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3 3/11 Concord by Proximity Set phrases Existential sentence with ‘there’ Either… or The verb tends to agree with whatever noun or pronoun closely precedes it, instead of the head wor

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E_English Grammar Course

Unit 7 The Simple Sentence

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Clause types transformed

Obligatory clause patterns are those which are required

for the complementation of the verb

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I put the book on the table (SVOA) vs I put the book.

He resembled his father (SVO) vs He resembled

(Sometimes) she sings (beautifully)

He is eating (the cake)

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1 SVA Mary is in the house

2 SVC Mary is kind

3 SVO Somebody caught the ball

4 SVOA I put the vase on the table

5 SVOC She has proved it wrong

6 SVOO Mom buys me a new bike

7 SV The lady smiled

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(S + Vpass + [A])

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Clause Types

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Which clause type does each of the following

sentences belong to?

1. He’s getting angry.

2. He got through the window.

3. He’ll get a surprise.

4. He got his shoes and socks wet.

5. He got himself into trouble.

6. He got her a splendid present.

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Clause Types

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1. SVC He’s getting angry

2. SVA He got through the window

3. SVO He’ll get a surprise

4. SVOC He got his shoes and socks wet

5. SVOA He got himself into trouble

6. SVOO He got her a splendid present

One verb can belong to a number of different classes.

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Sentence elements and their meanings

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Sentence elements syntactically defined Subject

ObjectComplementAdverbialSee Quirk, pp170

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locativetemporaleventiveEmpty It

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locativetemporaleventiveIT

She opened the door

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The key opens the door

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The door opens

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She has a new shirt

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This room accommodates 20 people

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Tomorrow is my birthday

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The meeting ended successfully

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locativetemporaleventiveEmpty IT

It’s wonderful to meet you

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We opened the door

He invented the telephone

We passed the building

Semantic Roles of the Object

affectedeffectedlocative

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We paid him a visit

We gave him some money

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We found the room empty

They left the room empty

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subject

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Pronoun

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SUBJECT sing/plur  VERB sing/plur

This dish is dirty/ These dishes are dirty

SUBJECT (clause)  VERB sing

What they are doing now is my concern

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The child was an angel

The children are angels

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He injured himself

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The boy likes his toys

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The verb agrees with the

idea of plural rather

than the actual

singular form of the noun

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What he says isn’t true

(= The thing he says isn’t true)What they like best are tea and coffee

( The things they like…)

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The cabinet are having a rest.

(All members of the cabinet…)The cabinet has reached an agreement

(The cabinet as a whole)

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None of the students like Grammar.

None of the cheese is fresh.

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Concord by Proximity Set phrases

Existential sentence with ‘there’

Either… or

The verb tends to agree

with whatever noun or

pronoun closely precedes

it, instead of the head

word of the subject

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Either… or

One in ten take drugs

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3

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Either… or

There are two chairs and a desk there.

There is a chair and two desks there.

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Either… or

Either my brother or I am to blame for the error.

Either the teacher or the students need to do this.

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3

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Concord with coordinated

subject representing a single entityCoordinated subject

When the NPs refer to the same

thing/ person

normally takes

a plural verb

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Concord with coordinated

subject representing a single entityCoordinated subject

thing/ person

The hammer and the sickle was flying on top of the building

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thing/ person

His lawyer and former college friend, Max Weber, was with

him at his death

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The negation of a sentence is accomplished

by inserting not between the operator and

the predication.

E.g

The attempt has succeeded.

The attempt has not succeeded.

We may win the match.

 We may not win the match.

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To some extent Already

A great deal Too

A long way Too

A long time

Any Anyone Anywhere

In any way

At all Yet Much Either Far Very Long

Non-assertive forms = items

that do not naturally

occur outside negative,

interrogative, and

conditional sentences

E.g

I saw him somewhere.

I didn’t see him

anywhere.

(Quirk p.184)

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I found nothing at all the matter with him

I have no excuse whatever

I'll never, never go there again

I've never in all my life seen such a crowd.

She has never spoken to me even a single word

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Alternative Negative Elements (Instead of the verb, another

element may be negated)

An honest man would not lie -> No honest man would lie

I didn't see any birds -> I saw no birds.

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I definitely didn’t speak to him.

(It’s definite that I did not.)

I didn’t definitely speak to him

(It’s not definite that I did.)

= The stretch of language

over which the negative

meaning operates

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4

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Somebody loves Mary but it’s not

John

2 John doesn’t ‘LOVE Mary

John likes Mary but it’s not love.

3 John doesn’t love ‘MARY

John loves somebody else but

it’s not Mary

The contrastive nuclear stress falling

on a particular part of a clause

indicates that the contrast of meaning

implicit in the negation is located at

that spot and the rest of the clause

can be understood in a positive

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Scope & Focus of Negation I didn’t LISTEN all the time.

(I listened none of the time.)

I didn’t listen ALL the time

(I listened some of the time.)

The scope must include the

focus, and by the position of

the focus we can realize the

extent of the scope

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4

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Scope & Focus of Negation In each of the following case,

does John love Mary or not?

John doesn’t LOVE Mary because she is a teacher

John doesn’t love Mary because she is a TEACHER

The scope must include the

focus, and by the position of

the focus we can realize the

extent of the scope.

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Auxiliary Negation The scope of negation Main Verb Negation

includes the meaning

of the auxiliary itself

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Auxiliary Negation 1 can’t (in all sense)You can’t be serious.Main Verb Negation

(It is not possible that…)

You can’t go swimming

(You are not allowed…)

She can’t ride a bicycle

(She is not able to…)

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Auxiliary Negation 2 Needn’tMain Verb Negation

You needn’t pay that fine

(You are not obliged to…)

It needn’t be my fault

(it is not necessary that…)

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Auxiliary Negation 3 May not ( = permission)Main Verb Negation

You may not go swimming

(You are not allowed to…)

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Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation

1 May not (=possibility)

They may not bother to come if it’s wet

(It is possible that they will not

bother to come.)

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Don’t worry I won’t interfere (I’m willing not to interfere.)

He won’t do it (He insists on not doing it.)

They won’t have arrived yet (I predict that they’ve not arrived yet

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Don’t worry, you shan’t lose your reward.

(I’m willing to see that you don’t lose your reward

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I shan’t know when you return (I predict that I shall not know…)

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You mustn’t keep us all waiting (You’ll oblige me for not keeping…)

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You oughtn’t to keep us waiting (obligation)

He oughtn’t to be long (necessity)

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

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Types of simple sentences Statements

QuestionsCommandsExclamations

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Sentences in which the subject is always present and generally precedes the verb

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5

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QuestionsCommandsExclamationsYes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions

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QuestionsYes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions

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Questions

Yes – No Questions General Yes – No questionsWh - Questions Alternative Questions

Has the boat left?

Yes-no questions with positive orientation:

Has the boat left already?

Yes-no questions with positive orientation:

Hasn’t the boat left yet?

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Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - QuestionsDeclarative QuestionsAlternative Questions

You’ve got the explosive?

He didn’t finished it?

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Wh- word pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whose

• Who went there with her? (Wh-word = S)

• Who(m) did he talk to? (Wh-word = Od)

• Which book have you lent him? (Wh-word = premodifier)

• Whose beautiful antiques are they? (Wh-word = determiner)

• Who did you lent to book to? (Wh-word = Oi)

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Wh- word adverbs: when, where, how, why, how + adj/adv

• When will you come back? (A time)

• Where should I put these? (A place)

• Why aren’t they coming? (A reason)

• How did they mend it? (A manner)

•…

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Would you like tea, coffee, or milk?

Which ice cream would you like Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry?

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sentences that make use of the imperative mood in the main,

or sometimes of questions with the initial modal

- particularly with invitations or requests

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Commands Without subject

With subjectWith ‘let’

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Positive: Be reasonableNegative: Don’t make noise

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‘You’ as subject Infinite pronoun S

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‘You’ as subject

-You there be quiet!

-You come here, Jack, and you come over there, Mary

- Will you come in and sit down?

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Positive: Somebody open the door! Everybody shut their eyes!

Negative: Don’t anyone say anything!

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Positive: Let’s go out./ Let each man decide for himself.

Negative: Let’s open the door/ Don’t let him lose heart.

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Full exclamationShort exclamation

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Full exclamation

Short exclamation

What an enormous crowd came!

How delightful her manners are!

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QuestionsCommands

Exclamations

Full exclamationShort exclamation How wonderful!What a book!

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