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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - HOANG THI KIEU OANH Major : Physical Geography Code : 44 02 17 ASSESSMENT TOURISM RESOURCES AND BIOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR DEVELOPING TOURISM IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM SUMMARY OF GEOGRAPHY DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Hanoi - 2019 The dissertation has been completed at: Graduate University Science and Technology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Science advisor 1: Prof Sc Dr Nguyen Khanh Van Science advisor 2: Assoc Prof.Dr Dang Van Phan Reviewer 1: ……………………………… Reviewer 2: ……………………………… Reviewer 3: ……………………………… The thesis will be defended in Doctoral Committee, organized at: - Location: Graduate University Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology - Time: The dissertation can be found at: - Library of Graduate University Science and Technology - National Library of Vietnam INTRODUCTION The relevance of the topic The future strategy of Vietnam tourism development predition for 2020 and upto 2030 defines tourism to become spearhead economic sector with the higher percentage of GDP and create dynamics for social – economy The potential of tourism resources of Southern Vietnam is very high Its geographical position is located in the southern key economic region - the driving force of economic development of the country, on the important international route The Southern Vietnam has 3/10 national tourist cities, including 338 national monuments with 13 special national monuments, and one world intangible cultural heritage In particular, the Southern Vietnam has a lot of ecosystems with high biodiversity; World Biosphere Reserves, 6/9 Ramsa World Zones, National Parks, Biosphere Protected Areas; nature reserves, species conservation zones There are also long and beautiful beaches, systems of islands on the East and West sides The climate regime of the Southern Vietnam is favorable for tourism all year round The annual temperature amplitude is not too different, rainfall does not last long, there are very few natural disasters and floods It has a huge network of rivers, streams, canals with raft houses, floating markets on the river, large lakes, waterfalls (Da Han, Mo), Binh Chau hot springs, high mountain terrain In fact, the effectiveness of Southern Vietnam tourism is not commensurate with its potential The tourism between South-East and South-West Region are not evenly developed Tourism is mostly concentrated in a number of tourist centers such as Ho Chi Minh City, Can Tho and Vung Tau with lack of regional connectivity and uneven distribution in quantity and quality Tourism products lack specificity and originality, especially in South-West Region The infrastructure is not synchronous, some projects have not been able to promote the efficiency or abandoned At present, there are no topics to study in detail about the role of Bioclimatic Condition to development of regional tourism It is necessary to have further studies, focusing on orientation, determining the key types of tourism of the Southern Vietnam with high potential to bring higher efficiency for tourism development in the coming time, to meet the actual social needs Four types of tourism selected for evaluation in the dissertation are outstanding types such as sightseeing tourism, relaxation tourism, ecotourism and cultural tourism For the above reasons, the PhD student has decided to select the topic "Assessment tourism resources and bioclimate conditions to developing tourism in the Southern Vietnam" for her doctoral dissertation Hopefully, this dissertation can give the future orientation to develop types of tourism in Southern Vietnam effectively Besides it is also a geographical instruction for tourists to participate in sightseeing, relaxation, Ecotourism and culture tourism in the Southern Vietnam Objectives of dissertation The aim of this dissertation was to clarify the rationales for the research and evaluation of tourism resources, bioclimatic conditions for developing tourism in Southern Vietnam, and propose the orientation of developing tourism types in Southern Vietnam on the basis of evaluating tourism resources and bioclimatic conditions Research tasks of dissertation - Collecting, analyzing and systematizing documents and materials on the characteristics of tourism resources and bioclimatic conditions of the research territory - Overview of research and evaluation issues of tourism resources and bioclimatic conditions for the purpose of tourism development in the world, in Vietnam and in the Southern Vietnam - Establishing rationales, research and evaluation methods of tourism resources, bioclimatic conditions for tourism development - Zoning physical geographic regions in Southern Vietnam and establishing zoning map with scale of 1: 250,000; classifying tourism bioclimate of Southern Vietnam and establishing bioclimate classification map with scale of 1: 250,000; installing evaluation criteria and specification for the advantages of tourism resources and bioclimatic conditions for developing potential tourism types of Southern Vietnam - Evaluating and synthesizing tourism resources and bioclimatic conditions for tourism development in every regions and proposing orientation for developing tourism types in the Southern Vietnam in every regions CHAPTER RATIONALES, METHODS FOR EVALUATING TOURISM RESOURCES AND BIOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT 1.1 Overview of relevant scientific researches 1.1.1 Relevant researches on over the world In the past decades, many research directions for developing tourism have been established, in which assessing territorial resources for tourism development is mentioned with many approaches such as works of Demoders, I.A Vedenhin and N.N Misonharrenco (1969), I.I Piriicic (1985), A.G Ixatsenko Today, tourism activities have been standardized, managed closely and monitored with conservation, especially in developed countries, which is published by Hu and Rit Chie.J (1993), Daniel Leung and others (2013) , Jianwei Quian et al (2019), C Lim and J.C.H Min (2008), R.Sharley and Telfer (2002) The history of bioclimatel research has existed for a long time Many climate studies are the basis for the development of bioclimate researchs such as W Koppen (Germany), Buduco, Alixop, Yeu Am Sinh, de Freitas et al , Asgary et al Climate is the key to forming many different tourism resources, thereby assessing the role of climate for each specific tourism resource (Becken (2013), Scott & Lemieux (2009) and Gomez Martin (2005), Hamilton and Lau (2005), C Goh (2012), D Maddison (2001), Hadwen et al (2011)) Currently, many general climate parameters are established in applied bioclimate such as DI, ET, EI, and HIS, SET, PET, or CIT, TCI found by Mieczkowski (1985) The TCI index has been developed and applied in many studies in different territories such as: Amelung and Moreno, Ghislain Dubois Many researchers also combined other climate indexes with TCI, TCI and THI for assessing HCI TCI index has developed into various new concepts such as UTCI, TTCI, CIT, MCIT In the last 10 years, more and more specific and detailed studies on applied bioclimate were published, in which the general trend is the assessments of human adaption with the increasingly negative changes of the current climate (John Wash , Jacqueline M Hamilton, Francesco Musco) 1.1.2 Relevant researches in Vietnam Most of research and evaluation works are based on the background of landscape with the works on physical geographic zoning, studies on landscape assessment and general assessment of natural conditions and physical resources which is typically reported by Nguyen Duc Chinh - Vu Tu Lap, Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thuong Hung, Nguyen Ngoc Khanh, Nguyen Van Nhung, Nguyen Van Vinh, Pham Trung Luong, Dang Duy Loi, etc Few researchers focused studying on tourism bioclimate for developing tourism, such as Vu Boi Kiem, Tran Viet Lien, Nguyen Minh Tue, Nguyen Tham and Nguyen Hoang Son, Nguyen Khanh Van Many doctoral dissertations were also followed this direction such as Nguyen Thu Nhung, Nguyen Dang Tien, Nguyen Huu Xuan Through these studies, climate resources for tourism development are analyzed in different directions In many studies, these authors also used bioclimatic condition map to help tourists choose the best time and regions for tourism In Southern Vietnam, many planning projects, conferences and seminars for tourism have been conducted to promote tourism development in this region It is an important step of socio-economic development orientations in order to link tourism development among Southern provinces (Nguyen Minh Tue; Vu Tuan Canh and others; Bui Thi Hai Yen, etc.) Besides, there are many researches on tourism of each locality in the South, each work is the experience of culture, ethnicity, bringing diverse perspectives on tourism potentials of specific localities There have been a number of researches on bioclimatic conditions for tourism in Southern Vietnam However, they are still limited and coherent, not classified and established a map of the tourism bioclimate In this serie, some works can be listed such as Dang Van Phan, To Hoang Kia, Nguyen Khanh Van and others 1.2 General rationales of dissertation 1.2.1 The concepts of tourism According to the Vietnam Tourism Law in 2017: “Tourism is an activity related to human outside of his regular residence with the time under year in order to meet the needs of sightseeing, study, entertainment, and relaxation in certain time period or other purpose’’ “Tourism resources are Tourism resources are natural landscapes, natural elements, cultural and historical relics, human creative works and other human values can be used to to meet the demand for tourism, is a basic element to form tourism zones, tourism spots, tourism routes, tourism towns Tourism resources include nature resources and cultural resources” Tourism territorial organizations include tourism destinations, tourist area, tourism route, tourism centre 1.2.2 Tourism resource – condition for tourism development According to the Vietnam Tourism Law in 2017: "Natural tourism resources include elements of geology, topography, geomorphology, climate, hydrology, ecosystems, natural landscapes that can be used for tourism purpose” "Humanities tourism resources include cultural traditions, folk cultural and artistic elements, historical, revolutionary, archeological, architectural, and creative labor works of people and other physical and intangible cultural heritage can be used for tourism purposes” 1.2.3 Climatic conditions and bioclimatic resources According to the Agriculture Encyclopedia “Bioclimate which is a interdisciplinary science between Climate and Ecology studies the effects of climate on living organisms” In a certain environment, bioclimatic conditions which are one of an ecological condition affecting all organisms (flora and fauna, microorganisms, humans) include typical signs of weather such as radiation, temperature, precipitation, humidity, etc These conditions are used for the human purposes called bioclimatic resources The research on human health for tourism purposes is the study of climate and weather conditions impacting on human health, tourism organization, tourism activities This research needs to point out the favorable and unfavorable periods of bio-climate conditions for human health, for each kind of tourism in certain region 1.3 Research viewpoints and methods 1.3.1 Research viewpoints The following research points are used in this dissertation: System points; General points; Historical – Perspective points 1.3.2 Research mothods 1.3.2.1 System of general research methods: The following popular methods are used in this dissertation: Methods of data collection, analysis and processing; Field practical methods; Map and GIS methods; Professional solution 1.3.2.2 Rationale of physical geographic zoning Inheriting the results of local and world researchers about geographic zoning, studies of the natural characteristics of the Southern Vietnam, the PhD student has selected principles of zoning of physical geography in the Southern Vietnam as followed: objective; incurred; systemized; relative homogeneity and same territory The choice of zoning of physical geography in Southern Vietnam includes following methods: zoning according to the key factor; linkage analysis of constituent components; comparative geography, in addition there are many other methods such as map, field practie, ancient geography, geophysics, geochemistry, mathematics Based on the differentiation characteristics of the physical geography in Southern Vietnam, PhD student has selected to inherit the results of physical geography zoning by research group Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thuong Hung, Nguyen Ngoc Khanh (1997) with the 3-level system: Zone  Region  Area for zoning of physical geography in Southern Vietnam 1.3.2.3 Methods for assessing resources and bioclimatic conditions a Rationale for evaluating the systhemizing of resources According to work of Pham Trung Luong: “Assessing natural conditions and natural resources for tourism are used to determine the level of convenience(good, medium, poor) of natural conditions and natural resources for the whole tourism activities in general or for each tourism types, each specific activities in service of tourism in particular” Step Establishment of Evaluationt Scale: selecting evaluation criteria, determining grades, targets, scores for each rank and coefficient of each criterion Step Evaluating Process: In the topic, the PhD student uses the average score to evaluate the results ∑ Step 3: Result Evaluation (CT1) In which: X: average score/ ki: coefficient of i criterion/ Xi: criteria: evaluation score of i criterion / i: evaluation criteria, i = 1,2,3 n Based on the average score to classify the rating levels from RTL to ITL Levels are determined by the formula (CT2) CT2: (CT2) m: ratting number (m=4) In which: Level 1: Xmin ≤ X1