THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
1 INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing the topic of the thesis The ideological work in the VPA is one component of the IW of the Communist Party of Vietnam In the war against the US Army, IW was a basic aspect of operation, keeping the leading position of the Red Cross and IW in the army; a vital field to build spiritual and political power, to ensure that the VPA is constantly growing and maturing, deserving to be a key force in the people's war, defeating all enemies and invaders The events in the years 1960 - 1968 show that, with the wild ambition and the foxy tactics, the US empire has gradually pushed the war of invading Vietnam to the highest ladder of ordinary war, with the harshest and most brutal methods of war Simultaneously, the world situation was complicated, especially the disagreements and contradictions in the socialist system and the international communist movement In this context, absolute and direct leadership of the Party to the military is essential; ideology must be built as a foundation and a decisive step to improve mental strength, as a basis for raising the comprehensive strength of the army Deeply absorbed with the thought of "Nothing more precious than independence, freedom", "Defeat the US invaders, no matter what", under the light of the Party's line, the Military Party Committee has created and actively implemented IW broadly, continuously, strongly in terms of content, form, method and force of participation On that basis, the IW has built, strengthened and kept the solid belief of the entire army in the leadership of the Party, the determination to fight the US, save the country, liberate the South, protect the North, and unify the country home; consolidating, fostering and promoting the good nature and tradition of "Uncle Ho's Soldier", so that the VPA is always strong in politics and ideology, becoming a strong fortress of the ideology of the Party, the State and the people People, from then on along with the whole Party, the whole people defeated the US "special war" and "local war" strategy However, besides the basic successes, the process of uncertainty leading to the practice of interactive training in this period could not avoid the limitations and shortcomings, leading to the effectiveness of interactive communication sometimes not high The reality of the process of leadership of IW of MPC in the years 1960 - 1968 is very rich and diverse, leaving a lot of valuable experiences, which need to be studied and summarized so as to fully inherit and make use of in the current period Presently, the situation in the world, region and at home is increasingly complicated and unpredictable The hostile forces are using the strategy of "peaceful evolution" with many sophisticated tactics; including making "politicization of the army" considered a top priority The comprehensive renovation of the country, promoting industrialization and modernization requires high consensus in the whole Party, the army, and the people Simultaneously, in order to meet the requirements of the future war with high-tech weapons is mainly and the direction to build the VPA revolutionary, formal, elite, modern step then the role of IW in the military becoming more and more important Therefore, it is of great practical and theoretical significance to make research and summarize the process of specialization of leadership in intellectual property management in the 1960s and 1968s to draw lessons for the present period From that importance, it has been more than forty years since the end of the resistance war against the US and the country, there have been a lot of studies on IW in general and IW of MPC in particular approaching by different levels and scopes However, there has not been any thorough and systematic research on the process of MPC’s leadership on IW from 1960 to 1968, under the perspective History of Communist Party of Vietnam From the aforementioned reasons, the author decided to choose the topic entitled "The Military Party Committee’s leadership on ideological work from 1960 to 1968" as a doctoral thesis of History, majoring in History of the Communist Party of Vietnam Purposes and tasks of the research Purposes Clarifying the process of MPC’s leadership of IW from 1960 to 1968, accordingly drawing the lessons for leading IW in the army presently Tasks Giving an overview on the thesis-related research situation Clarifying the factors affecting MPC’s leadership of IW (1960 - 1968) Systematically presenting and analysing the policy and direction of MPC’s leadership of IW from 1960 to 1968 Assessing the achievements and limitations of MPC’s leadership of IW (1960 - 1968) Drawing main lessons from the process of MPC’s leadership of IW (1960 - 1968) Object and scope of the research Object: MPC’s leadership of IW from 1960 to 1968 Scope In terms of content: IW in the military has a very wide range The thesis focuses on researching the MPC’s leadership of IW from 1960 to 1968 and the direction of the MPC on basic tasks: (1) Political education; (2) Propaganda, promotion, emulation; (3) Culture and arts; (4) Press, publishing In terms of time: The thesis chooses the timeline from July 1960 (the time when the MPC conducted the First Party Congress, set out guidelines and directions for leadership of all aspects of the army responded, meeting the requirements of the anti-American resistance war for national salvation in the 1960-1965 period, including IW) The end is in December 1968 (when Vietnamese people defeated the US "partial war" strategy) However, to ensure the systematic and more complete comparison, the thesis mentions some contents related to IW in the military before and after that time In terms of space: In Vietnam territory Theoretical, practical basis and methodology Theoretical basis: The dissertation bases on the viewpoint of Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's thoughts, the policy of the Communist Party of Vietnam on IW in general and IW in the military in particular Practical basis: The dissertation bases on the actual operation situation of the MPC’s leadership of IW; summary reports of the MPC and units in the whole army on IW from 1960 to 1968 Methodology: The dissertation uses the methodology of specialized and interdisciplinary theories, mainly historical and logical methods Other methods are used such as analysis and synthesis; history and logic; generalization and abstraction; sociological investigation methods, etc to fulfil the purposes of the study New conclusions of the thesis The thesis provides a number of new documents and systematizes documents about the process of leadership of IW from 1960 to 1968 The thesis contributes to the systematic analysis, clarifying the guidelines and the direction of the MPC on IW from 1960 to 1968 The thesis’s findings can be used as references and application for leading IW in the army at present Practical and theoretical significance of the thesis Theoretical significance The thesis contributes to summarizing the MPC’s leadership activities of IW from 1960 to 1968 The thesis helps to affirm the leading role of the Party, directly is the MPC in the war against the US Army The thesis’s findings contribute to the foundation of the Party's leadership in general and the MPC’s leadership of IW in particular in the current period Practical significance The thesis can be considered as references for researching and teaching about the resistance war against the US Army, academies, and schools, research agencies inside and outside the army Structure of the thesis The thesis includes: Introduction, chapters with 10 periods, Conclusions, list of scientific works of the author related to the dissertation, list of references and Appendices Chapter OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS-RELATED RESEARCH SITUATION 1.1 Literature review related to the thesis 1.1.1 Works of foreign authors 1.1.1.1 Group of research works on ideological work of the Communist Party in some countries Ideological activity of the Soviet Communist Party by X.I.Xunitrenco (1982); Ideological work of the current Lao People's Revolutionary Party by Xacavav Xuythepphimmason (2003); Work of ideological propaganda in the new period by Central Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China (2005) These works have affirmed the position and the main role of IW in the revolutionary cause of the Communist Party (Soviet Union, China, Lao) 1.1.1.2 Group of works on ideological work in the military in some countries led by the Communist Party Summary of history of party work, political work in the Soviet armed forces from 1918 - 1973 by A.A.Episep (1974); Some issues of party work, political work in the Soviet armed forces by A.A.Episép (1978); V.I.Lenin The Communist Party of the Soviet Union discusses party and political work in the armed forces by V Mikhailop (1979); Building spiritual civilization with the Chinese Army by the Centre Science, Technology and Environment, Ministry of Defense (1998), Enhancing the political spirit of the contingent of cadres at the National Defense Academy of Cayxon Phnom Penh of the Lao People's Army today by Khamphong Saynhaphon (2006); Promoting the quality of political education in the current Lao People's Army regiments by Thimsao Doongchampa (2014) These above works have shown the role of IW in the construction and fighting of the army; indicating the concept, components, purpose, content, form, and method of conducting IW in the army 1.1.2 Works of domestic authors 1.1.2.1 Group of works on ideological work of the Communist Party of Vietnam Summary of the war against the US Army, victory and lessons learned by Steering Committee of War Review, under the Politburo (1995), Contributing to innovating theoretical - ideological work by Tran Trong Tan (1995); Some issues on ideological work by Dao Duy Tung (1999); Seventy years of ideological and cultural work of the glorious traditional Party and great responsibility by Huu Tho (2000); Ho Chi Minh on cultural ideological work by Huu Tho (2000); Outline of Communist Party's ideological work 1930-2000 by Central Committee for Ideas and Culture (2001); Ideological work in the resistance against the US: Success and experience by Phung Thi Hien (2004); Party leading propaganda and political propaganda in the North (1960 - 1975) by Phung Thi Hien (2008); 80-year history of the Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1930-2010) by Central Propaganda Department (2010); Thoughtwork by Dao Duy Quat (2010); the Party led the ideological task in the resistance war against the French colonialists 1945 - 1954 by La Quy Do (2013); The work of ideology and the issue of training cadres in the work of ideology by Tran Thi Anh Dao (2014) These above works have confirmed the position and the major role of IW in building the Party; providing concepts, forms, measures and experiences of the Party’s leadership of IW 1.1.2.2 Group of works related to ideological work in the Vietnam People's Army Summary of party work, political work in the war against the US Army, 1954 - 1975 by the Vietnam People's Army, General Department of Politics (1990); History of party work, the political work of the campaign in the war against the French and the US against 1945 - 1975 by the Vietnam People's Army, the General Department of Politics, the Vietnam Military History Institute (1998); History of party work, political work in the Vietnam People's Army (1944 - 2000) by Vietnam People's Army, General Department of Politics (2002); History of the General Department of Politics of Vietnam People's Army, vol I (1944 - 1975) by Vietnam People's Army, General Department of Politics (2004); Building the Vietnam People's Army on politics a number of theoretical and practical issues by Le Van Dung (2004); the Communist Party of Vietnam’s leadership on the construction of the Vietnam People's Army politically during the resistance war against the French invaders by Nguyen Hoang Nhien (2006); History of ideological and cultural work in the Vietnam People's Army (1944 2004) by General Department of Politics, Department of Ideology and Culture (2006); History of the Party Committee of the Vietnam People's Army, vol 2, (1955 - 1975) by Party Committee of the Vietnam People's Army (2010); History of Propaganda Department (1946 - 2014) by General Department of Politics of Vietnam People's Army, Department of Propaganda (2014); The ideological-cultural work in building the Army on politics; General Department of Politics of the Vietnam People's Army by Dinh Xuan Dung (2016); Document on improving the quality of ideological work in the Vietnam People's Army today by Propaganda Department (2018) These above mentioned works have affirmed the position and role of IW in the political military; providing the concepts, forms and measures to conduct IW; reflected the viewpoints, policies and direction of the MPC’s IW on the resistance against the US and the country; identifying a number of urgent issues about IW in the military at present 1.2 An overview of results of published works and the issues need further addressing in this thesis 1.2.1 An overview of results of published works In terms of materials: The works on IW are quite diverse regarding documents, exploited and approached under many different perspectives and scopes In terms of approaching way: The works at home and abroad are dealt with in many different ways such as politics, military, psychology, and using several methods 6 In terms of content: First, the works at home and abroad have affirmed the role of IW, components, purposes, contents, forms and methods of conducting IW of the Communist Party and the Communist Party in the army; Second, the works at home have confirmed the position and role of IW in building the Party and the Vietnam People's Army on politics; Third, these works have mentioned the requirements of conducting IW, the reality of IW through the phases of the resistance war, providing the guidelines and direction for implementation; Fourth, they have reflected the achievements and shortcomings, indicating the causes and drawing some lessons; Fifth, these works have discussed issues of IW; Sixth, they have interpreted the urgent issues of IW in the military at present 1.2.2 The issues need further addressing in this thesis First, the factors affecting the MPC’s leadership of IW from 1960 to 1968; Second, the policy and direction of the MPC’s leadership of IW from 1960 to 1968; Third, the achievements and shortcomings of the process of the MPC’s leadership of IW (1960 - 1968); Fourth, the lessons from the process of the MPC’s leadership of IW (1960 - 1968) With a rich number of works, approached under different angles of research and works, the works have initially explained the theoretical and practical issues of the Party's IW in general, and IW in the military in particular in Vietnam and some countries in the world Through an overview of the research works, it helped the graduate students realize that "The Military Party Committee’s leadership on ideological work from 1960 to 1968" is an independent topic that does not overlap with published works, with profound theoretical and practical significance Conclusion of chapter Ideological work is a broad and vital field in the whole leadership activities of the Party, a topic which attracts the attention of several scientists at home and abroad With a variety of works, approached from different perspectives and scopes, the works have interpreted the theoretical and practical issues of the Party's IW in general, and IW in the military in particular in Vietnam and some other countries in the world The overview of these works proves that "The Military Party Committee’s leadership on ideological work from 1960 to 1968" is an independent topic that does not overlap with any published works with thorough theoretical and practical significance Chapter THE MILITARY PARTY COMMITTEE’S POLICY AND DIRECTION ON IDEOLOGICAL WORK (1960 - 1965) 2.1 Factors affecting the Military Party Committee’s leadership on ideological work (1960 - 1965) 2.1.1 Position, role and method of conducting ideological work inthe Vietnam People's Army Ideological work in the VPA is one component of IW of the Communist Party of Vietnam, one of the basic activities of the Red Cross, CPT in the VPA, including overall propaganda, improvement, development and private struggle 7 The idea is to establish the ideology of the Communist Party of Vietnam in the military, to make the Marxist - Leninist world view, Ho Chi Minh's ideology, morality, guidelines and policies of the Party and the State; contributing to the formation of the officers’ personality, building a strong political, ideological and organizational army, successfully fulfil every task assigned Position and role: First, directly spreading Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh ideology, the Party lines and views, promoting awareness, forming the will, revolutionary sentiments, building up the political and spiritual qualities the decisive factors for the fighting power of the revolutionary army Second, IW directly keeping and promoting the Party's leadership in the military, contributing to the construction of a strong political, ideological and organizational basis Third, IW plays an important role in meeting the spiritual and cultural needs of the army Fourth, the IW summarizes the reality of the ideological situation in the army, contributing to perfecting and developing the Party's theoretical work Fifth, IW contributes to fighting against wrong views and ideas, protecting the Party's ideological foundation Ways of implementing: Firstly, political education; Secondly, propaganda, promotion, emulation; thirdly, culture and arts; fourthly, press, publishing 2.1.2 The situation at home and abroad the 1960 - 1965 period Situation in the world: From 1960 to 1965, besides the achievements, the world situation had many complicated fluctuations, especially the disorder between socialist countries, including the conflict between the Soviet Union and China - those countries that have a direct impact on the Vietnam revolution In addition, the urgency of modern revisionism has put the communist movement and international workers at risk of deep division, negatively impacting the revolutionary struggle of people all over the world Situation in our country: From the beginning of 1961, before the strong development of the Vietnam revolution, the US President G Kennedy decided to implement "special war" Facing the new situation, ideological issues about the country's great mission, building socialism as well as the struggle to unify the country have been urgently required, requiring IW to address 2.1.3 Situation of ideological work in the army before 1960 and the army’s task in the new period From 1955 to 1960, under the MPC’s leadership, the ideological level of the soldiers, especially cadres, was improved Yet, under the requirements of revolutionary tasks, the training program in the army still has some limitations and shortcomings, including: Low awareness of revolutionary transformation; wrong consciousness hindering the overall progress of the army and each person; the determination to progress and to build the army remains low The army’s task in the new period Firstly, building the armed forces, consolidating national defense in the North Secondly, building a strong concentrated armed force in the South Thirdly, helping the Lao revolution Fourthly, strengthening the Party's military directing apparatus Ensuring the unified centralized the Party’s leadership for the people's armed forces 2.1.4 The Party’s guidelines on ideological work (1960 - 1965) The third Congress of the Party (9/ 1960) issued a comprehensive policy on the socialist revolution in the field of ideology, which emphasized: Fostering proletarian ideology on an educational basis of Marxism - Leninism, against the influence of bourgeois thought and ideology continue to eradicate the remnants of feudal and non-proletarian thoughts Concretizing the Resolution of the third Congress, the Resolution of the ninth Conference Regarding the world situation and the Party’s international missions (December 1963), the motto of ideological struggle is: fighting against anti-influence of revisionism and overcoming right-wing ideology, preventing and overcoming the manifestations of dogmatism, partisans and rightist "left" mistakes; criticize the wrong views of modern revisionism related to the Vietnam and the world revolution Next, the Politburo's Resolution No 95-NQ / TW of February 4, 1964, on the work of ideological work in 1964, which emphasize: Try to help all cadres, party members and people to master the principles of Marxism - Leninism and comprehend the characteristics of our country's revolution; consolidating the class stance, strongly promoting the radical revolutionary spirit; strongly criticizing and overcoming rightist ideas and effects of revisionism; creating a lively and revolutionary spirit among the people 2.2 The Military Party Committee’s policy on ideological work (1960 - 1965) 2.2.1 Direction The first Military Delegation Congress (7-1960) indicated the direction of IW in the army as follows: Continue to make the army grasp the revolutionary path of the Communist Party is socialist and fight for the unity of the country; distinguishing the two different ways: proletariat and bourgeois; thoroughly understand the motto of fighting readiness, raising awareness of revolutionary vigilance; keeping and strengthening the regime Party leading the army Concretizing the spirit of the First National Assembly Delegation, Resolution No 30 / QU-TW of February 2, 1961 of the QUTW Situation and military duties, major undertakings of the 5-year military plan (1961 - 1965) and Resolution No 43 / QU-TW of April 29, 1964 of QUTW Adjusting the 5year plan from 1961 to 1965, the direction and mission of the military work in 1964 - 1965 had concretized, adjusted, and supplemented the orientations of IW the years to come 2.2.2 Objectives First, from enlightening national democratic education to socialist ideology in order to continuously improve the absolute leadership of the Party, promoting the level of socialist enlightenment and the ideals of the communism for the army Second, trying to make the whole army thoroughly grasp the Party’s general tasks of and the military mission, especially the way of fulfilling two strategic tasks at the same time in the two regions Third, continuing enhancing political stance, making the army’s ideology consistent and stable, meeting the military requirements and missions in the new situation, ready to fight and complete the tasks assigned by the Party Fourth, forming the determination to defeat the American invasion 2.2.3 Requirements Firstly, fully understanding the focus of political work is political education of controlling ideology, making the entire army thoroughly and deeply grasps the Resolution of the Third Party Congress, the resolutions of the Central Party Committee Secondly, enhancing the spirit of patriotism and proletariat international spirit Strengthening solidarity, raising awareness of fighting willingness Thirdly, nurturing a sense of organization and discipline, respecting and abiding by army provisions and the state’s law Fourthly, deeply grasping the foreign policy and the Party's views on strategic issues of the International Communist movement, opposing modern revisionism and right-wing opportunism Fifthly, thoroughly grasping the socialist revolutionary guidelines and tasks in the North; the lines and tasks, the struggle to liberate the South, the international missions, the Party’s military tasks Sixthly, trying to make all officers and soldiers is ready and determined to successfully fulfil every task 2.2.4 Tasks, solutions First, improving the quality and efficiency of political education 10 Second, consolidating the propaganda, advocacy, emulation and information Third, promoting the quality and effectiveness of cultural and spiritual activities for the soldiers 2.3 The Military Party Committee’s direction of ideological work (1960 - 1965) 2.3.1 Directing the political education The Military Party Committee thoroughly grasped the Resolution of the third Party Congress; fighting to overcome wrong views and ideas, preventing all the effects of revisionism entering the military; attaching importance to education for a number of forces, especially the Southern Liberation Army, meeting the requirements and tasks of the war 2.3.2 Directing the propaganda, promotion and emulation 2.3.2.1 Directing propaganda and advocacy on the campaign "Building an army to advance quickly, strongly and firmly to the modern regulation" On May 29, 1961, the Central Military Committee issued Resolution No 78 / TT-QU on the campaign "Building troops to move quickly, strongly and steadily to the modern government", indicating the purpose and requirements , identify the content of the campaign including working aspects: Training and technical improvement; executing orders, statutes, regulations, standards and practicing working style; productive and thrifty workers, fighting embezzlement and wastefulness; The room is kept secret In order to carry out the campaign well, the General Department of Politics has continuously issued documents and directives to identify specific contents of the campaign Thereby has created a change in ideological views, qualifications and methods, the style of cadres and soldiers 2.3.2.2 Directing the competition "Three best" Making use of the results of the 2nd Company of Vinh Quang group, with the policy of selecting and typical people in the emulation movement, creating a lively atmosphere in the whole army, under the direction of the Central Military Committee, on 18 June 1960 TCCT launching the emulation movement "Three best" in the whole army with specific contents: Best military training, technical training; The most about exemplary, discipline; Most on labour and production Through the actual process of direction, the emulation movement "three best" has really developed strongly and frantically in the whole army, the ideology of the army has changed significantly, contributing to building a strong army 2.3.3 Directing cultural and arts activities 11 With an aim to promoting the role of cultural and artistic activities in contributing to improving the ideological and political level of the soldiers, in the 1960-1965 period, the DPMD directed all troops to implement Directive 04 / CT- H About promoting cultural work in the army; deploying a new project on payroll for organizing military dispatch teams; The scheme to organize radio broadcasts to serve the armed forces; organize the Contest for the creation of the entire army; Refresher conference for club leaders; consolidate and build museums and libraries in the army 2.3.4 Directing the press and publishing Implementing the Party's policy, on October 6, 1961 the Central Military Committee issued Resolution No 137-QU/TW on improving press and publishing work in the military Regarding the press, the Central Military Committee pointed out that the press in the army is the one who promotes and propagates and is a sharp weapon of the Party Regarding the publishing work, the Central Committee determines that the task of the publishing work must contribute to the propagation and education of Marxist - Leninist theory and the Party's lines and policies; disseminating good literary and artistic works on the topic of armed struggle and building the Party's armed forces to contribute to the revolutionary ideological and emotional education Practising the Resolution of the Central Military Committee, in the 1960-1965 periods, the press and publishing activities in the army focused on the major events of the country, the campaign, the topic of war, the advanced portrait in all troops contributed to raising the revolutionary vigilance, fighting against revision, sharpening the will to fight for the soldiers Conclusion of chapter In the years 1960-1965, before the complicated developments of the world and domestic situation and the requirements, revolutionary tasks and military missions in the new period, based on sticking to the set policy, the MPC actively directed comprehensive and synchronous implementation of IW, thereby building revolutionary ideas and feelings for the soldiers during the fierce years of the resistance war, contributing to the whole Party and the people to defeat the US imperial "special war" strategy However, besides the advantages, the process of MPC’s leadership of IW in the 1960-1965 periods also revealed some limitations This is an important practical basis for the MPC to get valuable lessons and apply them to leadership of IW in the years to come Chapter THE MILITARY PARTY COMMITTEE’S POLICY AND DIRECTION ON STRENGTHENING IDEOLOGICAL WORK 12 (1965 - 1968) 3.1 New situation affecting ideological work in the military (1965 - 1968) 3.1.1 The world and domestic situation World situation: In the years 1965-1968, besides the advantages, in the socialist system and the international communist movement, the disagreement on opinion, lines, strategies and became more and more profound, typically relations between Soviet Union and China Taking advantage of the situation, imperial forces, led by the United States, tried to divide and deepen the contradictions in order to minimize the support and support of the countries for the resistance war against the US by the Vietnamese people Domestic situation: With a belligerent nature, determined to occupy South Vietnam, in early 1965, President of the United States of America decided to switch to the strategy of "local war", sending US expeditionary troops and other countries' troops to the South to directly participate in the fighting, and at the same time increased the air force and navy in the North Changes in the world and domestic situation have pushed the resistance of the Vietnamese people at a new and extremely tough turning point Therefore, strengthening the MPC leadership of IW in the military is an important and urgent issue 3.1.2 The Party’s policy on strengthening ideological work (1965 - 1968) Facing the new developments of the situation, Central Resolution 11 (3-1965) On the situation and urgent task: First, to make the whole Party, the entire people and the army realize the change of the situation, the North was no longer in the period of peace building, but began to be in wartime; Second, strive to build an uplifting and trusting mindset, determined to conquer the American empire and its henchmen; Third, liberating the South was the common responsibility of the people of the country Continue to affirm and supplement the guidelines of the 11th Central Conference, the 12th Central Conference Session III (12-1965) Regarding the new situation and tasks defining the duties of interactive communication are: Firstly, education for the whole The Party, the entire people and the entire army recognize the extremely glorious historical mission of our people to fight against the strongest and most dangerous enemy of humankind, the American empire Secondly, educate revolutionary heroism for the people, especially for the army and the youth generation Thirdly, make people energetically strive to fulfil any task assigned by the Party and Government 13 3.2 The Military Party Committee’s policy of on strengthening ideological work (1965 - 1968) 3.2.1 Direction To make the whole army understand the reality of the revolutionary situation, especially that the US imperialism directly sent troops to the South and the situation of the North was no longer in peacetime but turned to war time, the whole country was in state of war The sacred task of the entire Party, the entire people and the entire army must be determined to fight the US and win against the US in any situation 3.2.2 Objectives First, IW program in the coming time must be carried out very actively, proactively, urgently and continuously, making the whole army systematically and deeply aware of the Party's revolutionary ways and tasks, unanimously agreed upon and firmly grounded in the guidelines and military missions of the Central Government Second, it is necessary to build a great determination, a very firm faith, and an unwavering determination to win to achieve the great goals of the revolution Third, to build up the army to vigorously boil the revolution, courage and courage, overcome difficulties, combat all manifestations of rightists, and wipe out all negative phenomena 3.2.3 Requirements First, to continue fostering true patriotism, fostering the proletariat's stance, raising socialist enlightenment, radical revolutionary spirit, combating the influence of modern revisionism and overcoming ideology right Second, to build a high determination to fight, to fight bravely, to maintain the revolutionary spirit in any circumstances, to fight, to defeat the invaders Third, continue to make cadres and soldiers deeply imbued with the Party's military ideology, through the people's war and People's Army views Fourth, improve the spirit of revolutionary vigilance; well perform the tasks of protecting the Party, the State and the Army Fifth, training cadres and soldiers to fight bravely, tenaciously, actively and intellectually Combat stagnation, irresponsibility, and military bureaucracy; fight local thought, local spurts, and paintings to blame Sixth, building for the unit always has a vibrant revolutionary spirit, boiling hatred for the enemy, actively preparing all aspects ready to fight and kill the enemy, volunteering to accept the most difficult tasks Seventh, anti-wrong views and ideas Eighth, to make the whole army completely united in thought and action, successfully completing all missions in all circumstances 3.2.4 Tasks and solutions Firstly, strengthening the work political education 14 Secondly, to enhance the quality of propaganda, promotion and emulation Thirdly, promoting the role of cultural, artistic, press and publishing 3.3 The Military Party Committee’s direction on strengthening ideological work (1965 - 1968) 3.3.1 Directing political education The Military Party Committee focused on directing education for all officers and soldiers who understand the enemy's plots and tricks, firmly grasp the determination to fight the US and defeat the US; resolutely fight against revisionism and wipe out the backward negative elements within the army; strengthening education and fostering for forces in the South and the North and additional forces and reinforcements for the Southern battlefield to meet the requirements and tasks 3.3.2 Directing the propaganda, promotion and emulation 3.3.2.1 Directing the emulation movement "Determining to defeat the invading American enemy" In order to encourage the fighting spirit and sacrifice of officers and soldiers in the whole army to meet the requirements of the resistance war against the US to save the country, on March 31, 1965, the Central Party Committee decided to launch an emulation movement "Determined to defeat the invading American enemy" in the armed forces In order for the entire army to implement the emulation movement effectively and effectively, the Central Committee, the General Department of Politics directed agencies and units to base on specific conditions to build emulation targets accordingly; set up advanced norms, launch and maintain the movement of righteousness, newspaper public, and reward consideration At the same time, the MPC actively coordinated with agencies of the Party and the State to organize emulation festivals to commend the merits of collectives and individuals who have made outstanding achievements Thus, creating a lively atmosphere of emulation in the whole army with the central slogan "Determined to defeat the US invasion" 3.3.2.2 Directing the implementation of the campaign "Improving the quality, promoting the fighting strength of the people's armed forces, determined to defeat the invading American invaders" Facing the increasingly fierce war situation, implementing the new strategic policy of the Politburo, on July 2, 1967 the Central Party Committee launched the campaign "Improving the quality and promoting the combat power of the armed forces, determined to defeat the invading US invaders" with the aim of raising the determination of combat and the level of combat, attaching importance to the contract combat of the service units to ensure a very important and urgent requirement On that basis, IW required the whole army to launch a vibrant revolutionary spirit and build a very high determination to fight; to promote the emulation movement to 15 conquer the invading American invaders into the climax, to carry the slogan "All troops are brave fighters" 3.3.3 Directing cultural and arts activities Implementing the policy of the Party Central Committee, the MPC directs cultural and artistic activities in the military to contribute effectively to the propaganda, education of the Party's guidelines and policies, the education of hatred towards American imperialists and their henchmen, raising patriotism and socialist enlightenment, fostering revolutionary heroism and the indomitable unyielding struggle of the army, firmly believing in the Party's leadership, High morale to fight, to conquer American empire To attach importance to strengthening cultural and artistic activities with scattered and short-form operation style, especially in places directly fighting against the enemy Simultaneously, fighting against the sabotage activities of the empire and the minions in terms of culture and arts 3.3.4 Directing the press, publishing The MPC directed all military units to recall and manage books with misleading contents affecting the leadership of the army's ideology; directing to strengthen the revolutionary vigilance, strictly abiding by the regulations on research, using enemy information and documents to smash all tricks of psychological warfare of the American empire and the henchmen of henchmen; raising the circulation of People's Army Newspaper from issues weekly to issues weekly In fact, under the direction of the Central Military Party Committee, the People's Army, the People's Army Newspaper, the People's Army Magazine repeatedly published many articles to promote revolutionary weapons, reinforce the victory of victory, and guide the ideology and actions of soldiers, affirming determination to defeat the American invasion Conclusion of chapter In the face of the rapid developments of the world and the domestic situation, under the light of the lines and guidelines of the Party, the MPC has set out a policy to strengthen the online communication with the goal and key task is to build the determination to fight the US and win against the US in any situation From this policy, the most basic issues of IW are determined timely and accurately by the MPC, which is the basis for the MPC to organize and direct the successful implementation of the directions, objectives, requirements and tasks of the communication program As a result, IW in the military has been deployed vigorously, frantically and continuously during the harshest years of the resistance war, greatly contributing to the building of spiritual political power to achieve victory in the army 16 Chapter COMMENTS AND EXPERIENCES 4.1 Comments on the process of the Military Party Committee's leadership of ideological work (1960 - 1968) 4.1.1 Achievements First, the MPC always recognize the right position, the importance of interactive communication, thoroughly grasp the Party's views and guidelines, and devise an appropriate policy on conducting IW The first outstanding feature in the MPC’s leadership activities of IW from 1960 to 1968 is that the MPC always thoroughly grasp and apply creatively the Party's views and ways on interactive communication This is a matter of principle in the leadership activities of the MPC On the basis of profound insight, creative use of the Party's views and policies, before the complicated and quick developments of the situation, especially the turning points of the resistance war, both when difficult as well as favourable, the MPC always recognize the right position and importance of IW, promptly set out appropriate guidelines and measures to conduct IW, meeting the requirements and tasks of the resistance war That is the outstanding advantage, which is of leading importance, directly deciding on the quality and effectiveness of the MPC’s leadership in from 1960 to 1968 Secondly, the process of direction and guarantee always follows the key task, carrying out comprehensively and synchronously all aspects of IW In the 1960s - 1965s, the half-war period, IW mainly focused on raising the level of socialist enlightenment, raising the patriotism and fighting spirit, hatred for hatred, and promoting the building of build an army that is advancing rapidly, strongly, firmly on the modern regulation, creating a dynamic fighting spirit in the whole army to defeat the "special war" strategy of the US, and actively preparing all aspects for the entire army to enter the war against the US on a large scale In the years 1965 1968, during the period of the whole country at war, IW mainly focused on launching the anti-American climax, saving the country, building the will to fight and determined to defeat the American invasion Realizing that problem, the MPC has directed to conduct a comprehensive and synchronous program on the following items: infrastructure construction; propaganda, promotion, emulation; art culture; press, publish clearly identify key issues and key points, suitable to the reality of the resistance war 17 Thirdly, under the leadership of the MPC, IW has helped the whole army understand the anti-American way to save the Party's country, showing their bravery and determination to win the US invasion Under the leadership of the MPC, IW has improved the level of enlightenment, promoting the high level of patriotism, revolutionary heroism, and proletariat international spirit, clearly recognizing the goal of war; build, consolidate and maintain faith in the leadership of the Party, build confidence victory The process of leading IW and the MPC has followed closely the anti-American approach to saving the Party, associated with the actual development of the war to clarify the nature, conspiracy and tricks of the enemy; the long and fierce nature of the war; against opportunistic tendencies, unscrupulous compromises, anti-influences of revisionism, anticipation and ideological preparation for the soldiers to overcome the most difficult situations Therefore, in the face of difficulties, hardships and fierce wars, IW has evoked and promoted the patriotic tradition, built a spirit to fight the US, and determined to defeat the US, creating a strong power to fight and conquer American invasion Causes of advantages: Firstly, due to the line of resistance against the US, the right and creative country of the Central Committee, headed by President Ho Chi Minh Secondly, there are experiences on conducting mathematical communication in the history of enlightenment Thirdly, the MPC always has a strong, independent, autonomous and creative political spirit in the leadership of IW Fourthly, promoting the role of agencies and forces in charge of IW 4.1.2 Limitations First, the situation assessment in general and of the enemy in particular of the MPC is sometimes subjective When the American empire escalated the war to implement the strategy of "local war", there was the idea of fear, difficulty, suffering, fierce fear, the idea of fear of American weapons and technology When the fight unfolds unfavourably, cadres and soldiers show negative signs of prolonged, pessimistic and wavering Second, the transportation work for the number of soldiers and cadres newly mobilized to the army at a time was not deep and timely When being faced with the fierce challenges of the marching process, some cadres, party members and soldiers who were hesitant, not really ready to 18 take up the task, even hiding from the task, lying down, defecting , especially there are people who self-help to get out of the army, from going to fight Third, the leadership to overcome wrong views and ideas is not timely A part of cadres and soldiers was still afraid of the US, afraid of longterm fighting, afraid of hardships or ambiguity for the "imperial goodwill" of the US empire; some cadres and soldiers did not really understand deeply the vicious conspiracy of the American empire, the long, arduous and complex nature of the resistance war, so they were not fully aware of the requirements for vigilance for revolution On the other hand, the content of the struggle is sometimes not accurate, and appropriate Causes of limitations: Firstly, the MPC’s leadership of IW in the hard context of the fierce anti-destructive condition of American empire Secondly, the Party Central Committee has thoroughly grasped and implemented the Party's guidelines Thirdly, in the leadership of information marketing, the MPC’s renovation of thinking is also slow and fails to meet practical requirements 4.2 Experiences from the process of the Military Party Committee’s leadership of IW (1960 - 1968) 4.2.1 Strengthening Marxism - Leninism education, Ho Chi Minh ideology, the Party line, the military mission is the leading factors that determine the quality and effectiveness of leadership of ideological work The process of leading IW in the army must consider Marxism Leninism, Ho Chi Minh ideology, the Party's guidelines, military tasks as a basis to determine the direction, goals, requirements, tasks and solutions France, thereby consolidating and unifying the ideology of the entire army, overcoming all challenges and difficulties The fact shows that since 1960, improving the level of MarxistLeninist knowledge has been posed as a fundamental and urgent problem in building a strong army of ideological politics Along with that, the thorough study and practice of President Ho Chi Minh's thought through Uncle Ho's appeals and instructions have always been strongly implemented by the MPC On the other hand, the MPC directed to well the propaganda, education, thoroughly grasp the Party's line, the military mission Since then, build willpower, determination to fight, direct all activities of individuals, units in effective implementation of assigned tasks, proactively solving 19 problems before complicated developments of the situation, firmly consolidating confidence in the Party's leadership This event points out some contents and requirements, namely: Firstly, Marxist - Leninist education, Ho Chi Minh thought, the Party's line, the military mission are the ideal war education The fight of the communists is to build up their beliefs on the basis of science Secondly, in the process of leading the information marketing process, always attaching importance to the education of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh ideology, in parallel with the education of the Party's lines, views and military duties, especially for senior officials and leading officials; Thirdly, regularly renovating educational content, forms and measures to suit each specific object, unit and each revolutionary period At present, the problem facing the MPC’s leadership is the need to continue to innovate, improve the quality and efficiency of the construction work; steadfastly, creatively apply and develop MarxismLeninism, Ho Chi Minh's thought, the Party's line of viewpoints, stick to the military's mission to help clarify the theoretical and practical basis, building and defending the Fatherland and advocating the construction of the army in the new situation 4.2.2 Being proactive and flexible in leading ideological work, especially in historical turning-point moments The war never developed sequentially according to the plan available but always developed suddenly by both sides created At that time, the situation was very complicated, so the thought was very complicated, greatly affecting the determination to perform tasks and directly affecting the victory of the revolution Therefore, in the process of leadership of IW, it is necessary to grasp the changes of the situation in order to have the initiative in coping quickly The fact presents that, in the early 1960s, when our army and people started the revolutionary war in the South; there was a trend of right opportunity in the communist movement and international workers Simultaneously, the ideological struggle between the two socialist and capitalist paths has been urgently posed In the context of this complicated history, the MPC has organized a team to study the US imperialists and their practical plans and capabilities on the battlefield; well organize the education and thorough grasping of the Party's resolutions, making the whole army clearly aware of the nature of new colonialism, clearly recognizing the situation, tasks and deeply criticizing the wrong views; launch the "Spring Training", in which the training on thought 20 politics is the root Entering in 1965, the US empire implemented a new war strategy, pushing the intensity of the war to the highest level Before the new turning point, basing on the Party's thorough and consistent approach, early analysing and forecasting the situation and ideological movements of the army, the MPC clearly defined the core issue in the leadership of IW It focused on the mission to fight America, save the country, build trust and the will to defeat American aggressors This fact reveals several requirements, namely: Firstly, to attach IW to the Party's political lines and tasks in each revolutionary period Secondly, it is necessary to predict the changes and trends of the situation, the intrigues and tricks of the enemy; Thirdly, IW must be associated with the organization work, closely combining thought leadership with organizational leadership At present, the situation in the world and the region is happening very complicatedly, unpredictably, has been strongly affecting the ideology of the army The above experience is still of great value and can be further studied and applied in the process of building a strong political and ideological army, meeting the requirements of the cause of renovation, construction of Vietnam Socialist Republic 4.2.3 Regularly grasp the enemy's psychological warfare and tactics to lead the task of thought promptly and effectively Thoroughly grasping the enemy's psychological warfare and tactics to set out timely guidelines and direction to fight against defeat is an extremely tough, complex and drastic struggle throughout the war Unlike the French colonialists, the American empire invaded Vietnam with new colonialism Therefore, clarifying the extremely reactionary nature and sinister conspiracies, the cunning tricks of the new American colonialism is a process of profound ideological thinking, associated with the reality of war developments The MPC’s experience on leadership to defeat the conspiracy, the psychological warfare tactics of the enemy indicated: First, propaganda and education made the whole army realize the righteousness of their antiAmerican career, save the country; Second, proactively denounce the atrocities committed by the American imperialism and the Saigon government; Third, propaganda and education to make officials and soldiers properly aware of "military power" of the US; Fourth, promptly struggle to overcome the false and wrong manifestations and negative right-wing thoughts 21 Currently, imperialism and hostile forces are intensifying the ideological and theoretical struggle The key issue for the MPC leadership of IW is to strengthen political education and the ideological leadership to constantly strengthen the steadfast revolutionary revolution; thoroughly grasping and well implementing Directive No 823-CT/QUTW dated September 10, 2017 of the Central Military Commission on strengthening leadership, directing and preventing and preventing "peaceful evolution" in the field of ideology and culture in military 4.2.4 Combining ideological work with organizational work The revolutionary theory has clearly indicated that the thought directs and guides the action, but the thought can only exert its effectiveness and turn into practical social and human improvement actions when carried out by a revolutionary organizations and scientific methods Therefore, combining IW with organizational work is an objective requirement, demonstrating the scientific nature of Marxist IW; one of the principles when conducting interactive training in the military The reality shows that, before the requirements of the new situation, the MPC determines that it must be "highly united in politics, ideology and organization" and "there is a great change in every aspect of thought, organization and behaviours consistent with the requirements of the task” thereby setting out the policy to strengthen IW and transferring the entire organization to wartime Accordingly, under the leadership of the MPC, in a short time, the army has built more regiments, infantry divisions and technical soldiers, bringing many large units to the battlefield; in order to divert the training of cadres according to wartime, the MPC has taken short-term training and mentoring in practical combat, mainly working; Regarding Party building, the Party Central Committee has focused on strengthening the Party Committees at all levels, building party organizations associated with building a strong and comprehensive unit and resolving unit, etc., thereby meeting the urgent requirements of the war The above practical points out some contents and requirements, namely: First, it is necessary to study and accurately evaluate the organization situation and from the status of ideology, the reality of IW proceeds to combine the program with the work organization; Second, always be proactive, expected, have thought and organized preparation, not to be passive; Third, promoting the effectiveness of leadership and ideological education of organizations, well implementing the order of 22 criticism and self-criticism in organizations; Fourth, IW must go into practical matters of organization Currently, before the request, the demand of the future war with high-tech weapons is essential; the question for the leadership of the MPC is to ensure the principle of the combination and medium It must be very flexible, creative, so that it can timely orient and maintain the ideology of the soldiers before the impacts, quickness and complexity of the situation Conclusion of chapter By thoroughly understanding the position and the importance of IW, thoroughly grasping the Party's views and guidelines, in the complicated changes of the situation, from 1960 to 1968, the MPC identified the leadership policy of IW with very basic advantages The process of direction and guarantee always follows the key task, carrying out comprehensively and synchronously all aspects of IW Accordingly, under the leadership of the MPC, IW has made the army understand the anti-American path, showing their bravery and the determination to win the US invasion However, in addition to the great successes achieved, the MPC’s leadership of IW from 1960 to 1968 still presents limitations and shortcomings With the results achieved from the leadership process of the MPC in the 1960s and 1968s, some valuable lessons have been drawn for the MPC to continue researching and applying in the actual situation of the military presently CONCLUSION Ideological work in the VPA is one component of the Communist Party of Vietnam, as well as the basic operation of party work, political work in the military, which keeps a leading position and an important role in the cause of building, fighting and promoting the army Building a strong VPA politically and ideologically is an objective requirement of the resistance war against the US to save the country Fully grasping the Party's guidelines and policies on IW, properly assessing advantages, difficulties and the current IW situation in the army, in the 1960s and 1968s, the MPC planned to direct the leadership of the program to meet the practical requirements The policy was determined by the MPC from the First Party Congress (7-1960) and gradually supplemented and developed by the resolutions of the Central Committee from time to time for specific revolutions Thus, it shows the improvement of IW in the military in the period of 1965 - 1968 compared to that of the period of 1960 - 1965 Particularly, the most 23 important and urgent task that the MPC emphasized is that the training program must focus on arousing and promoting the patriotism, overcoming the US invasion, and liberating the South and reunifying the country These are the right and creative guidelines of the MPC, reflecting fully and comprehensively the nature and extent, as well as the requirements of military IW From 1960 to 1968, the MPC conducted a comprehensive and synchronous program of IW, which focused on the main contents, namely: political education; propaganda, promotion, emulation; art culture; press, publishing By positive ways, the MPC has focused on grasping the Resolution of the 3rd Congress of the Party and the resolutions of the Party Central Committee, educating all officials and soldiers to understand the enemy’s conspiracy and tactics, showing determination to fight and defeat the Americans; struggling to overcome wrong views and ideas, especially the prevention and sweeping away all the effects of revisionism from entering the military; attaching importance to education for forces in each region to meet the requirements and tasks of the resistance war In addition, through the propaganda and advocacy of the campaign "Building an army to advance quickly, strongly and firmly to the modern government" and the emulation movement "Three best", has been created; directing to well the emulation movement "Determining to defeat American invasion" and the campaign "Improving the quality, promoting the fighting strength of the people's armed forces, and determination to defeat the American invasion" Besides, directing and promoting the role of cultural, artistic and press activities and providing weapons for the revolution During its course of direction, the MPC followed the practice, regularly conducted a preliminary of IW to timely supplement and adjust to suit the characteristics of the situation From the summary of the process of MPC’s IW leadership (1960 - 1968), it can be concluded that the MPC has always been aware of the position and importance of IW, fully grasped the Party's views and guidelines, and proposed a policy of appropriate IW; carrying out comprehensively and synchronously all aspects of IW Thus, under the MPC’s leadership, IW has made the whole army in the anti-American path, showing their bravery and determination to win the US invasion, thereby contributing to defeat the US imperial "special war" and "local 24 war" strategy Yet, besides the achievements, the process of the MPC’s leadership of IW in the 1960s - 1968 still shows the limitations and shortcomings, namely: assessments of the situation in general, the enemy's saying in particularly are sometimes subjective; political education work for the number of new soldiers and officers who have been mobilized into the army has not been accurate and timely; the leadership to fight against wrong views and ideas is not timely These aforementioned achievements and limitations are due to several different reasons, of which subjective reasons are the main ones By studying the process of leadership on IW from 1960 to 1968, the thesis draws on the following four lessons: First, strengthening Marxism - Leninism education, Ho Chi Minh thought, the Party’s line and the military mission are the leading factors that determine the quality and effectiveness of the leadership of IW; Second, being proactive and flexible in IW leadership; Third, constantly grasping the enemy's psychological tactics to lead IW timely and effectively; Fourth, combining IW with organizational work The above mentioned lessons are issues of great practical and theoretical significance It proves that the Vietnam People’s Army is the one of the people, by the people and for the people./ ... leadership of IW (1960 - 1968) Drawing main lessons from the process of MPC’s leadership of IW (1960 - 1968) Object and scope of the research Object: MPC’s leadership of IW from 1960 to 1968 Scope In... 1960 to 1968; Second, the policy and direction of the MPC’s leadership of IW from 1960 to 1968; Third, the achievements and shortcomings of the process of the MPC’s leadership of IW (1960 - 1968) ;... process of leadership of IW from 1960 to 1968 The thesis contributes to the systematic analysis, clarifying the guidelines and the direction of the MPC on IW from 1960 to 1968 The thesis’s findings
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