Specific objectives - The thesis contributes to systematize and clarify theories on the export of high-tech goods; drawing experience lessons in exporting high-tech products from some c
Trang 1INTRODUCTION
1 Rationale
In recent years, along with the vigorous integration into the world economy and remarkable increase in foreign investment attraction, Vietnam's export structure has witnessed significant changes The proportion of high-tech products in the total export value of goods rose sharply from less than 10% in the period 2000-
2009 to over 35% in 2017 As a result, the share of Vietnam's tech exports in the world has grown noticeably However, Vietnam's export of high-tech products in the past years still has several limitations, such as being heavily dependent on FDI enterprises, focusing on only few items like electricity, electronics, and telecommunication equipment exporting to some major markets is not corresponding to the national potentials and advantages as well as poor diversification of export markets for high-tech products Therefore, analyzing the current situation of Vietnam's high-tech goods export development, based on which appropriate proposals could be recommended for further enhancement, is truly a strategic and meaningful task both theoretical and practically Stemming from the above reasons, the author chooses the thesis topic
high-"Research on high technology exports of Vietnam" with the hope of
contributing to promoting the quality as well as the competitiveness
of Vietnam's high-tech products
2 Research objectives
2.1 General objectives
The thesis presents an analysis of the current situation of Vietnam’s high-tech exports; accordingly, relevant solutions are proposed in order to improve the export quality and foster integration into global value chain to better exploit the national competitiveness
2.2 Specific objectives
- The thesis contributes to systematize and clarify theories on the export of high-tech goods; drawing experience lessons in exporting high-tech products from some countries in the world
- The thesis assesses the current situation of Vietnam's tech export in the period of 2000-2017 and identifies the influential factors affecting the export of Vietnam's high-tech goods
high The thesis proposes the orientation and solutions for developing Vietnam's high-tech export
3 Research object
The objects of the thesis are the theoretical and practical issues about Vietnam's high-tech export
Trang 24 Research scope
In terms of space: The thesis focuses on examining the export
of Vietnam’s high-tech goods compared to that of some ASEAN countries as well as different regions in the world
In terms of time: The project focuses on researching and collecting data related to Vietnam's high-tech export in the period 2000-2017
In terms of content: The thesis focuses on investigating the rationale, current performance and development status of Vietnam's high-tech export in manufactured goods which are products of the second sector of the economy (first sector: raw products; third sector: services) This is also a major section for creating high-tech products
5 Contribution
Firstly, the thesis contributes to systematize and elucidate the theoretical and practical basis for the export of high-tech goods Secondly, with such a sophisticated process of data collection over an 18-year period (2000-2017), the thesis is one of the scientific works with profound and comprehensive research on the export of Vietnam’s high-tech products
Thirdly, the thesis has clarified a number of factors affecting Vietnam's exports of high-tech products, including two new elements, namely intellectual and institutional property rights, which have not been used in previous studies in Vietnam
Fourthly, based on the analysis of the current situation of high-tech exports, the thesis proposes specific solutions to boost the export of Vietnam’s high-tech products up to the year 2025, with orientation to 2030
Trang 3Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF HIGH-TECH EXPORTS
1.1 Overseas studies on high-tech exports
Over the years, there have been many researches related to exporting high-tech goods done overseas such as those by Lucas (1998), Schneider (2005), Balay (2005), Srholec (2007), Ferragina and Pastore (2007), Tebaldi (2011), Kilavuz and Altaytopcu (2012), Xing (2012), Sandu and Ciocanel (2014) Focus research topics often include: types of high-tech goods, characteristics of high-tech exports, the role of high-tech exports towards the economy, process
of promoting high-tech exports of a country or a group of countries, commercial exchange among countries on high-tech goods, the relationship between R&D, innovation and FDI in high-tech exports, factors affecting the export of high-tech goods
1.2 Studies on high-tech exports in Vietnam
In Vietnam, there are a number of different studies on the export of goods in general and that of specific items in particular However, there have not been many research works on high-tech exports in Vietnam so far
1.3 Research gap
First, there are still few researches which clarifies the
development of high-tech exports both in width and depth Besides, there have not been many studies employing the latest and most updated data on the export of high-tech products
Second, one of the factors that has not been studied much in
previous studies is the assessment of the competitiveness of high tech goods
-Third, the factors affecting the export of high-tech goods have
not been clearly defined
Fourth, there have not been many studies on the protection of
intellectual property rights affecting the export of high-tech goods
Fifth, the institutional element, which is also considered to be
an important factor affecting the export of high-tech goods, has not been sharply examined in previous studies
Sixth, it can be said that there have not been many specific
Trang 4and comprehensive studies on the development of Vietnam's hi tech exports
-Chapter 2 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS ON HIGH-TECH
EXPORTS 2.1 Theories on high-tech exports
2.1.1 Related concepts
a Export: Export is the business of goods and services out of the territory of a country and includes organized trading relations both inside and outside the territory for profit purposes, boosting the production of goods, economic restructure, stability and gradual
improvement of the people’s living standards
b High-tech: High-tech can be understood as: the technology integrated from advanced scientific and technological achievements; creation of products with outstanding features, high quality and added value; being capable of forming new manufacturing and service industries; strong impact on the development of many branches, economic, social, defense and security sectors; intensive requirements for costs and highly qualified human resources for research and development
c High-tech products: are new products, with superior quality and features, high scientific content and added value, produced by high technology applications
2.1.2 Role of exports
a Towards the economy
Export is an activity aimed at exploiting the national advantages
Export imposes a strong impact on the economic structure of the whole economy, contributing to economic growth as well as affecting the industry structure making the most effective use of relative and absolute advantages of the country
Export plays an important role in promoting related industries Another important role of export is to increase foreign exchange reserves
Export contributes to addressing employment, improving people's living standards and reducing poverty reduction
Trang 5Export stimulates the innovation of equipment and production technology
Exports help expand and deepen the external relations with other countries in the world
b Towards enterprises
Export is the earliest international business activity with the lowest cost and risk Exporting is the simplest activity in international business Therefore, transactions and risk expenses in case of unstable political, economic, cultural and social environment will be the lowest compared to other activities
2.1.3 Role of high-tech exports
Firstly, the export of high-tech goods plays an important role
in promoting a country's economic growth and development
Secondly, high-tech exports promote the process of economic restructuring
Thirdly, high-tech exports help create jobs and high incomes for both unskilled and educated workers at manufacturing enterprises
Fourthly, the export of high-tech products contributes to the expansion and promotion of external economic relations while enhancing the country's economic position on the international stage Fifth, high-tech exports contribute to improving the national management mechanism and economic policies in line with international laws and practices
2.1.4 Types of high-tech products
The above-mentioned high-tech goods include 18 products, namely electrical, electronic, telecommunication items, medical instruments, cameras …
2.1.5 Theories on exports
It can be seen that international trade driven by the exploitation
of absolute, comparative and competitive advantages as well as the business environment of the countries results in the trading activities
to promote the advantages of each nation
Trang 6- Developing countries are catching up with developed ones in the export of high-tech goods
- The comparative advantage of high-tech products in developing countries has increased relatively rapidly in recent years
- Export of high-tech goods in developing countries are under great influence of multinational corporations through FDI
2.1.7 Research content on high-tech exports
2.1.7.1 Size and growth rate of exports
In this part, the thesis examines the trade balance for high-tech goods to see whether there is a trade surplus or deficit of high-tech goods
in Vietnam
2.1.7.2 Export market expansion
The goal of expanding the relations for high-tech exports is to diversify export markets; consolidating and fostering the market share of Vietnamese goods in traditional markets; create a breakthrough to expand new potential export markets
2.1.7.3 Exports restructure
Restructuring the export structure of high-tech goods is also of great importance which reveals the change in the relevant manufacturing industry
2.1.7.4 Competitiveness in high-tech exports
Improving product competitiveness is one of the crucial factors
in order to expand the export market and increase the scale for tech goods
high-2.1.8 Factors affecting high-tech exports
* Size of the exporting country’s economy
* Size of the importing country's economy
* Available resources in the field of science and technology
* Investment in research and development (R&D)
* Inflation
* Infrastructure for export activities
* Export incentive/ management policy
* Distance between two countries
* The openness of the exporting country’s economy
* International and regional economic links
Trang 7* Foreign direct investment
2.2 Practical basis of high-tech exports
2.2.1 Experience Lessons of high-tech exports from some countries in the world
2.2.1.1 Lesson by Japan
2.2.1.2 Lesson by China
2.2.1.3 Lesson by South Korea
2.2.2 Lessons drawn for Vietnam’s high-tech exports
Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLODY 3.1 Research questions
1 What are the main contents of research on high-tech exports?
2 How was Vietnam's high-tech exports in the past time? Specifically: What were the outstanding features of Vietnam's high-tech exports in the 2000-2017 period? What were the major constraints of Vietnam's high-tech exports?
3 What factors affect the export of Vietnam's high-tech goods?
4 What are the key solutions to promote the development of Vietnam's high-tech exports?
3.2 Research Method
3.2.1 Research approach and Analytical framework
3.2.1.1 Research approach
a Systematic approach: This approach is used in assessing
internal and external factors that have an impact on Vietnam's tech exports
high-b Interdisciplinary approach: Based on the limitations and
weaknesses in the inter-sectoral linkages, appropriate solutions are proposed
c Typical Case study (direct study of specific products)
With the research content focusing on some of Vietnam's major high-tech products, the corresponding approach of the thesis is the typical case study (on some high-value export products)
3.2.1.2 Analytical framework
Trang 8a Analytical framework
b Research model analytical framework
As shown in Figure 3.1, factors affecting international trade flows are divided into three main categories, namely: factors affecting supply, factors affecting demand, and attracting/ hindering factors… Factors affecting supply are those that represent the production capacity of the exporting country such as GDP and population
Figure 3.1: Gravity model in International trade
Push
Border of exporting country
Border of importing
Exporting country
Importing country
Capacity of
exporting
country
Export promotion/
management policy
Distance between 2 countries
Export promotion/
management policy
Purchasing power of importing country
Factors affecting
supply
Attracting/ Hindering factors
Factors affecting demand
Factors affecting international trade flows
Vietnam’s tech exports
high-Size and speed of export
Factors affecting product demand
Favorable and Unfavorable Factors affecting export
Solutions for fostering Vietnam’s export of high-tech goods Policies on high-tech
export developments
Trang 9Source: Đào Ngọc Tiến (2009)
Based on the literature review on previous research models combined with theoretical analysis of the factors affecting high-tech exports as well as the actual conditions of our country, the thesis formulates an analytical framework examining factors affecting Vietnam's high-tech exports Details are shown in Figure 3.2 below:
Figure 3.2: Analytical framework of factors affecting Vietnam’s high-tech exports
Source: Author’s synthesis
: Direct impact
: Indirect impact
3.2.2 Data Collection Method
The thesis collects secondary data to obtain assessments on the status of Vietnam's high-tech exports Data were collected from various sources such as General Statistics Office, General Department of Customs, World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations …
3.2.3 Data synthesis method:
3.2.3.1 Tables, statistical graphs
3.2.3.2 Statistical classification
3.2.4 Data analysis method
3.2.4.1 Descriptive statistics
Trang 103.2.4.2 Comparative statistical
3.2.4.3 Augmented gravity model
3.2.4.4 Analysis of constant market share
3.3 Research criteria
Indicators reflecting the market share of exports and imports Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index
Regional Orientation Index (ROI)
Trade Intensity Index (TII)
Chapter 4 CURRENT SITUATION OF VIETNAM’S
HIGH-TECH EXPORTS
4.1 Situation of Vietnam’s exports
4.1.1 International economic integration process of Vietnam
Vietnam's economic relations with other countries and international organizations have been increasingly expanded and developed So far, Vietnam has established diplomatic relations with
185 countries and territories, promoting trade and investment relations with 224 markets on all continents
4.1.2 Size and growth of merchandise exports
Trang 11-20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000
Xuất khẩu (tr US$) Nhập khẩu (tr US$) Cán cân TM (Trục phải)
Figure 4.1 Trade in goods of Vietnam during 1990-2017 period
Source: World Bank, General Department of Customs and author’s caculations, 2018
-Mỹ La tinh
và Caribe Trung Á và Bắc Phi Bắc Mỹ Nam Á Châu Phi
Hạ Sahara
Figure 4.2 Export value of Vietnam to other regions in the world
during 2000-2017 period
Source: World Bank, 2019
Exports (mi USD) Imports (mi USD) Trade balance (right axis)
South Asia
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Trang 12The process of international economic integration, multilateralization and promotion of comparative advantages have gained Vietnam trade relations with 224 countries and territories in all continents worldwide Total export value to East Asia and the Pacific reached over USD 100 billion in 2017, accounting for nearly 47% of Vietnam's total exports Next come North American countries with 21% of total exports in 2017
Table 4.4 Vietnam’s export turnover of goods by foreign trade
standards SITC during 2000-2017 period
Unit: million USD
Goods categorized by SITC 2000 2005 2010 2011 2013 2015 2017 TTTT
BQ (%) Total export value 14482,7 32447,1 72236,7 96905,7 132032,9 162016,7 214019,1 17,17
1 Raw or semi-processed
products 8078,8 16100,7 25187,5 33736,7 33782,6 30299,3 34967,6 9,00
- Food & live animals 3779,5 6345,7 13432,5 17442,9 18561,2 20339,5 25036,7 11,76
- Beverages & Cigarettes 18,8 150,0 301,3 358,0 538,1 568,4 473,2 20,89
- Raw materials not for
eating, except for fuels 384,0 1229,1 3373,8 4716,1 4742,3 4108,2 5178,0 16,54
- Fuels, lubricants and related
materials 3824,7 8358,0 7979,7 11007,8 9685,2 4995,8 4119,6 0,44
- Oil, fats, animal & plant waxes 71,8 17,9 100,2 211,9 255,8 287,4 160,1 4,83
2 Processed or refined products 6397,5 16341,0 47012,5 63106,1 98172,4 131710,7 179043,2 21,65
- Chemicals and related products 158,5 536,0 1881,9 2875,7 3831,6 4098,3 4478,3 21,72
- Processed goods classified
by raw materials 911,1 2165,4 8485,6 10874,6 13844,2 17057,5 22191,3 20,66
- Machines, vehicles and
other spare parts 1276,0 3145,1 11476,1 18834,9 43027,1 60563,8 89465,9 28,40
- Processed goods 4051,9 10494,5 25168,9 30520,9 37469,5 49991,1 62907,7 17,51
Source: General Statistics Office, 2019
4.1.4 Structure of exporting products
In terms of exporting products, there has been a dramatic change in the structure of Vietnam's exports in the past two decades, in which raw or preliminary processed goods have sharply decreased from the proportion of 55.8% of total export turnover in 2000 to 16.3% in 2017