This page intentionally left blank Interpretation and Revision of International Boundary Decisions This book seeks to examine a legal theme which occurs typically with respect to judgments and awards given by international courts and tribunals in the matter of boundary disputes The theme in question is predicated on the fact that, from time to time, litigating States will find difficulties with these awards and judgments and seek to delay implementation of the decision or modify the alignment determined by the tribunal The reason why dissatisfaction features prominently in boundary and territorial decisions is because questions of title and territorial sovereignty nearly always go to the very core of statehood, creating situations of unease at best and conflict at worst Thus, while disputing States may resort to adjudication and arbitration for the settlement of a boundary problem, that alone is no guarantee that the dispute will thereafter terminate Indeed, the author shows convincingly that the history of arbitration, going as far back as ancient Greece, is closely intertwined with problems of territorial claims and frontier disputes Two remedies frequently relied on by litigating States in this context are those of interpretation and revision The author sheds light on how, when and in what circumstances a tribunal is able to interpret or revise either its own or another tribunal’s decisions on boundary problems By exploring these issues, the author seeks to provide a rigorous analysis in an area of law which has escaped the attention of many international lawyers k a i y a n h o m i k a i ko b a d is Reader in International Law, Department of Law at the University of Durham c ambridge studies in international and comparative l aw Established in 1946, this series produces high quality scholarship in the fields of public and private international law and comparative law Although these are distinct legal sub-disciplines, developments since 1946 confirm their interrelation Comparative law is increasingly used as a tool in the making of law at national, regional and international levels Private international law is now often affected by international conventions, and the issues faced by classical conflicts rules are frequently dealt with by substantive harmonisation of law under international auspices Mixed international arbitrations, especially those involving state economic activity, raise mixed questions of public and private international law, while in many fields (such as the protection of human rights and democratic standards, investment guarantees and international criminal law) international and national systems interact National constitutional arrangements relating to ‘foreign affairs’, and to the implementation of international norms, are a focus of attention The Board welcomes works of a theoretical or interdisciplinary character, and those focusing on the new approaches to international or comparative law or conflicts of law Studies of particular institutions or problems are equally welcome, as are translations of the best work published in other languages General Editors James Crawford SC FBA Whewell Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law, and Director, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge John S Bell FBA Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge Editorial Board Professor Hilary Charlesworth Australian National University Professor Lori Damrosch Columbia University Law School Professor John Dugard Universiteit Leiden Professor Mary-Ann Glendon Harvard Law School Professor Christopher Greenwood London School of Economics Professor David Johnston University of Edinburgh Professor Hein Kötz Max-Planck-Institut, Hamburg Professor Donald McRae University of Ottawa Professor Onuma Yasuaki University of Tokyo Professor Reinhard Zimmermann Universität Regensburg Advisory Committee Professor D W Bowett QC Judge Rosalyn Higgins QC Professor J A Jolowicz QC Professor Sir Elihu Lauterpacht CBE QC Professor Kurt Lipstein Judge Stephen Schwebel A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume Interpretation and Revision of International Boundary Decisions Kaiyan Homi Kaikobad University of Durham CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521869126 © Kaiyan Kaikobad 2007 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2007 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-511-29633-8 ISBN-10 0-511-29633-9 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 hardback 978-0-521-86912-6 hardback 0-521-86912-9 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate In memory of my sister Every question in the judgment relating to the moneys and boundaries of Apollo I will decide as is true to the best of my belief, nor will I in any wise give false judgments for the sake of favour, friendship or enmity; and the sentence passed in accordance with the judgment I will enforce to the best of my power with all possible speed, and I will make just restoration to the god Nor will I receive gifts, neither I myself nor any one else on my behalf, nor will I give aught of the common moneys to any one or receive it myself These things I will thus and if I swear truly may I have many blessings, but if I swear falsely may Themis and Pythian Apollo and Leto and Artemis and Hestia and eternal fire and all gods and goddesses take from me salvation by a most dreadful doom, may they permit me myself and my race to enjoy neither children nor crops nor fruits nor property, and may they cast me forth in my lifetime from the possessions which I now have, if I shall swear falsely Oath taken by the Delphian Amphictiones, 117 BC (M N Tod, International Arbitration Among the Greeks, Oxford, 1913, p 116) 354 index Argentina Beagle Channel, 69, 71, 109, 300, 307, 310 Bolivian Arbitration Treaty (1902), 242 Chile Arbitration Treaty (1902), 242 and Falkland Islands, 20–1 international arbitration and, 52–3 Italo-Argentine Arbitration Treaty (1898), 235, 239 Laguna del Desierto See Laguna del Desierto Palena See Palena arbitration Paraguay ArbitrationTreaty (1899), 242 PCIJ negotiations, 245–7 Rio Protocol (1942), 43 Uruguay Arbitration Treaty (1899), 235, 242 Argos, 55 Asser, T.M.C., 237, 240, 288 Athens, 55 Atidius Geminus, 58 audi alteram partem, 234 Australia, and Timor, 18 Austria, 25, 87 Aves Island, 71 Azores, 58 Baghdad Treaty (1975), 42 Bahrain independence from Iran, 32 Qatar dispute, 100, 283, 296–7 Bancroft Davis, J.C., 66 Basque region, 18 Belgium, Hague Peace Conference (1899), 240–1 Berard, Victor, 56 Bluntschli, J.C., 233, 234 Bogotá Pact interpretation powers, 106, 130–5 revision, 298 Bolivia arbitration treaties, 242 Peruvian border, 68–9, 307 Bolshoi Island, 36 Bosnia Herzegovina Brcko arbitration, 72 Srpska, 18 Botswana, and Kasikili Island, 21 boundary decisions ambiguity, 6–7 challenges, 5–7 constitutive legality, 46–52 defects, waiver, 77 errors See errors finality, 9–10, 80, 89–92, 334–6 interpretation See interpretation judicial remedies, 7–9 nullity, legal reasons, 69–77, 304 revision See revision ultra vires challenges, 5–6, 46–52, 70–6 unilateral rejections, 43–5 boundary disputes adjudication/arbitration issues, 52–77 available tribunals, 4–5, 12–13 diplomatic settlements, 31–53 duration, economic factors, 18 international justice and, 336–7 legality, 21 popular feelings, 20–1 post-conflict settlements, 23–31 property rights, 20 record, 336 religious divisions, 19–20 security issues, 18 self-determination, 18, 19, 22, 24–30 significance of territory, 3–4, 17–22, 31, 77 state/government succession, 33–41 territorial extent and, 17–18 ultra vires diplomatic decisions, 46–52 unilateral rejections of decisions, 43–5 unilateral renunciations of agreements, 41–3 Bourgeois, Léon, 238 Bourne, C.B., 188, 207, 208, 223 Bowett, D.W., 154 Brazil ceded Colombian territory, 220 international arbitration and, 52–3 PCIJ negotiations, 247 Rio Protocol (1942), 43 breach of law, presumption against, 180–93 Brownlie, I., 59, 294 Bulgaria, Greek borders, 93, 117 Burma, Chinese boundary, 33 Busatti, Ricci, 246, 247 Cambodia, Temple of Preah Vihear, 315, 335 Cameroon–Nigerian boundaries bona fide clarification, 135–6 claims, 122–3 preliminary ruling, 122, 159 res judicata, 167–8 scope of interpretation, 141–3 index Canada 18th–19th century boundaries, 62–6 Dixon Entrance dispute, 5, 176, 186–9, 190–1, 207–8, 223–5 French arbitral agreement (1989), 107, 127 Gulf of Maine, 77, 308, 318 North Atlantic Coast Fisheries, 209 PCIJ negotiations, 246 and Vietnam, 29 Cape Verde Islands, 58, 59 Carlson, A., 36 Central America Treaty of Arbitration (1923), 68–9, 249 Central American Court of Justice interpretation powers, 89 revision powers, 249, 250 Chechnya, 18 Cheng, B., 277–8, 305 Chiang Kai-Shek, General, 28 Chile arbitration treaties, 242 Beagle Channel, 69, 71, 109, 300, 307, 310 Laguna del Desierto See Laguna del Desierto Palena See Palena arbitration Rio Protocol (1942), 43 China Cairo Declaration 1943, 28 French treaties, 33 Indian boundaries, 33, 36–8 international borders, 33–8, 39–41 Russian boundaries, 33, 34–6 and Taiwan, 27–8 territorial magnitude, 17, 34 UK treaties and, 33, 37–9 Vietnam and, 29, 33 Cicero, 57 coastal states, sea resources, 18 Colombia arbitration treaties, 235, 242 Costa Rican border, 45, 146–9, 235 Nicaraguan border, 135 Paris Convention (1886), 149, 150–1, 152 Peruvian border, 94 Venezuelan dispute, estoppel, 219–21 colonial boundaries and China, 33, 37–8, 39–41 Eritrea–Ethiopia, 44 Latin America, 41 Colson, D.A., 96 Columbus, Christopher, 58, 59 355 conflicts settlement of territorial disputes, 23–31 and state responsibility, 294–5 consent interpretation, 102–15 revision, 252–7 continental shelf and exclusive economic zones, 21 Geneva Convention (1958), 18 UN Proclamation 1945, Corinth, 55 Corsi, Professor, 234 Corsica, 18 Cortyra, 55 Costa Rica arbitration treaties, 235, 242 Central American Court of Justice, 89 Colombian border, 45, 146–9, 235 Loubet arbitration, 147, 149–55, 185 Nicaraguan borders, 130, 134 Panamanian border consent to interpretation, 113 flexibility of remedy, 329 incidental interpretation, 98 interpretation context, 195 map, 148 presumption against breach of law, 185 rejection of award, 45 and res judicata, 146–55 ultra petita claim, 71 Paris Convention (1886), 149, 150–1, 152 Porras-Anderson Treaty (1910), 149 Crawford, J., 29 Crete, 55 Croatia, 19, 106 Cyprus, Northern Cyprus, 21 Czechoslovakia, Polish border See Jaworzina Boundary case Danube, 55 Dayton Accords (1995), 72 decisions See boundary decisions Delcassé, M., 147, 149 Denmark arbitration treaties, 106 Jan Mayen case, 318 North Sea Continental Shelf, 318 PCIJ negotiations, 244 Dennis, W.C., 67 Descamps, Chevalier, 240–1, 288 356 index diplomatic dispute settlement exhaustion of procedures, 127–8 issues, 31–53 state succession issues, 33–41 ultra vires diplomatic decisions, 46–52 unilateral rejections of decisions, 43–5 unilateral renunciations of agreements, 41–3 disputes See boundary disputes Djibouti, and Ogaden, 39 Doherty, Mr, 246 Dominican Republic, 242 Dubai–Sharjah arbitration cartography, 207 estoppel, 215–16 flexibility of remedy, 328 interpretation context, 193, 197 map, 199 res judicata, 164–5 Tripp decisions, 99–100, 198–200, 207, 215–16 Durand Line, 39 duress, arbitration, 67 East Timor, 18 Ecuador, 43, 242 Edward VII, 173, 182, 196 effectiveness principle, 210 Egypt–Israel Arbitration Treaty (1986), 107, 126–7, 308 ejus interpretare legum cujus condere, 206 El Salvador arbitration treaties, 242 Central American Court of Justice, 89 civil war, 293 El Salvador–Honduras case acquiescence, 77, 281, 286 background, 272 revision conditions, 265 consent, 256 decisive new facts, 280–1, 284–8 discovery of new facts, 267, 268–70 evidence of new facts, 272–7, 290 exceptional circumstances, 258–9 ICJ powers, 309 illegal evidence, 283 leading case, 268 negligence in discovery, 292–4, 297 time limits, 299, 338 Epidamnus, 55 equity, and revision, 314, 318–19 Eritrea Ethiopian dispute, 44–5 Yemen arbitral agreement (1996), 107, 127, 308 errors errors of fact, 277–8 ground for challenge, 6, and international tribunals, 234, 260, 327 map errors, 202, 221–2, 259, 327 estoppel, 165, 211–25, 316 Ethiopia Eritrean dispute, 44–5 Somalian border, 39, 41 European Convention for the Settlement of International Disputes (1957), 250 European Court of Human Rights, revision powers, 250 European Court of Justice interpretation powers, 105, 125 revision powers, 232, 250, 265 evidence negligence in discovery, 292–8 new facts, 271–8 exclusive economic zones, 18, 21 fair hearing arbitration, 67 audi alteram partem, 234 Falkland Islands, 20–1 Fernandez, Mr, 247 finality judicial remedies and, 334–6 PCIJ, 89–92 requirement, 9–10, 80 Finland, arbitration treaties, 106 Fiore’s code (1897), 234 flexibility of remedies, 327–9 Fox, H., 158 France Alsace-Lorraine, 277 Canadian arbitral agreement (1989), 107, 127 China and, 33 continental shelf See Anglo-French continental shelf Minquiers and Ecrehos, 69 North Atlantic Coast Fisheries, 208–9 PCIJ negotiations, 246, 247 Portendic Claims (1842), 157–8 Utrecht Treaty (1713), 62 fraud, arbitration, 67, 282–3 index Fromageot, Mr, 246, 247 Fry, Sir Edward, 87 Galicia, 111 Gámez-Bonilla Treaty (1894), 74 Geiss, R., 303–4 General Treaty of Inter-American Arbitration (1929), 250 George II, 211 Germany and Alsace-Lorraine, 277 arbitration treaties, 106 Landsberg Prison, status, 21 North Sea Continental Shelf, 318 Polish Upper Silesia, 209 Sabotage Claims, new facts, 282–3 Ghent, Treaty of (1814), 64–5 Gishkhu, 54 Goldschmidt, Mr, 234 good faith, 135–8, 155, 325–6, 329 government succession, 33–41 Greece arbitration in Ancient Greece, 54–8 Bulgarian borders, 93, 117 Monastery of Saint-Naoum, 112, 307 PCIJ negotiations, 246 Grotius, Hugo, 233 Guantanamo Bay, 21 Guatemala arbitration treaties, 242 Central American Court of Justice, 89 Honduras arbitration agreement, 308, 316 Guillaume, Baron, 88 Guinea-Bissau, Senegal borders, 69, 73, 75, 308 Guinea–Guinea-Bissau Arbitral Treaty (1983), 106–7, 127, 265, 307 Guyana, Venezuelan border, 43–4, 74, 75, 241 Hague Convention (1899), revision, 68, 234, 237–42, 278, 288 Hague Convention (1907) interpretation powers, 86–8, 89, 105, 125 judicial remedies, 305 post-war incorporation, 249, 250 revision, 261–2 conditions, 265 consent, 253 and errors of fact, 278 357 model, 232 negotiations, 242–3 time limits, 326 Haiti, 236, 242 Hawar Islands, 100, 296–7 Holls, F.W., 237–41, 288 Honduras arbitration treaties, 242 Central American Court of Justice, 89 Guatemala arbitration agreement, 308, 316 Nicaraguan border, 130, 134–5 presumption against breach of law, 183–6 Salvadoran border See El Salvador– Honduras case Hong Kong, 21 Huber, Max, 246 Hungary, 25, 111 Hyde, C.C., 304 ICSID, interpretation powers, 106 ILC Model Arbitration Rules interpretation, 106, 127 revision powers, 232, 249, 253, 265, 301, 306 India Afghan border, 39 Chinese frontier, 33, 36–8 Pakistan borders, 39, 41, 98, 189–90 Rann of Kutch arbitral agreement, 107, 308 Rann of Kutch revision, 315–16, 318 state succession, 37–9 territorial magnitude, 17 Institute of International Law, 234 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 105 International Central American Tribunal, 232, 249–50 International Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes, 106 International Court of Justice advisory opinions, status, 12 categories of decisions, 12 inherent powers, 326 interpretation admissibility of requests, 116 expert inquiries, 161 Statute powers, 92–3 time limits, 125, 129 unilateral requests, 103–5, 113–15 358 index International Court of Justice (cont.) provisional measures, 290 record, 337 revision powers, 231–2, 262 acceptance, 309 case law, 250–1 negotiations, 248–9 new facts, 232, 265, 267 time limits, 232 special preliminary findings, 12 time limits, 326 international law and errors, 234, 260, 327 presumption against breach, 180–93 change of law, 191–3 river boundaries, 192 International Law Commission See ILC Model Arbitration Rules international tribunals boundary disputes, 4–5 inherent powers of correction, 327 principles of interpretation interpretation of decisions, 175 meaning of words, 178–80 interpretation admissibility of requests conditions, 115, 225 existent disputes, 116–17 generally, 115–35 operative part of decisions, 117–23 scope of decisions, 124–5 time limits, 125–30 treaty restrictions, 130–5 classification, 95–101, 225 consent of parties, 102–15, 140 exceptional remedy, 335 flexible remedy, 327 history, 86–94 Hague Convention (1907), 86–8, 89 ICJ Statute, 92–3 judicial development, 93–4 PCIJ Statute, 89–92 incidental to main cases, 95–6 legal issues, 102 main case interpretation, 97–101 meaning, 85 principles See principles of interpretation and res judicata See res judicata revision and, 144 rules of law, 11 scope, 135–62, 226 anomalies, 155–61 bona fide clarification, 135–8, 155, 329 context, 161–2 and res judicata, 143–56 restrictions, 138–41 tests, 141–3 state practice, 327–8 treaty interpretation, 69, 175 words and phrases, 178–80 Vienna Convention, 259 Iran and Bahrain, 32 Iraqi border, 42–3 Iraq Iranian frontier, 42–3 Kuwait, occupation, Kuwait territorial disputes, 23–4, 71, 78 Mosul case, 25–6 Turkish frontier, 74–5 Israel Israel–Egypt Arbitration Treaty (1986), 107, 126–7, 308 occupied territories, 20 Palestinian conflict, 26 territorial security, 18 Italy arbitration treaties, 106 Hague Peace Conference (1907), 87 Italo-Argentine ArbitrationTreaty (1898), 235, 239 PCIJ negotiations, 246, 247 ITLOS interpretation powers, 105 revision powers, 233 Japan, 28 Jaworzina Boundary case case summary, 46–52 Conference of Ambassadors (1920), 7, 100 consent to interpretation, 109–10 flexibility of remedy, 328 interpretation context, 195 subsequent facts, 205–6 meaning of words, 178 revision, consent, 253–4 Jay Treaty (1794), 61–3, 64 Jennings, R.Y., Jinnah, M.A., 190 John II, King of Portugal, 59 index John Paul II, Pope, 310 Jordan, Palestinian territory, 26 judgments See boundary decisions Karnebeek, J van, 240 Kashmir, 20 Kasikili Island, 21 Kelsen, Hans, 21 Kosovo, 18, 26–7 Kurds, 25–6, 29 Kuwait, and Iraq, 4, 23–4, 71, 78 Labeo, 57 Laguna del Desierto arbitral agreement (1991), 97, 107 interpretation acquiescence, 221–2 effectiveness principle, 210 existence of dispute, 116–17 interpretation context, 196 main case, 97–8 meaning of words, 180 post-decision materials, 200–4 presumption against breach of law, 181–3 res judicata, 168–9, 173–4, 332 restrictions, 139–40 map, 181 map errors, 202, 221–2, 259, 327 revision exceptional circumstances, 259–60 positive approach, 338 treaty powers, 262, 266, 307 Lammasch, Heinrich, 87, 243 Latin America, arbitration treaties, 242 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 25, 74 Lauterpacht, Elihu, 276 Lauterpacht, Sir Herst, 332 law of the sea due diligence, 294 equity, 314 exclusive economic zones, 18, 21 internal waters, 189 ITLOS, 105, 233 mare clausum, 188, 207 principles, 178, 187 territorial limits, 188–9, 208 League of Nations Eastern Carelia and, 328 Iraq–Turkey frontier, 74–5 Jaworzina Boundary case, 47–8 Mandates, 94 359 and Monastery of Saint-Naoum, 112, 254 PCIJ creation, 89–92, 244–7 Libya continental shelf See Tunisia–Libya continental shelf Lockerbie case, 104 petroleum, 278 Lithuania, 106 Loubet arbitration, 147, 149–55, 185 Low, Seth, 240 McMahon LIne, 37 McRae, D.M., 188, 207, 208, 223 mare clausum, 188, 207 maritime law See law of the sea Martens, F de, 237–41, 242, 287–8 Melite, 56 Mercator Projections, 197–8 Merrills, J.G., 155 Mesilim, King of Kish, 54 Mesopotamia, 57 Messene, 57–8 Mexico arbitration treaties, 242 US border, 70–1 US–Mexico Mixed Claims Commission, 236, 281, 282 Miletus, 58 Moluccas, 60 Monastery of Saint-Naoum Conference of Ambassadors (1922), 100 flexibility of remedy, 328 interpretation consent, 112 context, 194 meaning of words, 178–9 map, 206 positive outcome, 338 revision agreement, 308 consent, 254–5 discovery of new facts, 268 evidence of new facts, 263–4, 272 exceptional circumstances, 260 res judicata and, 307 Montevideo Convention (1933), Mosul, 25–6 Mountbatten, Lord, 190 Mummius, 57–8 Muscat, 76 Mytelene, 55 360 index Namibia, and Kasikili Island, 21 Napoleonic wars, 24 Narthacium, 56 national liberation movements, 18 Neapolis, 57 negligence, discovery of new evidence, 292–8 nemo judex in sua causa, 69, 70, 305 Nepal, and China, 33 Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689), 34 Netherlands Aves Island arbitration, 71 Hague Peace Conference (1899), 237–9, 240 North Sea Continental Shelf, 318 Palmas Island case, 308 PCIJ negotiations, 244 Timor arbitral agreement (1914), 107–8 Neuilly Treaty (1919), 93 Nicaragua 1894 arbitration, 74 arbitration treaties, 242 Central American Court of Justice, 89 Colombian border, 135 Costa Rican borders, 130, 134 Honduran border, 130, 134–5 presumption against breach of law, 183–6 Nigeria–Cameroon boundaries bona fide clarification, 135–6 interpretation, operative part of judgments, 122–3 preliminary ruling, 122, 159 res judicata, 167–8 scope of interpretation, 141–3 Nola, 57 Norway arbitration treaties, 106, 307–8 Grisbardana dispute, 307–8 Jan Mayen case, 318 PCIJ negotiations, 244 Nussbaum, A., 59 Ogaden, 39 Oman, 76 pacta sunt servanda, 164 Pakistan Afghan territorial claims, 17–18 China and, 33 Indian borders, 39, 41, 98, 189–90 Kashmir claim, 20 Rann of Kutch arbitral agreement, 107, 308 Rann of Kutch revision, 315–16, 318 Palena arbitration correction of errors, 327 estoppel, 222 interpretation context, 196 map, 172 meaning of words, 179–80 original award, 98 res judicata, 145–6, 155, 171–3, 331, 333 subsequent conduct and interpretation, 196 treaty powers of revision, 308 Palestine, 20, 26 Panama–Costa Rican border See Costa Rica papacy, 58–60, 310 Paraguay, 242 Paris, Treaty of (1763), 24 Paris Declaration (1973), 29 peace treaties, 24–30, 78 Peking, Treaty of (1860), 34, 35 Periandros, 55 Permanent Court of Arbitration interpretation powers, 87, 107–9 jurisprudence, 336 marginal role, 336, 337 time limits, 326 Permanent Court of International Justice advisory opinions, 101 categories of cases, 69 interpretation powers, 89–92, 105–6, 109–13 jurisprudence, 336–7 revision powers, 243–7, 249 Root–Phillimore Plan, 91, 244 Peru arbitration treaties, 242 Bolivian border, 68–9, 307 Colombian border, 94 Philip of Macedon, 57 Phillimore, Lord, 91, 244 Phillipson, Coleman, 55, 57, 58 Plender, R., 232 Poland arbitration treaties, 106 Czech border See Jaworzina Boundary case Upper Silesia, 209 Politis, Mr, 246 Porras-Anderson Treaty (1910), 149 Portugal African territories, 58–60 index Bulama Island arbitration, 65 Timor arbitral agreement (1914), 107–8 Potsdam Agreement (1945), 25, 28 presumptions, against breach of law, 180–93 Priene, 56 principles of interpretation acquiescence and estoppel, 165, 211–25, 316 context facts and materials, 193–209 subsequent facts, 196–206 unreliable materials, 207–8 effectiveness principle, 210 ejus interpretare legum cujus condere, 206 generally, 175–225, 226–7 international tribunal practice, 175, 178–80 meaning of words arbitration v treaties, 179–80 international tribunal practice, 178–80 presumption against breach of law, 180–93 change of law, 191–3 words and phrases, 178–80, 259 Prussia, Portendic Claims (1842), 157–8 Pufendorf, Samuel von, 233 Pyrrhus, KIng, 56 Qatar–Bahrain dispute, 100, 283, 296–7 quasi-arbitral decisions, 7–8, 101 quieta non mouvre, 165, 315 Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 190 Ralston, J.H., 56, 57 rebus sic stantibus, 39, 41 Reformation, and territoriality, 18 Reisman, M., 309–10 religion, and territorial disputes, 19–20 res judicata Bogotá Pact, 133 interpretation and, 11, 120, 140–1 contact points, 163–70 generally, 162–74 harmonisation, 170–4 modification, 143–56, 170 judicial remedies and, 330–5 revision and, 12, 303–11 revision classification, 261–4 compétence de la compétence, 254 consent, 252–7 equity, 314, 318–19 361 exceptional circumstances, 257–60, 335 history, 233–51 Hague Peace Conferences, 236–43, 287–8 ICJ statute, 248–9 inter-war years, 248 judicial development, 250–1 PCIJ Statute, 243–7 post-1945, 248–50 pre-20th century, 233–6 time limits, 245–7 incidental revisions, 261–2 indirect delimitation and, 302, 311–19 interpretation and, 144 main case revisions, 262–4 meaning, 231 new facts admissibility of requests, 265–301, 313 decisive facts, 278–92 discovery, 267–71 evidence, 271–8 negligence in discovery, 292–8 time limits, 267 and res judicata, 12, 303–11 substantive principles, 302, 313–19 time limits, 245–7, 267, 298–301, 317 Rhodes, 56 Rio Protocol (1942), 43 river boundaries, 192, 213–15, 215–18, 272–3 Roman law, arbitration, 55–7, 58 Romania, 106 Root, Eliha, 91, 244 Rosenne, S., 164, 254, 303 Russia and Canadian boundaries, 186 Chechnya, 18 Chinese boundary, 33, 34–6 Hague Peace Conference (1899), 237–41 Soviet Union and Vietnam, 29 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of (1919), 25, 46 Saint-Petersburg Treaty (1881), 34 Samos, 56 Saragossa, Treaty of (1529), 59 Saudi Arabia, Buraimi Oasis, 76 Scelle, G., 306 Schlochauer, H.J., 55 Schreuer, C.H., 72–3 Schwarzenberger, G., 294 security, and territoriality, 17–18 362 index Sedudu Island, 21 self-determination Balkans, 18 post-war treaties and, 24–30 territoriality and, 17, 18, 22 Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, 69, 73, 75, 308 Portendic Claims (1842), 157–8 Serbia, and Kosovo, 18, 26–7 Sèvres, Treaty of, 206 Sharjah See Dubai–Sharjah arbitration Shatt al Arab, 42 Shirpula, 54 Sigeion, 55 Simla Convention (1914), 37, 38 Simpson, J.L., 158 Somalia, Ethiopian border, 39, 40 Spain African territories, 58–60 Basque region, 18 Latin American empire, 41 Sparta, 57–8 Spice Islands, 60 Sri Lanka, 18 Srpska, 18, 72 Stanczyk, J., 115, 138 state succession boundary disputes, 33–41 Vienna Convention, 41, 315 states consent to interpretation, 102–15, 140 consent to revision, 252–7 good faith, 135–8, 155, 320, 325–6 illegal occupation, responsibility, due diligence, 294–5 territorial significance, 3–4, 17–22, 31, 77 succession, and territorial disputes, 33–41, 41, 315 Sumerians, 54 Sweden arbitration treaties, 106, 307–8 Grisbardana dispute, 307–8 PCIJ negotiations, 244 Switzerland arbitration treaties, 106 canton boundaries, 191–2 PCIJ negotiations, 244, 246 presumption against breach of law, 191–2 Taiwan, and China, 27–8 Tarabagatai, Protocol of (1864), 34 territorial decisions See boundary disputes territorial disputes See boundary disputes territory, significance, 3–4, 17–22, 31, 77 Thailand, Temple of Preah Vihear, 315, 335 Thessalians, 56 Thirlway, H., 103 Thirty Years War, 18–19 Tibet, 37 time limits arbitration procedure, 235 Hague Convention (1907), 326 International Court of Justice, 326 interpretation requests, 125–30 Permanent Court of Arbitration, 326 and res judicata, 335 revision powers, 298–301, 317 International Court of Justice, 232, 267 PCIJ negotiations, 245, 246–7 Timor, 18, 107–8 Tito, Marshal, 27 Tod, M.N., 54, 56–7 Tordesillas Treaty (1494), 59–60 treaties arbitration See arbitration agreements colonial agreements, 33–41 interpretation restrictions, 130–5 issues, 79 peace treaties, 24–31, 78 treaty interpretation, 69, 175 unilateral renunciations, 41–3 Trianon, Treaty of (1920), 25, 46 tribunals See international tribunals Tripp, J.P., 13, 99–100, 198–200, 207, 215–16, 328 Tunisia, petroleum, 278 Tunisia–Libya continental shelf geographical confusion, 327 interpretation admissibility of request, 159–61 bona fide clarification, 136–7 consent, 113–15 context, 161–2 incidental interpretation, 96 meaning of words, 179 res judicata, 143, 169–70 scope, 124–5 time limits, 129–30 map, 126 positive outcome, 338 revision decisive new facts, 278–80 exceptional circumstances, 257–8 ICJ jurisdiction, 310 index indirect delimitation, 311–13, 329 negligence in discovery, 296 principles, 318 res judicata, 303 seminal judgment, 251 Special Agreement (1978), 308 Turkey Iraqi frontier, 74–5 Kurdish problem, 17 Mosul and, 25–6 Northern Cyprus and, 21 post-WWI boundaries, 25 ultra petita rule, 70–1, 182–5 ultra vires jurisdiction arbitration history, 66, 67, 234, 235 ground for challenge, 5–6, 70–6 Jaworzina boundary case, 49–51 presumption against, 185–6 UNCLOS due diligence, 294 equitable principles, 314 exclusive economic zones, 18 ITLOS, 105, 233 United Arab Emirates, 76 United Kingdom Bulama Island arbitration, 65 Cairo Declaration 1943, 28 Canadian boundaries and, 61–6, 176, 186, 187 Chinese borders and, 33, 37–8 continental shelf See Anglo-French continental shelf Falkland Islands, 20–1 Guyana border and, 74 Hague Peace Conference (1907), 87, 88 Indian colonial borders, 37–9 international responsibility, 294 Iraq mandate, 25 Juan de Fuca arbitration, 208 Lockerbie case, 104 North Atlantic Coast Fisheries, 208–9 Palestine mandate, 25 PCIJ negotiations, 244 Portendic Claims (1842), 157–8 Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 62 Vietnam War and, 29 United Nations Bahrain settlement, 32 border dispute methodology, 52 Charter, supremacy, 129, 132 Continental Shelf Proclamation (1945), 363 dispute settlement, 78, 79, 81 Dumbarton Oaks Proposals, 92 Iraq–Kuwait boundary, 23–4 United States Alabama Claims, 294–5 arbitration history, 66, 67, 68 Canadian boundaries, 18th–19th century, 61–6, 71 Dixon Entrance dispute, 5, 176, 186–9, 190–1, 204, 207–8, 223–5 Gulf of Maine, 77, 308, 318 Hague Peace Conference (1899), 68, 237–41, 242 Juan de Fuca arbitration, 208 Latin American arbitration treaties, 242 Minquiers and Ecrehos, 69 North Atlantic Coast Fisheries, 204–5, 208–9 Palmas Island case, 308 PCIJ negotiations, 244 Pelletier-Lazare case, 236 Rio Protocol (1942), 43 Sabotage Claims, new facts, 282–3 state boundary decisions application of international law, 13 estoppel, 211–15, 215–18 res judicata, 165 and Taiwan, 28 US–Mexican border, 70–1 US–Mexico Mixed Claims Commission, 236, 281, 282–3 Vietnamese War, 29 Uruguay, arbitration treaties, 235, 242 uti possidetis doctrine, 33–4, 40, 273, 316 Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 62 Vattel, E de, 233 Venezuela Aves Island arbitration, 71 Colombian dispute, estoppel, 219–21 Guyana border, 43–4, 74, 75, 241 Versailles Treaty (1783), 64 Versailles Treaty (1919), 46 Vertzberger, Y.Y.I., 40 Verzijl, J.H.W., 55 Vienna, Congress of (1815), 24 Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties facts and circumstances, 259 principles of interpretation, 175 rebus sic stantibus, 41 state boundaries, 315 state succession, 41 364 index Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties (cont.) words and phrases, 259 Vietnam, 28–9, 33 Volso, Gnaeus Manlius, 56 Walker Report, 13 wars See conflicts water parting, meaning, 168–9, 180 Westerman, W.L., 55, 56 Western Sahara, 18 Westphalia, Treaty of (1648), 18, 24 words and phrases, interpretation, 178–80, 259 Yalta Declaration 1945, 25 Yemen–Eritrea arbitral agreement (1996), 107, 127, 308 Yugoslavia Genocide case, 305 Saint-Naoum See Monastery of Saint-Naoum territorial disintegration, 18 C a m b r i d g e S t u d i e s i n I n t e r na t i o na l a n d C o m pa r a t i v e L aw Books in the series The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict Roger O’Keefe Interpretation and Revision of International Boundary 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Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law Anthony Anghie Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States Judith Gardam International Legal Argument in the Permanent Court of International Justice The Rise of the International Judiciary Ole Spiermann Great Powers and Outlaw States Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order Gerry Simpson Local Remedies in International Law C F Amerasinghe Reading Humanitarian Intervention Human Rights and the Use of Force in International Law Anne Orford Conflict of Norms in Public International Law How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of Law Joost Pauwelyn Transboundary Damage in International Law Hanqin Xue European Criminal Procedures Edited by Mireille Delmas-Marty and John Spencer The Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International Law Leisbeth Zegveld Sharing Transboundary Resources International Law and Optimal Resource Use Eyal Benvenisti International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law René Provost 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Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe Malcolm D Evans Ethics and Authority in International Law Alfred P Rubin Sovereignty Over Natural Resources Balancing Rights and Duties Nico Schrijver The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law Donald R Rothwell Fragmentation and the International Relations of Micro-States Self-determination and Statehood Jorri Duursma Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations C F Amerasinghe ... Whewell Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law, and Director, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge John S Bell FBA Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University. .. the powers of interpretation and revision of judgments and arbitral awards This decision was prompted by two facts In the first place, the interpretation and revision of decisions of such tribunals... International Boundary Decisions Kaiyan Homi Kaikobad University of Durham CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press