CHUYÊN ĐỀ 7: CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG, BỊ ĐỘNG I KHÁI NIỆM CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG, BỊ ĐỘNG ➢ Câu chủ động: câu mà chủ ngữ người vật thực hành động Ex: People speak English all over the world ➢ Câu bị động: câu mà chủ ngữ người vật chịu tác động hành động Eg: English is spoken all over the world Lưu ý: Khơng phải chủ ngữ người chủ động, chủ ngữ vật bị động Eg: The students were punished yesterday Hanoi has changed a lot in the past five years Lưu ý: Chúng ta không dùng cấu trúc bị động với nội động từ “fit, suit, have, resemble, look, like, hold, contain, mean,…” Eg: They have a nice house Don’t say: A nice house is had by them II QUY TẮC CHUYỂN CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG SANG BỊ ĐỘNG To be + Past participle ❖ Thể bị động thì: Đơn Tiếp diễn Hoàn thành Quá khứ Was/were + V3 Was/were + being + V3 Had+ been + V3 Tương lai gần am/is/are + going to be + V3 Hiện tại Tương lai Am/is/are + V3 Will + be + V3 Am/is/are + being + V3 X Have/has + been + V3 Will have + been + V3 Động từ khuyết thiếu Modal verbs (can/could/may/might/must/ought to/should) + be + V3 ❖ Một số lưu ý quan trọng: ➢ Đôi “get” được dùng thay cho “be” để diễn đạt việc gây bất ngờ kho chịu: Eg: There was an accident in the street but nobody got hurt = nobody was hurt The eggs got broken = The eggs were broken ➢ Trong câu bị động, nếu tân ngữ không xác định (people, them, someone, him, her….) bỏ Eg: We don’t water the flowers in the morning => The flowers are not watered in the morning ➢ Vị trí trạng từ cụm trạng từ câu bị động: • Đới với trạng từ chỉ cách thức hành động, no sẽ theo động từ Eg: The problem has been carefully studied by the scientists • “By + O” sẽ đứng sau trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn đứng trước trạng từ chỉ thời gian: Eg: He was found in the forest by the police The report was typed by the secretary this morning ➢ Ta co thể dùng “with” (không dùng “by”) để chỉ dụng cụ, công cụ nguyên liệu được sử dụng Eg: He was shot (by the policeman) with a rifle The room was filled with smoke Simple present Eg: We don't watch films in the evening => Films aren’t watched in the evening They sweep the streets every night => The streets are swept every night Present continuous Eg: They are building a bridge over the river => A bridge idd being built over the river He isn’t decorating the room today => The room isn’t being decorated Present perfect Lưu ý: Thì tại hồn thành tiếp diễn không co dạng bị động Eg: They haven’t moved anything in your room since 1999 => Anything in the room hasn’t been moved since 1999 => Nothing in the room has been moved since 1999 The terrorist has kept three hostages for a week => Three hostages have been kept by the terrorist for a week Simple past Eg: The thieves broke into the house => The house was broken into by the thieves They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home => Tom wasn’t allowed to take these books home Past continuous Eg: They were doing a physical experiment when I was there => A physical experiment was being done by them when I was there Tom was writing poems => poems were being written by Tom Past perfect Lưu ý: Khơng co bị động q khứ hồn thành tiếp diễn Eg: Nobody told me that they had discharged John from hospital => I was not told that John had been discharged from hospital They had taken the victim to hospital before the police came => The victim had been taken to hospital before the police came Simple future Lưu ý: Thì tương lai tiếp diễn khơng co dạng bị động Eg: They will change the date of the meeting again => The date of the meeting will be changed again The examiner will read the passage three times => The passage will be read three times by the examiner Future perfect Eg: By the time you come back, they will have finished the project => By the time you come back, the project will have been finished By the time you come back here in years' time, they will have knocked down those houses => Those houses will have been knocked down by the time you come back here in years' time Near future Eg: We are going to make him the monitor of our class => He is going to made the monitor of our class 10 Modals and Auxiliary in the passive voice S + modal verbs (can/could/may/might/must/ought to/should) + V-inf + O => S + modal verbs (can/could/may/might/must/ought to/should) + be + V3 + by + O Eg: He can’t repair my bike => My bike can’t be repaired III CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐẶC BIỆT Verb with objects S + V + indirect object + direct object S + V + direct object + preposition + indirect object Eg: He gave the police some information => The police were given some information He gave some information to the police => Some information was given to the police Lưu ý: - Một số động từ thường dùng cấu trúc gồm: allow, award, ask, give, sell, send, show, lend, pay, promise, tell, offer, teach, refuse, write Eg: Tom sent you some beautiful flowers => You were sent some beautiful flowers by Tom => Some beautiful flowers were sent to you by Tom Động từ nguyên mẫu S + passive verb + to + V-inf Eg: He asked me to send a stamp enveloped => I was asked to send a stamped enveloped They advised us to come early => We were advised to come early ❖ Make/Help/Let Active Passive Make sb sth Be made to sth Eg: -The teacher is making us work hard Eg: -We are being made to work hard by our - My parents made me study all day teacher - I was made to study all day by my parents Help sb (to) sth Be helped to sth Eg: - He helped me (to) repair the Eg: - He helped me (to) repair the washing washing machine machine - Ms Phoebe helps me study English - I am helped to study English by Ms Phoebe Let sb sth Be let sth (or be allowed to sth ) Eg: - His parents didn't let him buy a Eg: He wasn't let buy (wasn't allowed to buy) motorbike a motorbike by his parents See/Notice/Hear/Listen to/Watch Active See Notice Hear Listen to Watch Passive Sb st Sb doing st Sb Seen Noticed Heard Listened watched to st doing st Eg: Someone saw him pick up a stone and throw it at the riot police => He was seen to pick up a stone and to throw it at the riot police They saw him walking with his friend before he got lost => He was seen walking with his friend before he got lost Bị động tân ngữ a) Khác chủ ngữ S + V + Object + passive infinitive (tobe + V3) Eg: I want you to repair the car now => I want the car to be repaired (by you) now I’d like someone to take me to the Opera House => I’d like to be taken to the Opera House b) Chung chủ ngữ S + V + tobe + V3 Eg: He likes people to call him “Sir” => He likes to be called “Sir” I prefer you to call me by my first name => I prefer to be called by my first name Passive gerund S + V + passive gerund (being + V3) Eg: I like people praising me => I like being praised She hates people staring at her when she is in the street => She hates being stared at when she is in the street Lưu ý: Với cấu trúc “need to + V-inf” mang nghĩa chủ động, chuyển sang bị động, ta sử dụng cấu trúc need + V-ing = need to be + V3 Eg: This car needs to be serviced/this car needs servicing I need to clean my shirt because it needs cleaning/to be cleaned Động từ + mệnh đề THAT Một số động từ quy định: say, believe, think, consider, report, know, expect, understand, allege, acknowledge, estimate, rumour, explain, assume, presume, suppose, announce co thể dùng với hai cấu trúc sau: It is/was + V3 + that + clause Chú ý: Cấu trúc chỉ tương đương với câu chủ động co chủ ngữ số nhiều với nghĩa noi chung: people, everybody Eg: People say that he is 100 years old => It is said that he is 100 years old People expect that the strike will end soon => It is expected that the strike will end soon Everybody says that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses => It is said that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses S + tobe + V3 + To Verb (1) To be + V-ing (2) To + Have + V3 (3) To have been + V-ing (4) • Dùng (1) động từ mệnh đề CÙNG THÌ (hiện tại đơn – tại đơn/ tương lai đơn; khứ đơn – khứ đơn) Eg: People said that he was a dedicated worker => He was said to be a dedicated worker People believe that he is/ will be 100 years old => He is believed to be 100 years old • Dùng (2) động từ mệnh đề phụ được chia tại tiếp diễn, tương lai tiếp diễn (động từ mệnh đề chính tại đơn) Eg: They think that the terrorists are hiding in the mountain => The terrorists are thought to be hiding in the mountain People believe that she is studying abroad => She is believed to be studying abroad • Dùng (3) động từ mệnh đề phụ được chia tại hoàn thành, khứ Đơn, động từ mệnh đề chính tại - KHÁC THÌ Eg: People say that he escaped to a neutral country => He is said to have escaped to a neutral country People think that she has made progress in her studies => She is thought to have made progress in her studies People allge that he stole the money => He is alleged to have stolen the money • Dùng (4) động từ mệnh đề phụ được chia tại hồn thành tiếp diễn, tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn, động từ mệnh đề chính tại - KHÁC THÌ Eg: People say that he has been playing football since he was => He is said to have been playing football since he was Lưu ý: Be supposed to (do) co thể được dùng theo hai nghĩa sau: Tương đương nghĩa với “be said to + V-inf” (Được cho rằng) This film is said/supposed to be very interesting Why was he arrested? He was supposed to have kicked a policeman Để nói bổn phận nghĩa vụ phải làm tương đương với cấu trúc: “It’s somebody's duty to + Vinf” It’s her duty to make tea at o’clock => She is supposed to make tea at o’clock It’s her duty to lock the door after the school finishes => She is supposed to lock Đôi was/were supposed to được dùng để noi kế hoạch, xếp thường khác so với thức tế xảy ra: The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late You were supposed to clean the windows Why didn’t you it? that ….should + V.inf Một số động từ như: advise, agree, arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest, urge, prefer, … thường được diễn đạt dạng bị động mệnh đề“that” (clause) S + V + that + S + (should) + V-bare + … (chủ động) + + be + V3 (bị động) Eg: He insisted that she (should) write to him everyday He insisted that his son (should) be named after his grandfather They have decided to sell the house => They have decided that the house (should) be sold They suggested making the tests easier => They suggested that the tests should be made easier She advised that we should keep the gate locked/She advised keeping the gate locked => She advised that the gate should be kept locked Lưu ý: Các mẫu câu đề thi thường được lược bỏ SHOULD Eg: Nancy asked that her husband _be _ home from work not too late A is B be () C was D will be Ngoài ra, co dạng bị động đặc biệt với số tính từ, như: advisable, better, desirable, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary,anxious, determined S + tobe + adj + that + S + (should) + V-bare + … (chủ động) + be + V3 (bị động) It is essential that rare animals (should) be protected It is advisable that everyone have a map It is essential for him to be prepared for this./It is essential that he (should) be prepared for this Động từ + tân ngữ+ bổ ngữ tân ngữ Eg: They elected Mr Sanderson president => Mr Sanderson was elected president Câu mệnh lệnh (V + O/Don’t + V + O) Let + Object + be + V3 Eg: Write your name here => Let your name be written here 10 Câu bị động truyền khiến Active Have sb dosomething/get sb to something - I have my younger brother clean the floor - He has his hair cut Passive have/get somethingdone (by sb) - I have the floor cleaned by my younger brother - He has the barber cut his hair Cấu trúc được dùng theo hai nghĩa sau: a Để nói ta thu xếp để người khác làm giúp việc (khơng tự làm) Eg: Jill repaired the roof ( = She repaired it herself) => Jill had the roof repaired (= She arranged for somebody else to repair it) b Để nói việc khơng hay xảy với vật sở hữu ai/cái gì: Eg: George’s nose was broken in a fight => George had his nose broken in a fight Jack’s passport was stolen a few weeks ago => Jack had his passport stolen a few weeks ago ... urge, prefer, … thường được diễn đạt dạng bị động mệnh đề that” (clause) S + V + that + S + (should) + V-bare + … (chủ động) + + be + V3 (bị động) Eg: He insisted that she (should) write... stared at when she is in the street Lưu ý: Với cấu trúc “need to + V-inf” mang nghĩa chủ động, chuyển sang bị động, ta sử dụng cấu trúc need + V-ing = need to be + V3 Eg: This car needs to be...➢ Vị trí trạng từ cụm trạng từ câu bị động: • Đới với trạng từ chỉ cách thức hành động, no sẽ theo động từ Eg: The problem has been carefully studied by the scientists