thereby bringing more added value to Vietnamese goods 4.3 Solutions to improve the adaptability of technical barriers to trade for Vietnamese agricultural products exported to the US market 4.3.1 Group of solutions to increase the adaptability to each regulation on technical barriers to trade 4.3.2 Group of solutions to increase the adaptability to technical barriers to trade through improving the business internal resources 4.3.3 Other group of solutions 4.2 Relevant recommendations 4.2.1 Recommendations to State management agencies - Proposing to the State management agencies in the negotiation and signing of trade agreements - Proposing to the State management agencies in information and communication work on Vietnam's agricultural export products - Proposing to the State management agency in investment to improve the domestic production capacity 4.2.2 Recommendations to industry associations 23 - Improve the capacity to collect and process information - Perform well the representative role of the association, need to well the function of connection - Promote the role of industry associations in setting rules for Members - Representatives of the business community in the industry have a voice with the government, ministries and sectors - Promote international cooperation activities with organizations and professional associations in the region and around the world - Promote the role of regulating the production and export scale, price and product quality to limit the risk of anti-dumping lawsuits - Willing to sue and appeal - Enhancing activities to support the business community CONCLUSION Stemming from difficulties in adapting to US TBT for businesses exporting agricultural products to this market, the theory of technical barriers to trade under the WTO Agreement on technical barriers to trade, the regulations on TBT of the United States, as well as the situation of Vietnam's exports of agricultural products to the US market in the period of 2007-2018 are methodically and scientifically studied The thesis has achieved the following results: The thesis focuses on researching technical barriers in trade for three key groups of Vietnam's agricultural products (agricultural products, aquatic products, tropical fruits) to the Chinese market States and going into the study of the adaptability of exporters with regulations on technical barriers in trade of the United States related to these groups of goods Explain the level of similarity in commitments between criteria related to main groups of agricultural products between commitments in VietnamUS Trade Agreement, TPP Agreement and CPTPP Agreement; The dissertation analyzes the adaptability of regulations on technical barriers in trade of the United States for main groups of Vietnam's agricultural products in the coming period based on updating new factors in trade gender in general and trade relations between Vietnam and the United States in 24 particular, thereby identifying opportunities and exploiting export potentials for three key groups of Vietnam's agricultural products to the market of CPTPP countries through the implementation of commitments in these agreements; The thesis studies the experience of adapting technical barriers in exporting agricultural products of countries, China, Japan and Malaysia to the US market, thereby drawing lessons suitable for Vietnam in new context of world trade in agriculture; Analyze the ability of the United States to regulate technical barriers to trade in Vietnamese agricultural products in the coming period based on updating new elements in the world trade in general and trade relations Vietnam - United States trade in particular, thereby identifying new opportunities and challenges for Vietnam's agricultural exports In addition, to assess the level of adaptation of exporting enterprises, the thesis is also based on the results of a survey of 200 enterprises that are implementing key agricultural exports to the US market with evaluation criteria levels of adaptation of US TBT The thesis also clarifies the degree of adaptation to each technical standard, analyzes the difficulties as well as the level of responsiveness in terms of technical standards, the degree of responsiveness in technology, on the level of science and technology clarify measures that enterprises have applied to be able to adapt the United States technical barriers to trade LIST OF PUBLICZED STUDIES Le Thi My Ngoc (2018), "Current situation and solutions to boost the export Vietnamese agricultural products to the US market", Vietnam Trade and Industry Review, No 15 - December 2018, page 45 Le Thi My Ngoc (2017), "Solutions to improve the value of Vietnam’s agricultural exports product when participating in the global supply chain", Trade Research Review, No 29 & 30 - October & December, 2017, page 42 Le Thi My Ngoc (2015), "ASEAN Economic Community - AEC: Opportunities and challenges for Vietnam's agricultural products", Vietnam Trade and Industry Review, No - September 2015, page 21 Le Thi My Ngoc (2015), "Some solutions to protect the market of agricultural products in the context of Vietnam joining TPP", Trade Research Review, No 16 - August 2015, page Le Thi My Ngoc (2015), "Some solutions to improve the competitiveness of agricultural products when Vietnam joins the ASEAN Economic Community - AEC", Scientific Conference, Hanoi University of Business and Technology, page 64 Le Thi My Ngoc (2019), "The impact of the US technical barriers to trade on agricultural and aquatic products for export from Vietnam", Americas today Journal, No - 2019 ... provisions on TBT in trade of TPP Agreement Basically, the CPTPP Agreement inherits all the contents of the TPP, so the US TBT is equivalent to the TBT of TPP and CP 12 TPP The CP TPP, even without the... BARRIERS TO TRADE FOR VIETNAMESE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS EXPORTED TO THE US MARKET WHEN VIETNAM JOINS THE TPP (CPTPP) 3.1 Overview of technical barriers to trade related to Vietnam-US trade relations... level of similarity between commitments in the Vietnam - US Trade Agreement, TPP, CPTPP - The level of similarity in standards between the CP TPP and TPP Agreements The United States is directly involved