Chapter 18 provides knowledge of time series. When you finish this chapter, you should be able to: Define the four components of a time series, determine a linear trend equation, compute a moving average, compute the trend equation for a nonlinear trend,...
18 1 Copyright © 2003 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 2 When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to: Define the four components of a time series Compute the trend equation for a nonlinear trend Use trend equations to forecast future time periods and to develop seasonally adjusted forecasts Determine a linear trend equation Compute a moving average Determine and interpret a set of seasonal indexes Identify cyclical fluctuations Deseasonalize data using a seasonal index Compute and evaluate forecasts Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 3 … is a collection of data recorded over a period of time ( data may be recorded weekly, monthly, or quarterly) …is the long run direction of the Time Series …is the fluctuation above and below the trend line …is the pattern in a time series; these patterns tend to repeat themselves from year to year Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 4 Continued… …is divided into two components: Episodic variations … are unpredictable, but can usually be identified, such as a flood or hurricane Residual variations … are random in nature and cannot be identified Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 5 Text Chart 181… Excel Secular Trend Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 6 Text Chart 182 Excel Secular Trend … almost constant Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 7 Text Chart 183 Excel Secular Trend …Increasing Trend Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 8 Text Chart 184 Excel Secular Trend …Declining Trend Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 9 Text Chart 185 Excel Cyclical Variation Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 10 Figure 18-6 Text Chart 186 Excel Seasonal Variation Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 19 Non-Linear Trend If the trend is not linear but rather the increases tend to be a constant percent, the y values are converted to logarithms, and a least squares equation is determined using the lns: ln( y ) [ ln( a)] [ ln( b)]t Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 20 Text Figure 1811 Excel Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 21 The MovingAverage Method … is used to smooth out a time series. This is accomplished by “moving” the arithmetic mean through the time series …the movingaverage is the basic method used in measuring the seasonal fluctuation …to apply the movingaverage method to a time series, the data should follow a fairly linear trend and have a definite rhythmic pattern of fluctuations Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Using Text Chart 189 Excel The MovingAverage Method Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 22 18 23 The method most commonly used to compute the typical seasonal pattern is called the RatiotoMovingAverage Method …it eliminates the trend, cyclical, and irregular components from the original data (y) …the numbers that result are called the typical seasonal indexes Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 24 Listed below are the quarterly sales (in $ millions) of Toys International for the years 1996 through 2001. Determine a quarterly seasonal index using the ratio tomoving average method Year Winter Spring Summer Fall Note … that the fall quarter sales are the largest and the spring sales are the smallest each year 1996 6.7 4.6 6.7 12.7 1997 6.5 4.6 6.5 13.6 1998 6.9 5.0 6.9 14.1 1999 7.0 5.5 7.0 15.0 2000 7.1 5.7 7.1 14.5 2001 8.0 6.2 11.4 14.9 Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 25 Steps 1. …determine the moving total for the time series 2. …determine the moving average for the time series 3. …the moving averages are then centered 4. …the specific seasonal for each period is then computed by dividing the y values with the centered moving averages 5. … organize the specific seasonals in a table 6. … apply the correction factor Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 26 Steps 1. …determine the moving total for the time series Text Chart 186 Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 27 Text Chart 1813 Excel Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 28 Text Chart 1814 Excel Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 29 Moving Average The MovingAverage Method Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 30 The resulting series (sales) is called deseasonalized sales or seasonally adjusted sales The reason for deseasonalizing a series (sales) is to remove the seasonal fluctuations so that the trend and cycle can be studied A set of typical indexes is very useful in adjusting a series, sales, for example Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 31 Text Chart 1817 Excel Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Test your learning… … Test your learning … … n o n o k ilcick CCl www.mcgrawhill.ca/college/lind Online Learning Centre for quizzes extra content data sets searchable glossary access to Statistics Canada’s EStat data …and much more! Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 32 18 33 This completes Chapter 18 Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. ... Determine a linear trend equation Compute a moving average Determine? ?and? ?interpret a set of seasonal indexes Identify cyclical fluctuations Deseasonalize data using a seasonal index Compute? ?and? ?evaluate forecasts... Copyright © 2004 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 25 Steps 1. …determine the moving total for the? ?time? ?series 2. …determine the moving average for the? ?time? ?series 3. …the moving averages are then centered... …the movingaverage is the basic method used? ?in? ? measuring the seasonal fluctuation …to apply the movingaverage method to a? ?time? ? series, the data should follow a fairly linear trend and? ?have a definite rhythmic pattern of fluctuations