The merchants of siberia trade in early modern eurasia

www.ebook3000.com THE MERCHANTS OF SIBERIA www.ebook3000.com THE MERCHANTS OF SIBERIA TR A DE I N EA R LY M O D E R N E UR A S I A Erika Monahan CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS Ithaca and London Copyright © 2016 by Cornell University All rights reserved Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850 First published 2016 by Cornell University Press Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Monahan, Erika, author Title: The merchants of Siberia : trade in early modern Eurasia / Erika Monahan Description: Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 2016 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2015041817 | ISBN 9780801454073 (cloth : alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Merchants—Russia (Federation)— Siberia—History—17th century | Merchants—Russia (Federation)—Siberia—History—18th century | Siberia (Russia)—Commerce—History—17th century | Siberia (Russia)—Commerce—History—18th century Classification: LCC HF3630.2.Z8 S5256 2016 | DDC 382.0957—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015041817 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cover illustration: Bukharan embassy to Ivan IV, Autumn 1588 Litsevoi Svod, bk 23, p 98 Courtesy: Jack Kollmann collection with permission from Akteon publishers www.ebook3000.com For Seth www.ebook3000.com 300 500 CASPIAN SEA 1000 km 600 mi Bukhara Aral Sea Semipalatinsk Lake Yamysh ver Solikamsk Selenginsk Lake Baikal Extent of Russian Empire in 1700 Enisei River a Kazan Lal’sk Sol’vychegodsk h Ri Irtys Verkhotur’e Tobol’sk Yaik (Ural) Tura River Irbit Tiumen’ Barabinskii River (Baraba) steppe Tara e v i Astrakhan ol’ R Tob lg Vo r Rive Moscow Velikii Ustiug Arkhangel’sk White Sea A R C T I C O C EA N Beijing Nerchinsk Riv er a Figure 0.1  Map of Eurasia BLACK SEA Sea of Azov BALTIC SEA ive r Ob R Len r SEA OF OKHOTSK ula ns eni P a hatk Kamc Contents List of Illustrations  ix Glossary xi List of Abbreviations  xiii Introduction Part One:   Commerce and Empire “For Profit and Tsar”: Commerce in Early Modern Russia 33 Siberia in Eurasian Context 71 Part Two: Spaces of Exchange: From Center to P eri phery Spaces of Exchange: State Structures 111 Spaces of Exchange: Seen and Unseen 145 Connecting Eurasian Commerce: Lake Yamysh 175 Part Three:   The Merchants of Siberia Early Modern Elites: The Filatʹev Family 209 Commerce and Confession: The Shababin Family 254 Middling Merchants 302 vii viii    Co n t e n ts Conclusion 334 Afterword: Meanings of Siberia 359 Acknowledgments 365 Bibliography 369 Index 399 www.ebook3000.com Illustrations 0.1.  Map of Eurasia 1.1.  Bukharan embassy to Ivan IV, autumn 1558 2.1.  Ermak and his men 2.2. Russian embassy of Ivan IV to the Holy Roman Emperor at Regensburg in 1576, panel 2, men bearing furs 2.3. Russian embassy of Ivan IV to the Holy Roman Emperor at Regensburg in 1576, panel 3, merchants bearing textiles 3.1.  Godunov map, 1667 3.2. Tobolʹsk around the turn of the seventeenth to eighteenth century 4.1. Map of Tobolʹsk around the turn of the seventeenth to eighteenth century 5.1.  Landmarks of the Irtysh River: Lake Yamysh 5.2.  Detail of salt harvesting from Lake Yamysh 6.1. Church of St. Nicholas of the Big Cross, Kitai gorod, Moscow 6.2. Filatʹev family tree 7.1.  Shababin family tree 7.2.  Detail of survey recounting Shababin property acquisitions 7.3.  Map of Tiumenʹ and its hinterland 7.4.  A Siberian Bukharan, eighteenth century 8.1.  Noritsyn family tree vi 45 82 86 87 116 130 148 184 188 210 213 264 275 279 293 308 ix 396    B I B L I O G R A P H Y V., I “K istorii o Sabanake Kul′mameteve v ‘Rodoslovnoi istorii o tatarakh,’ Abu-lGazi.” Suleimanovskie chteniia Tiumen′, 2012 Valk, S N “Iina Ivanovna Liubimenko,” Voprosy ekonomiki i klassovykh otnoshenii russkom gosudarstve XII–XVII vekov Vol. 2, 483–93 Leningrad, 1960 Veluwenkamp, Jan Willem, and Joost Veenstra “Early Modern English Merchant Colonies: Contexts and Functions.” In Zakharov, Harlaftis, and Katsiardi-Hering, Merchant Colonies in the Early Modern Period, 11–31 Vershinin, E V Voevodskoe upravlenie v Sibiri (XVII v.) Ekaterinburg, 1998 Veselovskii, N I Pamiatniki diplomaticheskikh i torgovykh snoshenii Moskovskoi Rusi s Persiei vol. 3 St. Petersburg, 1898 Veselovskii, S B D′iaki i pod′iachie XV–XVII vv Moscow, 1975 ——— Trudy po istochnikovedeniiu i istorii Rossii perioda feodalizma Moscow, 1978 Vilkov, O N “O stroitel′stvo Tobol′ska.” Izvestiia SOANSSSR 151, vyp (1969): 71–79 ——— “Pushnoi promysel v Sibiri.” Nauka v Sibiri 45 (1999): n.p ——— Remeslo i torgovlia zapadnoi Sibiri v XVII v Moscow, 1967 ——— “Tobol′sk—tsentr tamozhennoi sluzhby Sibiri v XVII v.” In Vilkov, Goroda Sibiri, 131–69 ——— “Torgovye pomeshcheniia gorodov Sibiri v XVII v.” In Rezun, Gorodskaia kul′tura Sibiri, 8–24 ——— “Torgovye pomeshcheniia Tobol′ska v XVII veka.” Izvestiia SOANSSSR 141, no. 6, vyp (1968): 91–97 ——— “Tranzit ‘russkikh’ tovarov cherez Tobol′sk v Sibir′ XVII v.” Izvestiia Sibirskogo Otdeleniia Akademiia Nauk SSSR, no. 9, vyp (1966): 113–26 Vilkov, O N., ed Goroda Sibiri (Ekonomika, upravlenie i kul′tura gorodov Sibri v dosovetskii period) Novosibirsk, 1974 ——— Istoriia gorodov Sibiri dosovetskogo perioda (XVII–nach XX vv.) Novosibirsk, 1977 ——— Ocherki sotsial′no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiia Sibiri kontsa XVI–nachala XVIII v Novosibirsk, 1990 ——— Sibirskie goroda XVII–nachala XX veka Novosibirsk, 1981 ——— Torgovlia gorodov Sibiri kontsa 16–nachala 20 v Novosibirsk, 1987 Vinkovetsky, Ilya Russia America: An Overseas Colony of a Continental Empire, 1804– 1867 New York, 2011 Vinogradoff, Paul Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval History Oxford,  1892 Volkonskii, Serge Pictures of Russian History and Russian Literature Boston, 1898 Vvedenskii, A A Dom Stroganovykh Moscow, 1962 Wallace, Sir Donald Mackenzie Russia Illinois, 2006 Originally published in 1905 ——— Russia on the Eve of Revolution New York,  1961 Wallerstein, Immanuel The Modern World-Sytem I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century New York, 1974; repr Berkeley, 2011 Werth, Paul W “Coercion and Conversion: Violence and the Mass Baptism of the Volga Peoples, 1740–55.” Kritika 4, no. 3 (2003): 543–69 West, James L and Iurii A Petrov, eds Merchant Moscow: Images of Russia’s Vanished Bourgeoisie Princeton, NJ, 1998 www.ebook3000.com B I B L I O G R A P H Y     397 White, Richard The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 New York, 1991 Whittaker, Cynthia Hyla, ed Russia Engages the World, 1453–1825 Cambridge, MA,  2003 Widmer, Eric The Russian Ecclestastical [sic] Mission in Peking during the Eighteenth Century Cambridge, MA, 1976 Willan, T S The Early History of the Russia Company Manchester, UK, 1956 —— The Muscovy Merchants of 1555 Manchester, UK, 1953 Wills, John E., Jr “European Consumption and Asian Production in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.” In Consumption and the World of Goods, edited by John Brewer and Roy Porter, 133–47 New York, 1993 Wilson, C H “Trade, Society and the State.” In The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. 4, The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, edited by E E Rich and C H Wilson, 487–576 Cambridge, UK, 1967 Winkler, Martina “Another America: Russian Mental Discoveries of the North-west Pacific Region in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries.” Journal of Global History (2012): 27–51 Witzenrath, Christoph Cossacks and the Russian Empire, 1598–1725: Manipulation, Rebellion and Expansion into Siberia New York,  2007 Wolff, Larry Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment Stanford, CA, 1994 Woodruff, David Money Unmade: Barter and the Fate of Russian Capitalism Ithaca, NY, 1999 Yakobson, S “Early Anglo-Russian Relations (1553–1613).” Slavonic and East European Review 13, no. 39 (1935): 597–610 Yi, Eunjeong Guild Dynamics in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul: Fluidity and Leverage Leiden, 2003 Zabelin, I E Istoriia goroda Moskvy: Neizdannye trudy Moscow, 2003 Zakharov, V N “Torgovlia zapadnoevropeiskikh kuptsov v Rossii v kontse XVII–pervoi chetverti XVIII v.” Istoricheskie Zapiski 112 (1985): 177–214 Zakharov, V N., Gelina Harlaftis, and Olga Katsiardi-Hering, eds Merchant Colonies in the Early Modern Period London, 2012 Zaozerskaia, A I “Stat′i Moskovskii posad pri Petre I.” Voprosy Istorii (1947): 19-35 ——— Tsarskaia votchina XVII v 2nd ed Moscow, 1937 Ziiaev, Ekonomicheskie sviazi Srednei Azii s Sibir′iu v XVI–XIX vv Tashkent, 1983 ——— Uzbeki v Sibiri, XVI–XIX vv Tashkent, 1968 www.ebook3000.com In dex Abatis line, 204 Ablin, Seitkul, 55, 125, 176, 182, 193, 267, 270, 284 Afanas′ev, I., 355 Afghan-Mughal war, 55 Alekseevna, Sophia See Regent Sophia Andreev, Luchka, 315 – 16 Arkhangel′sk: becomes an open port, 47; Dutch trade at, 46, 48, 356; Filat′ev family trades at, 234 – 35, 238 – 40; fur trade at, 87 – 88, 117, 147, 213, 216; silk trade at, 52, 61; textile trade at, 146; as a trade center, 47, 53, 103, 146 – 47, 303, 329 – 30, 338; trade in kind at, 52; and trade with Kazan, 98; and travel restrictions for foreigners, 64 Armenian merchants, 57, 67, 69, 100 – 1, 107, 200, 221 Ashmenev, Shaba, 264, 280, 284 – 87, 290 Astrakhan khanate, 76, 79, 99 – 100 Astrakhan: Bukharans trade at, 258, 267; diaspora communities at, 54 – 55, 353; and exceptions to taxation laws, 57; and exports of iufti, 95; relations of with Muscovy, 41, 48, 340; trade at, 96 – 101, 108; trade routes and, 147, 338, 355; and travel restrictions for foreigners, 64, 67 Avvakum, 119 – 20, 131, 359 Baikov, Fëdor Isakovich: 55, 103, 122, 179, 181 – 82,  268 Bakhteiarov-Rostovskii, Vladimir Ivanovich, 91 Bashkirs, 84, 119, 124 Bekovich-Cherkasski expedition, 206, 344 Bekovich-Cherkasski, Prince Aleksandr, 344 Bel′skii, Gerasim V., 234, 306 – 7 Berezov, 72, 84 n 58, 123 n 54, 132, 164, 166, 215 Berke Khan, 74 Bobr, Vasilii, 209 n 2 Bosov, Kirill, 13 n 39, 209 n 2, 216, 218, 248 n 211, 252, 313, 317 Braudel, Fernand, 20, 152 – 53, 229, 287, 350 – 51 Buddhism, 73 – 75, 160, 178, 179 n 10, 180 Bukhara: dangers of trade route to, 99, 147, 149 n 15; Genghis Khan conquers, 74; mentioned, 256 n 9, 262, 298, 344; migrants from to Russia, 2, 265; as part of trade routes, 340 n 26; as religious center, 75, 78, 259 n 20; Russia cultivates trade relations with, 44, 45, 92; Russians trade in, 355; seen as center of Central Asia, 75, 262 – 63; traders from, 57, 83, 154, 266, 294 See also History of Bukhara Bukharan merchants: at Astrakhan, 10; cleanliness of, 158; and competition from Russian merchants for China trade, 286; education of, 353; and expansion of trade with India, 55; and fox trade, 169 – 70; and freedom to choose trade routes, 147; at Yamysh, 196 – 98, 202, 207; and livestock trade, 153; mentioned in primary sources, 289 – 92, 295, 299, 327; protectionist measures for reduced, 136, 199; receive land grants from tsar, 254, 261, 266, 269; required to dispose of cash before leaving Russia, 137; and rhubarb trade, 171, 266 – 69; Russian merchant trades with, 318; and sale of Chinese slaves in Siberia, 154; seek trade route through Siberia in late sixteenth century, 100; service of to Russian state, 256, 274; settle in new Siberian towns, 129; and smuggling, 161; state policies encourage, 57 – 58, 83, 91; at Tara, 115; at Tobol′sk, 151; and trade with China, 200, 268; and trade with Kazan, 98; as trade ambassadors for Russian state, 55, See also Seitov, Shaba; Shabin, Seit; Shababin, Ashmen; 399 400    I n d e x Bukharan merchants (continued) Shababin family; Shababin, Seit; Shababin, Seit Shabin syn; Shabin syn Shababin, Seit; transit Bukharans Bukharans: convert to Orthodoxy, 292, 296 – 97; as customs collectors, 142 – 43; economic pursuits of, 288; education levels of, 272, 281 – 82; images of, 45, 293; lifestyle of in Siberia, 271 – 73; migration of to Siberia, 112, 258 – 61; Muslim faith of, 269 – 70; as missionaries, 289, 300; origins of in Central Asia, 180, 262 – 63; Peter I encourages to migrate to Russia, 342; prohibited from leaving Russian with hard currency, 52, 137; and pressure to convert to Christianity, 290 – 92; ­relationship of with Kalmyks, 124 – 25; relationship of with Russian state, 259, 263, 280, 288; segregation of within Russian communities, 269 – 70; self-sufficiency of, 288 – 89; serve as guarantors of surety bonds, 278 – 79, 281; status of in Russian society, 260 – 62; as sworn men, 189, 194; and tension with Russian Christians, 270, 276 – 77, 280 – 81; travel routes of, 125; wealth of, 271 Bulgars, 36, 73 – 74, 78, 96 – 97 Catherine II See Empress Catherine II caviar trade, 47, 52 – 53, 60 – 61, 88 Chagatai Horde, 74 – 76, 281 charters: determine privileges of gosti, 4; to Filat′ev family, 226 n 87; gosti status attained through, 15; mentioned, 211; to Muscovy Company, 47, 57, 351; and obligations to the tsar, 229; to Stroganov family, 57, 80 – 81, 83, 91, 111 n 1, 121 n 45, 135, 258 – 59; checkpoints, 133, 145, 161, 163 – 64, 168, 218 See also customs collection Cheremis, 84, 123, 283 Cherkasskii, Prince Mikhail Iakovlevich, 257, 271 n 89, 277 – 78 China: Bukharan merchants trade with, 162, 176, 200, 266 – 68, 274, 286; Cossacks trade with, 167 n 135; early Russian trade with, 38, 54 – 55, 159, 267, 336, 340; and expansion of Russian empire, 89; Filat′ev family trades with, 211, 222 – 25, 228, 233 – 38, 241, 247, 251, 253, 310, 355; fur trade and, 86, 93; governors develop trade with, 238; growth of ­Russian trade with, 304, 315, 319, 322 – 23, 355; imports from, 113, 133, 140; Merchant Hundred members trade with, 327 – 29; Mongols and, 38, 76; Orthodox church in, 325 – 26; and Russian relations with Dzhungars, 204 – 5, 324; Russian awareness of in medieval period, 37; Siberian merchants trade with, 93, 159, 161, 166, 179, 200 – 2, 310 – 12, 330 – 31; as source of rhubarb, 8, 266 – 68, 274; state sponsors trade missions to, 147, 180, 182, 258, 312, 323 – 28; trade routes to, 146 – 48, 181, 200, 202, 223, 323 – 24, 344; and Treaty of Nerchinsk, 90, 120, 322, 328, 345 See also Irtysh line Chinggis Khan, 256 Chinggisids, 74 – 76, 100, 179 – 80 Chingi-Tur, 77, 83, 254, 259, 264 Chistii, Nazar, 245 Church of St. Nicholas of the Big Cross (Kitai gorod), 209 – 10, 234 Conciliar Law Code (1649), 28, 138, 166, 184, 225, 283, 354 Constantinople, 34, 36, 38, 44, 138, 136, 224 Contarini, Ambrogio, 40, 99, 158 n 70, 272 n 90 Copper Riot (1662), 336 Cossacks: and conquest of Khan Kuchum, 81; and early settlement of Siberia, 120, 123, 143, 198, 332; and fishing rights, 154; at Lake Yamysh, 188, 193; and land grants, 288; as merchants, 150 – 51, 153, 167 n 133, 194, 275, 291; and salt trade, 193, 196; and smuggling, 196; and Stenka Razin uprising, 122; as trade ambassadors, 54; and trade with China, 167, 200 cotton trade, 7 – 8, 54, 86, 96, 101, 159, 192, 251 Crimean khanate, 41 – 42, 76 – 77, 79, 179 Crimean Tatars, 77, 79, 108, 112, 204, 257, 321 customs collection: Bukharans and, 142 – 43, 256, 261, 274, 291 – 92; early history of in Rus′, 107; early history of in Siberia, 28, 34, 132 – 33; employees of, 5, 142 – 43, 189, 194, 196, 261, 271, 291; as evidence of state vision for Siberia, 62, 65, 103, 346; and fur trade, 89, 102; inadequacies of Russian system, 145, 162, 173, 224, 337; at Lake Yamysh, 194 – 95, 200, 206; Moscow centralizes administration of, www.ebook3000.com I n d e x     401 138; as proportion of Russian economy, 7, 30, 53, 64; as proportion of Siberian economy, 89; reforms of, 199, 241; and smuggling, 166 – 66; system described, xi, 28, 51, 62 – 64, 134, 141 n 148; and valuation of goods, 138 See also checkpoints; customs heads; customs posts; New Trade Statute (1667); New Trade Statute (1693); New Trade Statute (1698); one-tenth tax; sworn men; Trade Statute (1653) customs heads: and abuse of power, 215, 231; Bukharans as, 292; corruption among, 135, 168 – 69; early history of in Siberia, 134 – 35; responsibilities of, 102, 141, 149, 152; and smuggling, 171 customs posts: administrative structure of, 141, 314; and documentation requirements, 161; Bukharans and, 143; early history of in Siberia, 28, 131 – 33; inadequacy of, 145, 161 – 62; merchants bypass, 162; procedures at, 155; scale of collections at, 153; types of taxes collected at, 134 dan′ (tribute), xi, 78 De Gron brothers, 65 – 66 decline thesis, 22, 100, 255, 300 Dezhnev, Semen, 35, 89, 218 Dmitrevich, Prince Vasili, 63 Dolgorukii, Prince Yuri, 36 Dolgorukoi, Prince Grigorii, 91 Driagin, Fëdor, 169, 282 n 142 Dutch East India Company, 60, 241, 348 Dutch: ban export of silver, 52; begin to trade at Arkhangel′sk, 46; business practices of, 356; compete with English for trade in Russia, 46, 48, 347 – 48, 351, 355; contributions of to Russian language, 339; dominate trade with Russia, 339; explore Russia’s northern coast, 348; first Golden Age of, 338; French protectionist policies toward, 352; and fur trade, 88, 355; historiography of maritime trade of, 22 n 76, 35; mentioned, 65, 350; protectionist policies of, 66; seek northeast passage to China, 83; serve as middlemen in Italy’s trade with Muscovy, 47 – 48; and silk trade, 60; trade of with Russia, 46 – 47, 52 – 53, 356; Vasilii III establishes trade relations with, 44 Dzhungars, 55, 113, 131, 175, 179 – 80, 203 – 5, 223,  324 East India Company (English), 242, 338 Ediger (brother of Khan Kuchum), 77, 79 Eletskii, Prince Andrei Vasiliev, 114 – 15 Embaevskii yurt: 261, 275, 278 – 90 Empress Anna Iannovna, 345 Empress Catherine II: leadership style of, 49; promotes settlement of Volga region, 99, 102, 121, 179 n 10, 205; and Pugachev rebellion, 120; and religious tolerance, 297; and tax-free trade for Kazakhs, 345 Empress Elizabeth (r 1741 – 61), 204 – 5, 251, 286, 292, 294, 297, 345 England: develops trade relations with Muscovy, 43; exports wool to Russia, 8, 96, 192; makes export of specie illegal, 52; protectionist policies of, 65 – 66, 241 – 42, 350 – 51; relationship of with Russia, 34, 47, 57, 348; taxation policies of, 53; trade with Iran of, 46 See also James I English expeditions: to Iran, 46; to Russia, 43, 46, 48 See also Willoughby-Chancellor expedition English merchants: and competition from Dutch merchants, 46 – 47, 356; imperialist trading practices of, 24, 150 – 51, 355; seek products for ship building in Russia, 88, 94, 212, 333; seek trade with China, 83; settle in Russia, 3; trading privileges of in Russia, 46 – 47, 56, 107; and travel restrictions in Russia, 47 – 48, 67 See also East India Company (English); Muscovy Company Eniseisk, 138, 202, 215, 217, 231, 302, 306 Ermak, 75, 81 – 83, 112, 259, 340 Eternal Peace Treaty (1686), 234 Evreinov, Mikhail, 248 Fëdorovich, Mikhail See Tsar Mikhail Fëdorovich Fetiev, Gavril Martynovich, 247 Filat′ev family, 211, 222 – 24, 226 – 28, 231 – 33, 237 – 40, 243, 248 – 49, 252 – 52 Filat′ev, Aleksei Ostafievich, 213, 221, 235 – 36, 239 – 42, 249 – 50 Filat′ev, Bogdan Vasilievich, 212 – 14 Filat′ev, Ivan Vasilievich, 211 – 12, 214, 219 Filat′ev, Ostafii: achieves gost′ status, 214 – 15, 232 n 122; agents of, 197, 224, 235, 302, 306 – 7; builds Church of St.  Nicholas of the Big Cross, 209, 234; children of, 215 n 25, 234; death of, 232, 234; family tree of, 213; and fur trade, 216; inherits 402    I n d e x Filat′ev, Ostafii (continued) uncle’s business, 215, 234; locations of, 231; longevity of, 235, 248; mentioned, 228, 236, 248, 265, 307; and paper trade, 222; protests against abuse, 215, 231, 233; receives land and money from Regent Sophia, 234; relations of with governors, 230; religious faith of, 245; and salt trade, 232 – 33; service of to Russian state, 221, 224; trade network of, 220, 226 Filat′ev, Peter Dmitrievich, 213, 249 – 51 Filat′ev, Vasilii Ivanovich, 211 – 13, 232, 234 – 36 forts: at Albazin, 325; at Biysk, 203; and construction of marketplaces, 149 – 50; along Irtysh River, 89, 176, 203, 206, 299; at Iset, 131; at Lake Yamysh, 185, 89, 203; at Nerchinsk, 323; at Omsk, 203; at Pelym, 150; Russian state builds in Siberia, 28, 67, 83 – 85, 117, 119, 127, 131, 265; at Samara, 99; at Saratov, 99; at Semipalatinsk, 203; at Tara, 150, 186 – 87; at Tiumen′, 83, 150; at Tobol′sk, 150 – 51; and trade routes, 148; at Tsaritsyn, 99; at Ust′-Kamenogorsk, 179, 203; at Verkhotur′e, 150; at Yamshevskaia, 203 fox trade, 140 – 41, 169, 173, 218 France, economic development of, 35; ­forbids export of money in fifteenth century, 52; policies of toward French merchants, 352; poor roads of in eighteenth century, 23; protectionist trade policies of, 65; recruits German settlers for its colonies, 102; seeks overland route to Far East, 344; trade of with Russia, 356 fur entrepreneurs, 25, 28 See also promyshlenniki fur trade: agriculture as a source of decline, 121 – 22, 129; decline in, 92 – 93, 117, 140 – 41, 222; Dutch merchants and, 47; English merchants and, 67; and expansion of Siberia, 340; Filat′ev family and, 212, 216; growth of in Russia, 8, 38; historiography of, 50 n 74, 62, 70, 79, 85 – 86, 88, 90 n 88; Novgorod and, 211 – 12; as a proportion of goods traded in Russia, 89; and Russian trappers’ extortion of Samoyed and Vogol tribes, 78; as a source of state revenue, 85 – 88, 137, 140; Russian state regulates, 62, 89, 141; Siberia’s role in, 102; trade routes for, 116 – 17 fur tribute, 85 – 86, 102, 112, 128, 136, 186, 194 n 95, 346 See also iasak Gagarin family, 167, 171, 203, 231, 238 Genghis Khan, 74 – 77, 113 “German” goods, 59, 93, 147, 322 – 23 Godunov, Prince Petr Ivanovich, 116, 130, 183 gold, 51, 203, 205, 247, 271, 343 – 45 Golden Horde, 76 n 22 See also Qipchak khanate Golenishchev-Kutuzon, Ivan Fëderovich, 167, 230 – 31 Golikova, N B., 15, 303 – 4, 342 Gostev, Andrei Kuzmich, 303, 314 – 17, 320 – 22,  332 Gostev, Il′ia Andreevich, 314, 317 – 20, 322, 332 gosti: assess value of goods, 224; and charters, 4, 229; and China trade, 327; commercial networks of, 252; described, xi, 303; drawn from Merchant Hundred, 215; etymology of word, 338 – 39; finance construction of churches, 209 n 2; historiography of, 239, 253, 313, 351 – 52; local population resents, 170 – 71; Noritsyn family and, 305; Peter I encourages to build boats, 237; plague and, 218 – 19; proportion involved in Siberian trade, 210 – 11; privileges of, 4; qualifications of, 235; relationships of with governors, 230, 238; Russian state eliminates category, 249; service of to Russian state, 142, 170, 224, 229, 234; tax assessment and, 221; trade at Lake Yamysh, 193; trade within Russia rather than going abroad, 354, 356 – 57; tsars consult with, 221; wealth of, 242 – 47 See also Afanas′ev, I.; Bobr, Vasilii; Bosov, Kirill; Chistii, Nazar; Evreinov, Mikhail; Fetiev, Gavril Martynovich; Filat′ev, Ostafii; Filat′ev, Vasilii; Gusel′nikov, Afanasii; Gusel′nikov, Vasilii Fedotov; Kirillov, Averkii Stepanovich; Klimshin, Ivan; Laboznev, Kirill Iakovlevich; Mikliaev, Peter; Nikitin, Gavril Romanovich; Nikitnikov, G. L.; Nikitnitov, Nikita; Pankrat′ev, Danilo Grigorievich; Shorin, Mikhail; Shorin, Vasilii G.; Shukhnov, Ivan; Shustov, G F.; Stoianov, Semen; Zadorin, Semen F gostinye dvory (state-constructed marketplaces), xi, 149 gostinia sotnia, xi, 4, 15, 142 n 53, 193, 229, 303 See also Merchant Hundred Governor’s Office, 194 n 95, 277, 296 – 97 www.ebook3000.com I n d e x     403 governors: and abuse of power, 126, 168, 233; at Astrakhan, 79; conduct trade with China, 238; corruption and, 135, 141, 163, 165 – 67, 171, 238, 325; encourage Bukharans to trade in Siberia, 91 – 92, 98, 129, 135, 147; and Great Northern Expedition, 118; instructed not to enslave natives, 123 n 54; issue transit visas, 225; and map making, 130; persistence of position in Siberia, 28; and population surveys, 181; relations of with native peoples, 58; relationships with merchants, 171, 221, 230 – 31, 269, 279, 297, 323; and religious tension, 281, 283, 292; responsibility for collecting iasak, 102, 128 – 29, 133; responsibility for organizing adequate food resources, 128 – 29; responsibility for providing security, 128; at Tobol′sk, 114 grain trade: 47, 51, 87, 127 – 29, 142, 153, 166, 221, 260, 306, 315, 323, 340 Grand Prince Michael (Tver′), 40 Great Horde, 38, 77 Great Northern Expedition, 93, 118, 176, 182, 341 See also Second Kamchatka Expedition Gusel′nikov, Afanasii, 170 – 71, 215 – 18, 230, 252, 302 Gusel′nikov, Vasilii Fedotov: complains about abusive customs head, 215 – 17; dies from plague, 218, 248 n 211; petitions for permission to trade forbidden fox pelts, 169, 218; petitions for permission to use northern trade route, 119; prominent role of in Siberian trade, 216 – 18, 230; relationship of with Yakutsk governor, 170 – 71 Hansa league merchants, 34, 41, 78 hemp trade, 47, 50, 87, 94, 340 honey trade, 80, 94, 224, 306 Hongtaiji, Batur, 55 horse trade, 38, 57, 91, 107, 153, 162, 192 hostage taking, 190 – 92, 226 iam (station in the porter system), xi, 302 iarlyk (permission to collect tribute for the Mongol khan), xi, 37 iasak: and customs administration, 102 n 49, 132; governors collect, 102, 128; Moscow attempts to increase, 346; origin of term, 78 n 32; proportion of Siberian commerce, 89; Ural natives complain of inability to pay, 80 See also fur tribute Ignatiev, Grigorii, 319 – 20 Il-khanid khanate, 74 illegal storage of wares, 150, 161, 163, 210, 227 India: alternative markets for merchants from, 101; and Asian trade networks, 101, 113; Dutch merchants trade with, 46, 60, 241, 246, 348 – 49; English merchants trade with, 46, 242; exports cotton textiles, 7 – 8, 96; exports spices, 192; merchants from trade in Russia, 57, 100 – 1, 221; and migration to Russian Empire, 2, 54, 56; Muslims dominate trade with, 21; Russia gives lower tax rates to merchants from, 57, 133; Portuguese merchants trade with, 68; Russian state seeks greater trade with, 89, 205, 335, 344; Russian trade with, 38 – 40, 53 – 54, 100, 113, 286 instrumentalist approach of Russian state: and foreign merchants, 58; and generation of tax revenue, 53, 92; to government of Siberia, 51, 58, 70, 90, 92, 103, 135, 269, 335, 337 Iran, 44, 46, 53, 74, 89, 340, 355 See also Persia; Safavid Empire Irbit: customs collections at, 133, 195, 274, 287; market at, 108, 146, 153, 201 – 2, 285 – 87, 316; and trade routes, 117; and smuggling, 172 n 56 Irtysh line, 176, 202 – 7, 299, 324, 345 Irtysh trade route, 56, 77, 118, 147 – 48, 176 – 79, 183 – 84, 202, 223, 326 – 27 Isker, 7, 114, 183, 259 n 21 Islam: Bukharans and spread of, 261, 300; historiography of vis-à-vis Russian history, 8 – 9, 255; in medieval Eurasia, 73 – 75; Khan Kuchum promotes, 78, 259; Russian state accommodates, 276, 280 – 84; in Siberia, 257 – 58 See also Bukharans; Sufism Italy: 16, 41, 47, 52, 60, 86 iufti (semifinished leather hides), 88, 95, 240 See also fur trade Iurgench, 44, 147 Ivanovich, Tsar Fëdor, 132 James I, 24, 348 Kalmyks: and attacks on Tatar ­communities, 193; Buddhism of, 73, 179 n 10, 180, 257; build stone and brick buildings, 179; Bukharans and, 263, 266, 278, 295, 298; control Lake Yamysh, 188 – 90; 404    I n d e x Kalmyks (continued) ­ demography of, 72 – 73; and disruption of trade, 185, 190; Filat′ev family and, 224, 227; and fur tribute, 185; and livestock trade, 153, 186, 189, 192; mentioned, 123, 198; as merchants, 151; raids of on Russian settlements, 120, 122, 124, 128, 185, 190, 193, 299, 321, 336; relationship of Bukharan merchants with, 124 – 25; relationship of Russian state with, 92, 124, 149, 185 – 86, 190 – 91, 224, 345; slave raids of, 120, 154; as slaves of merchants, 278, 318, 320, 322 n 77; steppe territory of, 113 – 14, 147, 179, 185, 202, 324 Kamen′, 217, 223 Kasimov, Muhammad Islam, 55 See also Qasim(ov), Muhammad Yusuf Kazakh horde, 57, 75, 77, 83, 113, 147, 149, 190 – 91,  345 Kazakh khanate, 75 – 77 Kazan khanate, 41, 76, 79, 98 – 99, 361; Kazan Office, 27 Kazan: and administration of Siberia, 139 n 142; Bukharan merchants and, 147, 258; and construction of forts, 204; described, 96; Ivan IV seeks to control trade in, 44; fur tribute collection at, 80, 85, 320; relationship of with empire, 97, 108; Khan Kuchum and, 77 – 78; Mongols settle in, 74; Moscow conquers, 79, 97, 147; Moscow welcomes Persians to, 58; murder of Russian merchants in, 98; Muscovy and, 41, 48; Muslims settle in, 74, 299, 360 n 5; non-Orthodox peasants in, 26; Persian residents of, 58; as regional trading center, 97 – 98; and Russian expansion into Siberia, 204; Russian merchants at, 97; Tatars at, 112, 124; and trade routes, 98 – 99, 164, 340; Vasilii III forbids trade with, 42 Khabar-Taban pass, 180 Khakholev, Governor Mikhail, 296 Khan Ibak, 77 Khan Kuchum: attacks Ermak’s forces, 83; conflict of with Stroganov family, 81; descendants of, 112, 114, 120; Ermak ousts from Qashliq, 81, 340; relationship of with Moscow, 77 – 80; repelled in 1593, 124, 361; and salt trade, 183; welcomes Islam, 77, 259 Khaukal′, Ibn, 37, 97 Khiva, 98, 344 Kholmogory, 146 – 47, 212, 240, 270 n 81, 306, 348 Kiakhta: 117, 148, 200 – 2, 286, 292, 299, 340 See also Treaty of Kiakhta Kiev, 35 – 37, 62, 64 n 132, 74, 85, 96, 338 Kirgiz, 56, 112 – 13, 179, 205, 225, 302 Kirill, Ivan, 216 Kirillov, Averkii Stepanovich, 209, 242 – 45 Kitai gorod, 105 – 7, 207, 209, 210, 231, 243, 249, 251 kitaika (thin fabric), xi, 251 Klimshin, Ivan, 142 Kliuchevskii, V. O., 11 – 12, 36, 343 Kondrat′ev, Kozma, 228 Konstantinov, Dmitrii, 161, 193, 197, 210 n 5, 224 – 25 kormlenie (“feeding”), xi, 42, 63, 141, 163, 168, 172 Kotoshikhin, Grigorii, 16, 349 Kotov, Fedot Afanasyev syn, 53 Krizhanich, Yuri, 35, 72, 131, 190 – 93, 195, 262, 271 – 73, 278, 288, 356 n 105 Kubilai Khan, 37, 74 Kulmametev, Seidiash, 196 – 98, 256 n 10,  263 kupchina (state merchant), xi, 323 Kuznetsk, 84, 89, 202, 206 Laboznev, Kirill Iakovlevich, 240 Lake Yamysh: Bukharans trade at, 206; and China trade, 225; described, 177, 179 – 80, 183, 187 – 88, 192 – 93; Dzhungars attack Russian fort at, 203; Filat′ev family trades at, 224; Kalmyks attack, 190; Kalmyks occupy region around, 179, 190; map of, 183, 184, 188; mentioned, 55, 92, 155, 255, 28, 291, 345; Russian merchants trade at, 95, 100, 117, 193; salt trade at, 187 – 88, 193; soldiers transport salt from, 157; state sends customs agents to seasonal market at, 133; state regulates market at, 194 – 95, 206, 361 – 62; state’s early interactions with, 188 – 91; and soldiers as merchants, 198; summer market at, 153, 191 – 92, 194; and trade with China, 176, 192, 197, 200 – 2, 225, 324; and steppe warfare, 186 Lal′sk, 146, 212, 285 – 86, 303 – 7, 313, 316, 324 – 25,  331 lavki (market stalls), xi, 149, 152 leather trade: at Arkhangel′sk, 87 – 88; at Astrakhan, 101; and customs revenue, 53; Dutch trade and, 47, 88; at Irbit, 287; at Lake Yamysh, 192; in Muscovy, 2, 53, 95; and New Trade Statute of 1693, 139; as a Russian export, 87, 93 – 94, 155, www.ebook3000.com I n d e x     405 186 – 87, 240, 288; Shababin family and, 257, 287 – 89, 340; at Yaroslavl′, 230 See also iufti Liangusov, Ivan Ivanov, 309, 321 Liangusov, Spiridon Iakovlev, 314 – 15, 317, 320 – 28, 332 – 33,  358 livestock trade: Kalmyks and, 186, 189, 192; at Lake Yamysh, 153, 183, 189, 192, 200; and leather trade, 155; and Siberian trade, 90, 92, 127, 223, 362; state regulation of, 128; at Tara, 89; at Tiumen′, 153; and trade with China, 323 Luzin, Semen Ostafeev, 222, 227, 229 – 30, 235, 239, 304, 322 Mahmet-kula, 77, 80 Manchu-Dzhungar wars, 204 – 5 Mangazeia, 67, 117 – 18, 132, 164, 166, 216 Menshikov, Alexander Danilovich, 236, 238, 343 Merchant Court, 106 Merchant Hundred: described, 4 – 5, 303; Filat′ev family and, 211 – 12, 214; membership of, 5, 211 – 12, 214, 216, 228, 235, 238, 302, 315, 317 – 21, 327; replaced with guild system, 249; and service to the state, 4 – 5, 220, 245, 314 – 15, 324, 325 n 92; and Siberian trade, 211, 315; and trade with China, 327 – 28; as training ground for gosti, 215, 235, 303 – 4, 314 See also gostinia sotnia Mikhailovich, Aleksei See Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich Mikiforov, Iakov, 303, 317 Mikiforov, Stepan, 307 Mikliaev, Peter, 214 n 22, 246, 330 – 31, 353 minimalist-activist state, 49, 112, 127, 137, 152, 172, 335 monasteries: and bending of trade laws, 161, 197; defend non-Orthodox peasants in Kazan region against pressure to convert, 26; and education, 106; and Muslim conversion, 294, 296 – 97; Russian merchants support financially, 209 n 2; in Siberia, 129, 131 – 32, 133 n 101; and tax waivers, 136; trade fairs at, 108 Mongols: early history of, 75 – 76; early interactions of Siberian merchants with, 55 – 56; effects of Muscovy’s conquest of, 37 – 38, 40 – 41, 79, 334; etymology of name, 112; and Islam, 73; lineage of, 75 – 76, 112; mentioned, 36; Muscovy’s policies toward, 186, 189, 345; nomadic groups of near Siberia, 113, 178 – 79; religious practices of, 73 – 75; relationship of with China, 154; as slaves, 155, 159; taxation system of, 57, 62 – 63, 183; towns of, 76 – 77; and Russian trade, 189, 200 n 126, 223 n 75, 324; and trade routes, 98 See also Chingi-Tur; Chinggis Khan; Chinggisids; Dzhungars; Genghis Khan; Kalmyks Morozov, Boris Ivanovich, 1 – 2, 193, 302, 316 Mstislavsky, Prince Fëdor, 85 Mughal Empire, 54 – 56, 89, 113, 273, 288 n 176 Muscovy Company, 24, 43, 46 – 47, 57, 88, 174, 339, 348, 355 – 56 Muscovy: bureaucratic structures of, 29, 41 – 42, 62, 64 n 132, 126, 143, 262; categories of merchants in, 4; and cartography, 34 – 35; conquers Kazan and Astrakhan, 47, 79, 97, 143; constructs way stations for merchants, 57; early history of, 28, 37 – 38, 78, 320, 334; economic development of, 51 n 79, 53 – 54, 137 – 38; export industries of, 2, 53, 94 – 95; and fort construction in Siberia, 28; fur trade in, 85 – 88; historiography of, 8, 10 – 11, 14, 17 – 18, 76, 90, 143, 334, 337; international trade relations of, 43 – 44, 46 – 48, 49 n 69, 54, 56 – 57, 67, 99, 108, 113, 175, 304, 336; monopolies of, 61 – 62, 267; need for settlers in, 121 – 24; relations with Bukharans, 261 – 62; relations with neighboring principalities, 39 – 40; relations with steppe Mongols, 203 – 4; relations with Tatars, 124, 143; rise of in fifteenth century, 40 – 43; state merchant corporations of, 67 – 69, 303; staves off European dominance, 24; taxation regimes of, 62, 64 n 132; Time of Troubles of, 24, 48 – 49, 85, 132, 348 mytnaia tax, xi, 62 – 64 Nerchinsk: customs collections at, 134, 140, 199; fur trade at, 216, 316; growth of market at, 202; mentioned, 35, 159, 226, 231 n 115; Orthodoxy at, 325 – 26; silver mining at, 111 n 1; and trade routes, 117, 148, 223; and trade with China, 200, 223, 238, 286, 323 – 24, 326, 328 – 329, 345 See also Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) New Trade Statute (1667), 28 n 95, 56 – 57, 64, 67, 139 – 40, 336 New Trade Statute (1693), 139 – 40, 199 New Trade Statute (1698), 140, 165 406    I n d e x Nikitin, Afanasii, 39 – 40 Nikitin, Gavril Romanovich: arrested for criticizing the tsar, 231, 236; death of in prison, 312; employees of, 224; and Filat′ev family, 228, 236, 253, 333, 358; mentioned, 314; opens trade route to China through Gobi Desert, 55, 159, 223, 267, 324; service of to Russian state, 227; and trade with China, 159, 322; tries to curtail drinking of agents, 157, 222 Nikitnikov, G. L., 243 Nikitnikov, Nikita, 97, 209 n 2, 218 Nizhne Kolmysk, 89 Nizhni Novgorod: 42, 53, 64, 97 – 98, 101, 258 n 19, 352 n 83 Nogai khanate, 72, 75 – 76, 91, 112 – 13 Noritsyn family, 227, 234, 304 – 14 Noritsyn, Mikhail Ivanov, 309 – 10 Noritsyn, Mikifor Stepanov, 307 – 8 Noritsyn, Nikifor Semenov, 306, 308 Noritsyn, Petr Stepanov, 131, 305, 307 – 8 Noritsyn, Stepan Nikiforov, 306 – 8 Novgorod: conquest of, 39 – 40, 78, 97, 209 n 2; customs collections at, 53, 200; decline of as trading center, 108 – 9; fur trade at, xii, 28, 38, 78, 85, 211; and trade with Germany, 34, 36, 41, 78; growth of as trading center, 34, 36 – 38, 78, 108; Hansa league merchants evicted from, 34, 41; Ivan IV relocates gosti from to Moscow, 108; and trade with Kazan khanate, 97; Orthodox church at, 209 n 2, 212; tribute collection at, 80, 320 obrok (rent or tax), xi, 27 – 28, 97 n 27, 150, 280, 280, 288 Office of Merchant Matters, 90, 346 Office of New Convert Affairs, 292 Okhotsk, 119 Olearius, Adam, 95, 99, 105 – 8, 118 – 19, 146, 243, 246 – 48, 330, 352 – 53 Omsk, 113, 185, 203 one-tenth tax: Bukharans and, 139 – 40, 199 n 117, 280, 289; collection of in Siberia, 63 n 128, 64, 64 n 132, 133, 139, 195, 224, 319; inconsistencies and, 137, 140, 195, 199; payment of in kind, 133, 163; New Tax Statute of 1698 reforms, 140, 199; in Rus′, 134; smuggling and, 173 one-twentieth tax, 139, 195, 280 oprichnina, xi, 48, 304 Orenburg, 201 – 2,  299 Orthodox Church: and conquest of new territory, 79, 131; displays intolerance toward Bukharans, 269 – 70; historiography and, 25 – 27; is cautious about imposing Orthodoxy on frontier, 257, 261, 283; Ivan IV spreads into nearby khanates, 79; Mongols accommodate on steppes, 74; Prince Vladimir converts, 74; Muslim leader Uzbek accommodates, 75; and Old Belief, 257; penalty for attempting to convert individuals away from, 283; Russian state attempts to defuse tension regarding Bukharans, 280 – 81; ­Russian state conflicts with during plague, 218; Russian state derives legitimacy from, 300; sends missionaries to China, 223, 325 – 26; and storage of merchants’ goods, 150, 161, 210, 227 Ostiaks, 80, 84, 112, 123, 257, 283 Ottoman Empire, 21, 38, 40, 42, 44, 65 – 66, 101, 113, 122, 127 n 78, 154, 336, 338 n 20,  355 Ozbek/Uzbek (r 1313 – 41), 74 Pankrat′ev, Danilo Grigorievich, 214, 232 Pankrat′ev family, 6 n 14, 214 n 17, 219 n 49, 227, 228 n 97, 232, 282 n 142 Pax Mongolica, 37 Pelym, 84 n 58, 131, 132 n 100, 133, 150 Perm′, 80, 81 n 48, 96, 118, 141 n 143, 320 Persia: Armenian migrants to, 69; Astrakhan exports goods to, 101; conflict of with Bukharan khanate, 100; England and Netherlands compete for trade with, 46; exports goods to Siberia, 113; Filat′ev family trades with, 234; Ivan IV seeks trade with, 44; merchants from and fur trade, 86; migration from to the steppes, 58; as rival of Ottoman Empire, 38, 40; Russia denies English transit to, 47; Russia merchants trade with, 56, 229; Russia’s negative trade balance with, 101; and tensions with China, 202 See also Iran; Safavid Empire Peter I See Tsar Peter I Petrov, Semen, 307 – 8 Petrov, Stepan, 307 – 8 Petrovna, Elizaveta See Empress Elizabeth plague, 72, 76, 215 – 16, 218 – 19, 248 n 211 polka (shelf), xi, 152, 156, 291 posad (merchant and artisan quarters), xi, 58, 209 n 2, 233, 259 – 60,  280 potash trade, 2, 53, 61, 87, 94, 340 prikazchik (agent), xi, 125 n 62 www.ebook3000.com I n d e x     407 prikazy (government departments), xi, 41 See also Kazan Office; Office of ­Merchant Matters; Russian Office; Sable Office; Siberian Office promyshlenniki (fur entrepreneurs), xi, 25, 169, 216 – 17,  306 Prozorovskii, Prince Peter Semeovich, 131 Pugachev rebellion, 120 Qashliq, 81 – 82, 114 n 9 See also Isker; Khan Kuchum Qasim(ov), Muhammad Yusuf, 55 See also Kasimov, Muhammad Islam Qing dynasty, 17, 95, 154, 179, 189 n 71, 203 – 5, 247,  345 Qipchak khanate, 40, 74, 76 ransom, 11, 40, 80, 99, 20, 154, 244, 336 See also hostage taking raznochinets (people of no fixed rank), xi, 290, 295 Regent Sophia, 139, 234 Remezov, Semen: maps of, 82, 148, 188, 279; research strategy of, 122 – 23, 272; map making of, 130, 147, 183; mobility of, 193 Remezov, U′lian, 190 Repnin, Prince Ivan Borisovich, 221 Reval, 34, 41, 95 rhubarb trade, 55, 60 – 61, 103, 125, 173 – 74, 185, 192, 266 – 70, 274, Riurikid dynasty, 28, 36, 48, 84, 132 See also Tsar Boris Godunov; Tsar Fëdor I; Tsar Ivan III; Tsar Ivan IV; Tsar Vasilii II; Tsar Vasilii III Romanov dynasty: builds network of forts, 265; corruption in state bureaucracies of, 166 – 67; expansion of territory of, 84, 184; focus of on centralization, 63, 184; focus of on building up commerce, 30, 49 – 56, 102, 220, 335, 341 – 42, 344 – 45; historiography of, 50 – 51; relationships with merchants, 220 See also Empress Anna Iannovna; Empress Catherine II; Empress Elizabeth; Tsar Peter I; Tsar Mikhail Fëderovich; Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich Rose Island, 46 – 47 ruble tax, xi, 63, 133, 138 – 39 Rus′: and Afanasii Nikitin’s trip to India, 39 – 40; early history of, 34 – 37; Moscow makes customs agreements with principalities of, 107; principalities of come under Moscow’s control, 62; Russian merchants trade in, 96, 201; seen as a distinct entity from Sibir′, 138 – 39; as a source of “Russian” goods, 192 n 84; taxation within, 62 – 63; trade networks and, 107 – 8, 147, 193, 201, 322 Russian American Company, 89 Russian exploration: to find a northeast passage, 89; Great Northern Expedition, 93, 118, 176, 341; in Irtysh region, 181, 189; Lorenz Lange and, 182; of north coast, 218, 356; soldiers and, 35 Russian Geographical Society, 177 Russian trade expeditions: to China: 55 – 56, 125, 147, 180 – 82, 267 – 68; to France, 356; to India, 54; to Persia/Iran, 44 – 45, 340 See also Peitlin; Baikov; Spafarii-Milescu, Nikolai Gavrilovich “Russian” goods, 93, 100, 133, 143, 153, 192, 224 – 25, 274, 286 – 87, 304 – 5, 327 See also “German” goods Sable Office, 142, 213 – 214, 244 sable trade: 87 – 89, 117, 120, 140, 146 – 47, 153, 171 – 72, 216, 221, 239, 323, 362 Safavid Empire, 44, 46, 65, 89 See also Iran; Persia Salt Riots (1648), 184, 336 Samarkand, 54, 76, 256 n 7 Samoyed tribe, 78, 112, 120 Sarai, 40, 74, 76 – 77, 98 Saratov, 99, 321 Second Kamchatka Expedition, 182 See also Great Northern Expedition security: amanat (hostage-taking) system and, 206; construction of forts and, 127; and dangers of salt trade, 187; governors’ obligation to provide, 128 – 29; and state’s accommodationist stance, 335; tenuousness of on the frontier, 119 – 20, 223, 336; as top priority for Muscovite state, 69; and trade expeditions, 187 – 88, 190, 317, 323 Seitov, Shaba, 254, 257, 264 – 70, 274 Semenovich, Ivan, 306, 310 Semipalatinsk, 179 – 80, 199, 203 Seregov, 232, 235 Shababin family, 256, 264, 266 – 68, 284, 287, 291, 294 – 96 Shababin, Ashmen, 264, 274 – 81, 284, 291 Shababin, Eshka, 264, 267 – 68, 274 Shababin, Seit Shabin syn, 257, 264, 277, 289 – 90, 294 – 98 Shababin, Suleiman Seitov syn, 297 – 98 Shabin, Seit, 277, 294 – 95 408    I n d e x shamanism, 71, 74 – 75, 160, 257 Shchepetkin, Rodion, 227 Shemakha, 340 Sheremetev, Prince Petr Vasilievich, 130 – 31 Shorin, Mikhail, 230 Shorin, Vasilii G., 170, 229 – 30, 302, 304, 316 Shukhnov, Ivan, 97 Shulgin, Fëdor, 196 – 98 Shustov, G F., 233 – 34, 239 Shyshelov, Vasilii, 171, 325 n 92 Siberian Office: creation of, 27; consolidation of Siberian administration within, 133 n 105, 139 n 132, 346; functions of, 85 – 86; issues transit visas, 225; mentioned, 5, 142 – 43, 218, 221, 235, 321, 332; and population surveys, 181; provides postal service, 236; sells goods to merchants, 236, 314; supports Bukharans, 280, 292; temporary subordination to Office of Merchant Matters, 90 Sibir′ khanate, 41, 75 – 76, 80 – 81, 97, 361 Sibir′, 27, 75, 76 – 77, 134, 361 silk trade, 52, 60, 69, 86, 96, 192, 210, 267, 318, 362 silver, 51 – 52, 111 n 1, 203, 271 n 84 Simbirsk line, 204 slave raids: Bashkirs conduct, 120; Kalmyks conduct against Russian and Tatar villages, 120, 154; Khan Kuchum conducts in Stroganov territories, 77; prevent development of agriculture in Tara, 115; Tatars conduct in Muscovy, 42 slave trade: Bukharan merchants and, 154; Kalmyks and, 192 – 93; in Moscow, 107; at Lake Yamysh, 183, 192 – 93; Russian government condones, 123 – 24, 155; Russian government regulates, 107; selling of family members and, 193; at Tobol′sk, 154 – 55 slavery: Bukharans and (as owners), 277 – 78, 281; and Kalmyks (as slaves), 278, 318; mentioned, 27, 277, 291 – 92, 299; and Mongols (as slaves), 159; of Orthodox Russians in Muslim lands, 40; Russian state condones, 123 – 24, 155; Russian state forbids among Muslims, 296; as a source of wives for Siberian men, 123, 155; and Slavs (as slaves), 122; and Tatars (as slaves), 278, 281 Smolensk, 42, 50, 64, 114, 218, 340, 344 Sol′vychegodsk, 146, 152, 212, 214, 216, 236 n 139, 311,  313 Solikamsk, 116 n 20, 133 n 101, 142, 232 – 33, 237, 243, 318 Spafarii-Milescu, Nikolai Gavrilovich: describes Irtysh region, 181 – 83; describes market at Lake Yamysh, 192; describes trade routes in Central Asia, 98, 147, 189; mentioned, 67; reports on Tatars paying tribute to the tsar, 185; trade mission to China of, 55, 98, 181 n 25, 182 specie, 49 n 69, 51 – 52, 58 – 59, 61, 65 See also gold; silver state caravans, 54 – 55, 167, 196, 237, 304, 323 – 28 Stenka Razin rebellion, 26, 122 Stepanov, Fëdor, 307 – 8 Stoglav Council, 154 Stoianov, Semen, 214 Strahlenberg, Philipp Johann, 131 Stroganov family: attempts to establish a northeast passage to China, 46, 83, 89; competes with Filat′ev family, 233 – 34; charters of, 61 – 62, 135; Ivan IV instructs to work with Cheremis and Ostiaks, 123 – 24; longevity of, 80; mentioned, 6 n 1; origins of, 80 Stroganov, Anika, 80, 83, 97 Stroganov, Fëdor, 302, 316 Stroganov, Grigorii Dmitrievich, 80 – 81, 83, 233, 324 Stroganov, Iakov, 81, 83 Sufism, 75, 256 sukonnye sotni, xi, 4, 15 n 45, 303 See also Woolen Clothiers’ Hundred Suleshev, Prince Iurii Iansheevich, 181, 257 Sveteshnikov family, 209 n 2, 222, 329 Sweden, 44, 47 – 48, 107, 214, 241, 355 sworn men, 63, 141 – 42, 149, 166, 189, 194, 197 tamga (tax), 62 – 63 tamozhennaia, 63 tamozhnia, xi, 62 tar trade, 61, 94, 96 Tara: Bukharans at, 125, 129, 136, 143, 193, 260, 318; customs collection at, 132, 142, 194 – 95, 206; and development of trade with China, 93; early history of, 84, 89, 113 – 15, 120, 299; émigré communities at, 129; fur trade in, 89; governor of instructed to establish trade relations with Asian countries, 91; marketplace at, 150; monastery at, 131; salt trade and, 188 – 88; spread of Islam and, 283; tenuous security at, 120, 185 – 86; and trade routes to Central Asia, 147; volume of trade at, 93, 114 www.ebook3000.com I n d e x     409 Tatar attacks: governors ask for advice about, 58; and Ivan IV’s request for aid from England, 34 – 35; on Moscow, 28, 77, 108; slave raids, 42; and use of fire, 122 Tatar towns, 83, 99, 108, 254, 264 See also Chingi-Tur Tatars: Abatis line constructed to protect against, 204; convert to Islam, 283; described, 112; etymology of name, 112 – 13; and fishing rights, 154; forced to convert to Orthodoxy, 292; and illicit trade, 169, 173; Kalmyks attack, 154; lifestyle of in Siberia, 264 – 65, 270, 275 – 76, 281; literacy of, 281; marketplaces built for, 100; native people pay tribute to, 112; pay tribute to Kalmyks, 185; and salt trade, 187 – 88; serve in Russian military, 124, 143, 187; and settlement of Siberian frontier, 129; as slaves, 278, 281; and spread of Islam, 261; at Tiumen′, 114; at Tobolsk, 119; trade with Moscow, 38; transition to settled life of, 112 tax-farms, 63, 65 Temujin See Genghis Khan tiaglo, xii, 63 Time of Troubles (1598 – 1613), 24, 48 – 49, 85, 132, 348 tithe, 64 n 132, 89, 133 n 104 See also one-tenth tax Tiumen′: abusive governors in, 126; Bukharans at, 129, 135 – 36, 143, 172, 200, 202, 259, 264 – 66, 270, 284, 286, 291, 294, 297, 299; Cossack merchants at, 151, 291; customs collection at, 89, 132, 134, 142 – 43, 289, 302, 316; early history of, 83, 113, 120, 185; Embaevskie yurts at, 261; growth of trade at, 114; and Kalmyk raids, 185, 336; map of, 279; marketplace at, 150 – 51, 257, 294; monastery at, 131; and riverine trade, 118, 224; tanning manufactory at, 288; and tax-free trade for Bukharans and Nogais, 91; tenuous security at, 120, 122; volume of trade at, 152 – 53 See also Shababin family Tobol′sk: as administrative and economic center of Siberia, 113 – 14, 147, 150, 201 – 2, 224; Bukharan residents of, 129, 151, 257 – 58, 260, 262 – 63, 266 – 67, 270 – 72, 274, 276, 281 – 82, 288, 292, 296; and corruption, 162 – 63, 171 – 73, 196, 224; and customs collections, 132, 134, 151, 194 – 95, 319, 322; decline of trade at, 201 – 2; destruction of mosques at, 292; early history of, 119; establishment of, 83, 84 n 58; fire prevention at, 26; governors of, 257, 277, 292; Greek merchants in, 162; illustrations of, 130, 148; and Kalmyks, 190 – 91, 217; marketplace at, 150 – 51, 318 – 19; mentioned, 28, 35, 67, 103, 156, 217, 306; merchants register goods at, 146; population census at, 181, 189; and salt trade, 183, 187 – 89, 192, 196; schools at, 282 n 142; slave trade at, 154 – 55; state closes road to, 164; state constructs second marketplace for Bukharan merchants at, 151 – 52; storage of merchants’ wares at, 161, 210 n 5, 291; and textile trade, 285 – 87, 291; and trade with China, 93, 140, 146, 151, 182, 224; and trade at Lake Yamysh, 196 – 97; and trade routes to Central Asia, 147; trading benches at, 320, 322; and wax trade, 291 Tokhtamysh, 77 Tomsk, 125, 129, 132 n 100, 143, 185, 194, 202, 260, 283, 305 Torghut Mongols, 179 See also Kalmyks Trade Statute (1653), 63 – 64, 138 – 39, 162, 199 transit Bukharans, 125, 135, 193, 195 – 98, 206 n 157,  280 transit tax, 138 – 39, 199, 201, 222 Treaty of Kiakhta (1727), 205, 304 n 5 Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), 55, 90, 120, 205, 225, 322, 327, 329, 345 tribute: Bukharans exempted from, 280; collected in Siberia, 27; in early modern Asia, 84; governors and, 51, 169; Ivan I collects from Mongols, 37; Khan Kuchum pays to Muscovy, 77, 79; Moscow collects from Khan Kuchum’s tribute payers, 81; Moscow collects from native peoples, 112 – 13, 136, 185, 160; Moscow pays to Qipchak khanate, 40; Moscow seeks more payers, 346; native peoples pay to Kalmyks, 185; native peoples pay to Russian principalities, 320; native peoples pay to Tatars, 112; Orthodox princes pay to Uzbek, 74 – 75; payment of in kind, 137; Russia amasses wealth from, 85 – 86, 89, 102, 140; Russian state protects payers of, 128; servitors and, 332 See also dan′; iasak Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich: mercantilist policies of, 342; merchants petition, 246, 263, 269; promotes religious tolerance, 345, 360; reform programs of, 138, 254; seeks trade in India, 54; seeks trade in Italy, 52; ship-building program of, 66 410    I n d e x Tsar Boris Godunov, 28, 84, 99 – 100, 129 n 91,  132 Tsar Fëdor, 5, 132, 234 n 129, 360 Tsar Ioann Alekseevich, 197 Tsar Ivan I, 37 Tsar Ivan III (r 1462 – 1505), 34, 40 – 41, 209 n 2 Tsar Ivan IV (r 1533 – 84): conquers Kazan, 44, 48, 79, 97; develops trade relations with agents from other regions, 44; dispels Cossacks from Siberia, 81; gives privileges to Bukharan merchants, 276; gives privileges to English merchants, 46, 57; increases state control of taxation, 63; initiates Livonian War, 47; instructs Stroganovs to work with Cheremis and Ostiaks, 123 – 24; invites input from English merchants, 220; issues charters to Stroganov family members, 80 – 81, 83; marriage of consolidates relationship with Caucasus, 44; moves gosti to Moscow after 1571 sacking, 108; and oprichnina, 304; and Sudebnik law code, 251; relationship of with England, 33, 43; relationship of with Iran, 340; requests military aid from West, 33 Tsar Mikhail Fëdorovich, 53, 84, 259 – 60, 289, 340 Tsar Peter I (r 1682 – 1725): characterizes self as servant of the state, 220; cultivates relationships with merchants, 240; corruption during reign of, 141; emphasis of on commerce, 50 – 51, 238; encourages Bukharan merchants to settle in Russia, 260; and expansion of Russian settlement, 203, 206; encourages boat building, 237; gives disputed land to Stroganov family, 233; gives land to Bukharan merchants, 275 – 77; mentioned, 17, 179; pressures Muslims to convert, 290 – 91; promotes Westernization, 341 – 42, 360; protectionist policies of, 66; punishes G R Nikitin for criticizing him, 236; trade policies of, 241 Tsar Vasilii II, 80 Tsar Vasilii III (r 1505 – 33), 38, 42, 44, 80, 97 Tsargrad (Constantinople), 34, 44 tseloval′niki, xii, 141 – 42, 149, 274, 331 Turkic nomads, 73, 112 – 13, 179 See also Kazakhs; Kirgiz; Nogai Tuskhanov, Vasilii, 54 Tver′, 37, 39, 63 Ukraine, 51, 234 Ushakov family, 221, 311, 317, 330 – 31 ushkuiniki (fur trappers and traders), xii, 78 Uzbegs, 76, 158, 262 n 41, 272 n 90 Vasilii II See Tsar Vasilii II Vasilii III See Tsar Vasilii III Velikii Ustiug, 146, 159, 212, 218, 313 Verigin, Fëdor Ivanov syn, 126 Verigin, Ivan Timofeev syn, 126, 267 Verkhotur′e: and Christian discomfort with Islam, 26; corruption at, 119, 169; customs collection at, 132, 134, 138, 140, 142, 149, 171; early history of, 84, 113, 116 – 17, 119; marketplace at, 149 – 50, 152; merchants complain of labor requirements at, 217; officials abuse power at, 119, 217; and riverine transportation, 118 – 19; state attempts to channel all trade through, 116 n 20, 147, 164, 199; state concerns about smuggling at, 325; volume of trade at, 117, 119 Vinius, Aleksei Andreevich, 143, 236, 282 n 142 voevoda (military governors), xii, 28, 83, 126 n 71, 128, 170, 194 n 95, 199 n 117, 231 n 115,  283 Vogul tribe, 78, 112, 126, 257, 283 wax trade, 47, 94, 274 – 75, 284 – 85, 287, 291, 362 White Sea trade route, 46, 48, 108, 117 Willoughby-Chancellor expedition, 43 wool trade, 66, 101, 192, 362 Woolen Clothiers’ Hundred, xi, 4 – 5, 302 – 3,  321 Yamyshevsk, 191, 199, 206 Yaroslavl′, 39, 97, 193, 212, 217, 230, 331 Zadorin, Semen F., 229 – 30, 252, 302 – 3,  316 Zashiversk, 89 www.ebook3000.com ... University Press Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Names: Monahan, Erika, author Title: The merchants of Siberia : trade in early modern Eurasia. .. archive Those internal records are then contextualized into the broader surroundings But in the case of the enterprises of the Shababin family or the Russian merchants studied here, there is no... history of Siberia, of the borderland spaces the state sought to control and of the merchants who inhabited them Siberia immediately evokes associations of exile and fur, but the history of Siberia