CHUYÊN ĐỀ 8: CÂU TRỰC TIẾP, GIÁN TIẾP I ĐỊNH NGHĨA Direct speech Eg: She said: “I have never been to Paris” He said to me: “I like your hair” He said to her: “I like your hair” Indirect/Reported speech Eg: - She said that she had never been to Paris - He said that he liked my hair - He told her that he liked her hair II QUY TẮC CHUYỂN CÂU TRỰC TIẾP SANG GIÁN TIẾP Thay đổi S, O, Possessive Adjectives Direct Speech Reported Speech Chủ Ngữ (Subject) I He/She Direct Speech Reported Speech Tân ngữ (Object) Me Him/Her We Us They Them You I/We Đại từ sở hữu (Possessive pronouns) Mine His/Hers You Me/Us Tính từ sở hữu (Possessive adjectives) My His/Her Ours Theirs Our Their Yours Thay đổi động từ Mine/Ours Your My/Our Modal Can May Must will Direct Speech “I can it” “May I go out?” “She must apply for the job.” “They will call you.” Reported Speech He said he could it He wanted to know if he might go out He said that she must/had to apply for the job He told me that they would call her DIRECT SPEECH Simple Present REPORTED SPEECH Simple Past He said: “I am happy.” Present Progressive He said that he was happy Past Progressive He said: “I'm looking for my keys.” Simple Past He said that he was looking for his keys Past Perfect Simple He said: “I visited New York last year.” He said that he had visited New York the Present Perfect previous year Past Perfect He said: “I've lived here for a long time.” He said that he had lived there for a long Past Perfect time Past Perfect He said: “They had finished the work when He said that they had finished the work I arrived.” Past Progressive when he had arrived Past Perfect Progressive He said: “I was playing football when the He said that he had been playing football accident occurred.” Present Perfect Progressive when the accident had occurred Past Perfect Progressive He said: “I have been playing football for He said that he had been playing football two hours.” Past Perfect Progressive for two hours Past Perfect Progressive He said: “I had been reading a newspaper He said that he had been reading a when he light went off.” Future Simple (will+verb) newspaper when the light had gone off Conditional (would+verb) He said: “I will open the door.” Conditional I He said that he would open the door He said that he would help me if he was He said to me: “I will help you if I am free” free Thay đổi trạng từ thời gian nơi chốn Direct Speech today now yesterday … ago last week next year tomorrow here this these Eg: “I met her yesterday ” he said Reported Speech Time Expressions that day then the day before, the previous day … before the week before, the previous week the following year, the next year tomorrow place there Demonstratives that those => He said that he had met her the day before “I’ll it tomorrow.” he promised => He promised that he would it the following day ❖ Các trường hợp không lùi động từ Khi câu trực tiếp diễn tả chân lý hay hành động lặp lặp lại thường xuyên theo thói quen Eg: My teacher said, “The Sun rises in the east” => My teacher said that the Sun rises in the east She said, “I get up at o’clock every morning” => She said that she gets up at o’clock every morning Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại loại → khơng lùi Eg: She said to me “If I had enough money, I’d buy a new bicycle” => She said to me that if she had enough money, she’d buy a new bicycle Mệnh đề sau “Wish” → khơng lùi Eg: He said “I wish I had a lot of money” => He said he wished he had a lot of money Mệnh đề sau “ would rather/would sooner”→ Khơng lùi Eg: She said “I would rather you stayed at home.” => She said to/told me that she would rather I stayed at home Không thay đổi mệnh đề sau “It’s (high/about) time” Eg: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed, children.” => She told her children that it was time they went to bed Động từ câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định Eg: He said, “I was born in 1980.” => He said that he was born in 1980 Lời nói trực tiếp có động từ tình thái “could, should, might, ought to, used to, had better” khơng thay đổi Eg: Tom said: “You had better not contact her” => Tom said (that) I had better not contact her Nếu động từ dẫn tại, cần thay đổi quy tắc (đổi S, O, P.adj) Eg: “I met her yesterday.” he says => He says he met her yesterday III CÂU HỎI TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP Động từ tường thuật câu hỏi gián tiếp ask want to know wonder inquire Đổi trật tự từ từ dạng câu hỏi dạng trần thuật Say: He asked me if I was a student Don’t say: He asked me if was I a student Đổi đại từ, tính từ sở hữu, động từ trạng từ thời gian, nơi chốn Eg: “Where should I go on my summer vacation next summer?”, Jon asked me => Jon asked me where he should go on his summer vacation the following summer ❖ Yes/No Questions S + asked + ( O ) + if/whether + clause Eg 1: “Are you ready?”, he asked me => He asked me/wanted to know IF/WHETHER I was ready Eg 2: “Did you go out last night?” He asked her => He asked her whether she had gone out the previous night ❖ WH- Questions S + asked + (O) + wh - word + clause Eg 1: “When will you be ready?” He asked me => He asked me when I would be ready Eg 2: “When did you finish work last night?” He asked her => He asked her when she had finished the previous night Lưu ý: ➢ Khi tường thuật lại câu hỏi có cấu trúc “who/what/which + be” + bổ ngữ” “be” đặt trước sau bổ ngữ Eg: “Who’s the best player?”, he asked => He wanted to know who the best player was => He wanted to know who was the best player ➢ Động từ trần thuật mệnh đề đơn, tiếp diễn, hồn thành tương lai đơn thì động từ câu gián tiếp không đổi Eg: “Has the taxi arrived yet?”, he is wondering => He is wondering if/whether the taxi has arrived yet “Where can we stay?”, he asks => He wants to know where they can stay ❖ Câu trả lời Yes/No Câu trả lời Yes/No diễn đạt câu gián tiếp chủ ngữ trợ động từ tương ứng Eg: Daniel said: “Is there a café nearby” and Tom said: “No” => Daniel asked if/whether there was a café nearby and Tom said there wasn’t He said: “Can you swim?” , I said: “Yes” => He wanted to know if/whether I could swim and I said I could IV CÂU CẢM THÁN Câu cảm thán bắt đầu “What (a/an) !” “How !” thường thuật lại động từ “exclaim/say that” What + (a/an) + adj + N! How + adj/adv + s + tobe! Eg: What a beautiful girl! How beautiful the girl is! Eg: “What a lovely dress!” She said => She exclaimed/said that it was a lovely dress “How beautiful she is!” He said => He exclaimed/said that she was beautiful “How quickly he runs!” She said => She exclaimed/said that he ran quickly ❖ Một số trường hợp đáng lưu ý Câu trực tiếp “Good!”, he exclaimed “Ugh!”, he exclaimed He said: “Thank you!” He said: “Welcome!" He said: “Good morning!” He said: “Happy Christmas!” He said: “Congratulation!” He said: “Liar!” He said: “Damn!” Câu gián tiếp He gave an exclamation with pleasure He gave an exclamation with disgust He thanked me He welcomed me He greeted me He wished me a happy Christmas He congratulated me He called me a liar He swore V CÂU YÊU CẦU, ĐỀ NGHỊ, LỜI KHUYÊN, LỜI MỜI….TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP Câu yêu cầu, đề nghị, lời khuyên, lời hứa, lời mời… lời nói gián tiếp thường tường thuật lại bằng: V + to V V + V_ing Áp dụng quy tắc chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp Trực tiếp “Can/could/will/would you please?” Gián tiếp Ask/tell+ sb+ (not) + to V “Would/do you mind + V-ing? Câu mệnh lệnh (chỉ có động từ) “Please don’t tell anybody what happened”, he said to me => He asked/told me not to tell anybody what had happened “Stay in bed for a few days”, the doctor said to me => The doctor asked/told me to stay in bed for a few days Ngồi “ask/tell”, sử dụng động từ trần thuật khác: “order, command, request, beg, plead” “Please don’t take any risks”, said his wife His wife begged/pleaded with him not to take any risks Câu đề nghị Trực tiếp “Shall I/we ?” Gián tiếp offer to V “Can I ?” “ I will…” They said: “We will pay for the meal” => They offered to pay for the meal Câu lời khuyên Trực tiếp “If I were you….” “Why don’t you …” “Someone should/had better/ought to” Tom said: “You should/ought to take a taxi, Mary” => Tom advised Mary to take a taxi “Go on, apply for the job”, said Jack to me => Jack urged/encouraged me to apply for the job Câu lời hứa Gián tiếp Advise sb (not) to V Advise on V-ing Encourage sb to V Trực tiếp “I will….” Gián tiếp Promise to V John said: “I will write to you” => John promised to write to me Câu mời Trực tiếp “Would you like ?” Gián tiếp Invite sb to V “… , please” “Would you like to go out for lunch?”, she said to me => She invited me to go out for lunch Câu nhắc nhở Trực tiếp Don’t forget… Gián tiếp Remind sb to V Remember to… Never forget to… “Don’t forget to order the win”, said Mrs Pitt to her husband => Mrs Pitt reminded her husband to order the wine Một số động từ trần thuật theo sau trực tiếp “to+V-inf”: offer, agree, demand, guarantee, promise, propose, swear, threaten, volunteer Eg: “I will help you”, she said to me => She agreed to help me Eg: “I will kill you if you not give me all of your money”, she said to me => She threatened to kill me if I did not give her all of my money Một số động từ trần thuật theo sau “object + to + V-inf”: advise, ask, command, encourage, expect, forbid, instruct, invite, order, persuade, remind, request, urge, want “You should go now”, she shouted at me => She asked me to go then Danh động từ (V-ing) dùng sau “admit, advise, apologize for, insist on, recommend, suggest” “You should read a number of books before the exam”, Jack said => Jack recommended reading a number of books before the exam “Shall we go to a cafeteria?”, Claire said => Claire suggested going to a cafeteria Mệnh đề “that” (that-clause) dùng sau: admit, advise, agree, insist, promise, remind, suggest, warn “It’s true that I forgot the shopping”, Trevor said => Trevor admitted (that) he had forgotten the shopping NOTE: Nếu theo sau “advise” có tân ngữ, ta sử dụng cấu trúc “Advise somebody + to Vinf” khơng có tân ngữ theo sau, ta dùng cấu trúc: “Advise (on/about) + V-ing” “It’s great idea to buy this book”, Jon said to me => Jon advised me to buy that book “It’s great idea to buy this book”, Jon said => Jon advised on buying that book VI TỔNG KẾT CÁC DẠNG CÂU GIÁN TIẾP Tóm tắt A Statements (Câu trần Câu Gián Tiếp S + said that/said to sb that/told sb that + clause (S+V) thuật) She said: “I have never been to Paris” B Yes-no questions => She said that she had never been to Paris S + asked + sb/wondered/wanted to know + if/whether + (Câu hỏi có khơng) clause (S+V) “Are you ready?”, he asked me C Wh-questions (Câu => He asked me/wanted to know IF/WHETHER I was ready S + asked + sb/wondered/wanted to know + Wh-… + hỏi nội dung) clause (S+V) “When did you finish work last night?” He asked her D TO- INF => He asked her when she had finished the previous night offer + to V-infinitive They said: “We will pay for the meal” => They offered to pay for the meal To- INF: advise, warn, persuade, encourage sb + to V… “Go on, apply for the job”, said Jack to me => Jack urged/encouraged me to apply for the job Promise to V: Hứa làm John said: “I will write to you” => John promised to write to me “Would you like ?”, “ , please!”-> invite sb to V “Would you like to go out for lunch?”, she said to me => She invited me to go out for lunch Remind sb to V: nhắc làm “Don’t forget to order the wine”, said Mrs Pitt to her husband => Mrs Pitt reminded her husband to order the wine Một số động từ trần thuật theo sau trực tiếp “to+Vinf”: offer, agree, demand, guarantee, promise, propose, swear, threaten, volunteer “I will kill you if you not give me all of your money”, she said to me => She threatened to kill me if I did not give her all of my money Một số động từ trần thuật theo sau “object + to + Vinf”: advise, ask, command, encourage, expect, forbid, instruct, invite, order, persuade, remind, request, urge, want “You should go now”, she shouted at me E GERUND => She asked me to go then admit, advise, apologize for, insist on, recommend, suggest + Ving “You should read a number of books before the exam”, Jack said => Jack recommended reading a number of books before the exam Mệnh đề “that” dùng sau: admit, advise, agree, insist, promise, remind, suggest “It’s true that I forgot the shopping”, Trevor said -> Trevor admitted (that) he had forgotten the shopping VII CÂU HỖN HỢP TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP Các dạng: Câu trần thuật + câu hỏi Câu hỏi + câu mệnh lệnh Câu mệnh lệnh + câu trần thuật … “I have left my watch at home What time is it now?” he asked => She said he had left his watch at home and asked (me) what time it was then “I’m going shopping Can I get you anything?”, she said => She said she was going shopping and asked if she could get me anything “Someone’s coming”, he said to me, “Get behind the screen.” => He said that someone was coming and told me to get behind the screen “Let’s shop on Friday The supermarket will be very crowded on Saturday”, she said => She suggested shopping on Friday and said that the supermarket would be very crowded on Saturday “Please, please don't drink too much! Remember that you will have to drive home”, she said => She begged him not to drink too much and reminded him that he would have to drive home Khi mệnh đề sau câu giải thích cho mệnh đề trước, ta sử dụng “as” thay cho động từ trần thuật thứ hai He said to me: “You had better wear a coat It is very cold out” => He advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold out “Let's shopping on Friday The supermarket will be very crowded on Saturday” => She suggested shopping on Friday as the supermarket would be very crowded on Saturday ... dụng quy tắc chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp Trực tiếp “Can/could/will/would you please?” Gián tiếp Ask/tell+ sb+ (not) + to V “Would/do you mind + V-ing? Câu mệnh lệnh (chỉ có động... any risks Câu đề nghị Trực tiếp “Shall I/we ?” Gián tiếp offer to V “Can I ?” “ I will…” They said: “We will pay for the meal” => They offered to pay for the meal Câu lời khuyên Trực tiếp “If... called me a liar He swore V CÂU YÊU CẦU, ĐỀ NGHỊ, LỜI KHUYÊN, LỜI MỜI….TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP Câu yêu cầu, đề nghị, lời khuyên, lời hứa, lời mời… lời nói gián tiếp thường tường thuật lại