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CONTENTS
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
PART ONE INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, AND REVIEW
1 AN INTRODUCTION TO STONE TOOL LIFE HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
REDUCTION AND REDUCTION SEQUENCES
ARTIFACT RETOUCH AND CURATION
HUMAN ORGANIZATION AND LITHIC RAW MATERIAL SELECTION
DISCUSSION
SUMMARY
2 LITHIC REDUCTION, ITS MEASUREMENT, AND IMPLICATIONS: COMMENTS ON THE VOLUME
ESTABLISHING THE THEORETICAL IMPACT: TECHNOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION AND RETOUCH
TYPOLOGY AND THE REDUCTION THESIS
THE REDUCTION THESIS
ADDRESSING THE REDUCTION THESIS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES CITED
PART TWO PRODUCTION, REDUCTION, AND RETOUCH
3 COMPARING AND SYNTHESIZING UNIFACIAL STONE TOOL REDUCTION INDICES
INTRODUCTION
THE ERP, IR, AND II
EXPERIMENTAL ASSEMBLAGE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSEMBLAGE
ANOTHER LOOK AT THE IR
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
4 EXPLORING RETOUCH ON BIFACES: UNPACKING PRODUCTION, RESHARPENING, AND HAMMER TYPE
INTRODUCTION
THE EXPERIMENT
DEBITAGE PATTERNS WITH BIFACE PRODUCTION AND RESHARPENING
GENERAL BIFACE PATTERNS OF PRODUCTION AND RESHARPENING
RETOUCH INTENSITY
RIDGE COUNT RETOUCH INDEX
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
5 THE CONSTRUCTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: A STUDY OF MOUSTERIAN IMPLEMENT RETOUCHING AT COMBE GRENAL
INTRODUCTION
THE QUESTION OF QUINA SCRAPERS AND REDUCTION
OUR APPROACH TO MEASURING THE EXTENT OF RETOUCHING
THE EXTENT OF RETOUCHING AND IMPLICATIONS FOR REDUCTION
SINGLE SCRAPERS
DOUBLE AND CONVERGENT SCRAPERS
TRANSVERSE SCRAPERS
A RETOUCHING SCHEME FOR LAYER 21
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF MOUSTERIAN VARIABILITY
6 REDUCTION AND RETOUCH AS INDEPENDENT MEASURES OF INTENSITY
INTRODUCTION
MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY
COMPARISONS OF REDUCTION AND RETOUCH
EXAMPLE 1: TECHNOLOGICAL SETTING (PENNSYLVANIA JASPER QUARRY)
EXAMPLE 2: HABITATION LOCUS (EARLY UPPER PALEOLITHIC IN FRENCH PERIGORD)
EXAMPLE 3: SETTLEMENT PATTERN (LATER PREHISTORIC, SOUTHWEST PENNSYLVANIA AND WEST VIRGINIA)
EXAMPLE 4: FORAGER/COLLECTOR (BASED IN PART ON CARR 1994)
CONCLUSIONS
7 PERFORATION WITH STONE TOOLS AND RETOUCH INTENSITY: A NEOLITHIC CASE STUDY
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CURATION INDEX: FORM, FUNCTION, AND CONTEXT
Materials and Methods
Results
MEASURING RETOUCH
RETOUCH AND THE DHRA' EL-KHIAM POINTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
8 EXPLORING THE DART AND ARROW DILEMMA: RETOUCH INDICES AS FUNCTIONAL DETERMINANTS
INTRODUCTION
HAFTED BIFACES ON THE PAJARITO PLATEAU
ANALYSIS
FUNCTION OF LARGE CORNER-NOTCHED POINTS
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
PART THREE NEW PERSPECTIVES ON LITHIC RAW MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY
9 PROJECTILE POINT PROVISIONING STRATEGIES AND HUMAN LAND USE
INTRODUCTION
SITE CONTEXT AND OBSIDIAN SOURCES
HAFTED BIFACES AND IMPACT DAMAGE
RESIDENCE CAMPS AND QUARRY CAMP LOCATIONS
SOURCE DISTANCES AND RETOUCH INTENSITY
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY
10 THE ROLE OF LITHIC RAW MATERIAL AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY IN DETERMINING TOOL KIT SIZE, TOOL FUNCTION, AND DEGREE OF RETOUCH: A CASE STUDY FROM SKINK ROCKSHELTER (46NI445), WEST VIRGINIA
INTRODUCTION
ORGANIZATION OF LITHIC TECHNOLOGY
SKINK ROCKSHELTER BACKGROUND
RESULTS
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
11 RAW MATERIAL AND RETOUCHED FLAKES
INTRODUCTION
CURATION
HOW MUCH FLAKE TOOL RESHARPENING WOULD A LITHIC ANALYST MEASURE, IF A LITHIC ANALYST COULD MEASURE FLAKE TOOL RESHARPENING?
EXPERIMENTS
RESULTS
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
PART FOUR EVOLUTIONARY APPROACHES TO LITHIC TECHNOLOGIES
12 LITHIC TECHNOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION IN AN EVOLUTIONARY FRAMEWORK: EXAMPLES FROM NORTH AMERICA'S PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION
INTRODUCTION
THEORETICAL ISSUES: LITHIC TECHNOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION IN AN EVOLUTIONARY FRAMEWORK
THE NORTHWEST MICROBLADE TRADITION
CHANGE IN RETOUCHED LITHIC TOOLS
COMPLEX HUNTER-GATHERERS OF THE MIDDLE FRASER CANYON
CHANGE IN RETOUCHED LITHIC TOOLS
DISCUSSION
13 CHANGING REDUCTION INTENSITY, SETTLEMENT, AND SUBSISTENCE IN WARDAMAN COUNTRY, NORTHERN AUSTRALIA
INTRODUCTION
THE MANY FORMS OF ARTEFACT REDUCTION
Core Reduction
Flake Production Stages
Retouch Intensity
THE WARDAMAN COUNTRY SITES
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND REDUCTION SEQUENCES IN WARDAMAN COUNTRY
OCCUPATIONAL INTENSITY
REDUCTION INTENSITY
ASSEMBLAGE DIVERSITY
ARTIFACT RECYCLING AND TRANSFORMATION
RAW MATERIAL SELECTION AND TRANSPORT
PROVISIONING AND TECHNOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION IN WARDAMAN COUNTRY
CHANGING WORLD VIEWS AND SYMBOLIC ENGAGEMENT WITH PLACE