The politics of commercial treaties in the eighteenth century balance of power, balance of trade

www.ebook3000.com The Politics of Commercial Treaties in the Eighteenth Century Antonella Alimento • Koen Stapelbroek Editors The Politics of Commercial Treaties in the Eighteenth Century Balance of Power, Balance of Trade www.ebook3000.com Editors Antonella Alimento Dipartimento di Civiltà e Forme del Sapere Università di Pisa Pisa, Italy Koen Stapelbroek Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland Department of Public Administration Erasmus University Rotterdam Rotterdam, The Netherlands ISBN 978-3-319-53573-9 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53574-6 ISBN 978-3-319-53574-6 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2017947911 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: Anonymous, L’inégalité juste, Paris, 1801, Private collection Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This collaborative volume brings together international specialists on the history of economic ideas, institutions and political thought with the aim to analyse commercial treaties in an innovative manner It is based on two thematically focused international colloquia held at the University of Pisa, 26–27 November 2014, under the title Treaties of Commerce Balance of Power, Balance of Trade and the European Order of States and at the Institute of Intellectual History at the University of St Andrews, 23–24 January 2015, entitled Balance of Power, Balance of Trade The Politics of Commerce in the Eighteenth Century Selected papers from these meetings have been thoroughly revised and complemented by additionally commissioned chapters The editors want to thank Richard Whatmore, Carl Wennerlind, Biagio Salvemini, Guillaume Calafat and Frederik Dhondt for their papers and presentations, as well as the colleagues and students whose participation in these meetings enriched our discussions The research and meetings for this project were funded by the Italian Government under the PRIN 2010–2011 (Progetto di rilevanza nazionale) Libertà dei moderni Processi di civilizzazione nel lungo illuminismo (1750–1850): commercio, politica, cultura, colonie, coordinated by Girolamo Imbruglia (prot 20108KZTPX_004) and the Academy of Finland Research Fellowship Project, Historical Instruments of European Integration: The Commercial Configuration of the ‘Balance of Power’ of Koen Stapelbroek The second meeting was supported by the Institute of Intellectual History, St Andrews and the University of Chicago Center in Paris v www.ebook3000.com CONTENTS Trade and Treaties: Balancing the Interstate System Antonella Alimento and Koen Stapelbroek Égalité, réciprocité, souveraineté: The Role of Commercial Treaties in Colbert’s Economic Policy Moritz Isenmann The Anglo-Portuguese Methuen Treaty of 1703: Opportunities and Constraints of Economic Development José Luís Cardoso 77 105 The Anglo-French Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 Revisited: The Politics of Rivalry and Alliance Doohwan Ahn 125 The Treaty of Asiento between Spain and Great Britain Virginia Léon Sanz and Niccolò Guasti 151 Negotiating the Balance of Power: Russian–Spanish Commercial Relations in the Early Eighteenth Century Olga Volosyuk 173 vii viii CONTENTS Reinventing the Dutch Republic: Franco-Dutch Commercial Treaties from Ryswick to Vienna Koen Stapelbroek 195 The Conditions of Trade in Wartime: Treaties of Commerce and Maritime Law in the Eighteenth Century Éric Schnakenbourg 217 From Privilege to Equality: Commercial Treaties and the French Solutions to International Competition (1736–1770) 243 Antonella Alimento Securing Asian Trade: Treaty Negotiations between the French and English East India Companies, 1753–1755 267 John Shovlin The Rise of a Trading Nation: Prussia and the Convention préliminaire de commerce with France (1753) Marco Cavarzere 295 War, Neutrality and Commercial Treaties: The Savoyard State 1660–1789 Christopher Storrs 321 Negotiating a Trade Treaty in the Imperial Context: The Habsburg Monarchy in the Eighteenth Century Christine Lebeau 349 French Representations of the 1786 Franco-British Commercial Treaty Pascal Dupuy 371 Haiti’s Commercial Treaties: Between Abolition and the Persistence of the Old Regime Paul Cheney 401 www.ebook3000.com CONTENTS ix What Trade for a Republican People? French Revolutionary Debates about Commercial Treaties (1792–1799) Marc Belissa 421 Index 439 LIST Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig OF FIGURES Anonymous, La Quadruple Alliance, Paris, 1801, Private collection Anonymous, Conseil de George III et désolation de M Pitt, Paris, 1801, Private collection Anonymous, George se dépitte et signe enfin la paix générale, Paris, 1802, Private collection Anonymous, L’inégalité juste, Paris, 1801, Private collection Anonymous, Situation de l’Angleterre au commencement du 19e siècle, Paris, 1801?, Private collection Anonymous, Le rêve de George, Paris, 1803, Private collection Anonymous, Le réveil de George, Paris, 1803, Private collection Anonymous, La Brouille, Paris, 1803?, Private collection 388 389 390 391 393 394 395 396 xi www.ebook3000.com Trade and Treaties: Balancing the Interstate System Antonella Alimento and Koen Stapelbroek In 1787, a commentator on the Anglo-French Eden–Rayneval commercial treaty that was signed the previous year commented that ‘a good treaty of commerce’ was ‘a masterpiece of skill’ and the pinnacle of adequate diplomacy in the service of humankind Whereas Jean-Jacques Rousseau had sarcastically criticized the development of commercial sociability into the foundation of modern politics as the ‘masterpiece of our time’ and highlighted the range of unresolved social-economic and political problems, this author insisted that commercial treaties were the prime instrument for ironing out whatever stood in the way of peace, domestic tranquillity and general economic development Engaging with rival political and economic visions, the 1787 pamphlet reconstructed the accelerated creation of wealth through global trade A Alimento (*) University of Pisa, Italy e-mail: antonella.alimento@unipi.it K Stapelbroek University of Helsinki, Finland Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: koen.stapelbroek@helsinki.fi © The Author(s) 2017 A Alimento, K Stapelbroek (eds.), The Politics of Commercial Treaties in the Eighteenth Century, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53574-6_1 458 INDEX Peace of Münster (1648), and Dutch separate peace with Spain, 85, 354 See also Treaty of Münster; Peace of Westphalia Peace of Passarowitz (1718), 359 See also Treaty of Passarowitz Peace of Ryswick (1697), 7, 19, 197, 203, 206 See also Treaty of Ryswick Peace of Utrecht (1713), 7, 15–40, 125–149, 176, 195, 204–205, 211, 221, 297, 349, 351 and Balance of Power, 12–19, 23, 27–34, 37 British policy became more anti-Russian, 176 failure to create lasting peace, 204 legacy of, 29–30, 32, 138, 149, 160–169, 171 legacy of separating trade from political treaties, 349 and role of trust in international politics, 128 the ‘Utrecht Enlightenment’, 128 See also Treaty of Utrecht Peace of Vasvár (1664), authorised the Austrians to trade on the Danube as far as Belgrade, 358 Peace of Westphalia (1648), 15, 18, 80, 200–201 See also Peace of Münster Pelham, Henry, 279–284 Penrice, Henry, 238 Perats, Francisco, and draft trade agreement RussiaSpain, 189–191 Perrone, Carlo Baldassare, Count of San Martino, 335–336, 338–340 export project Piedmontese wines to England, 335 Persia, Russia’s long-standing trading partner, 185, 317, 332 Trade Company, proposed by Peter the Great to John Law, 187–188 Peru, war of 1739–1748 and route from Iberian peninsula to, 142–143, 159, 170 Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, 146, 173, 184, 191 Peter III, King of Portugal, 333 Pétion, Alexandre, 418–419 Peysonnel, Charles-Claude de, 425 Philadelphia, debate on Republican trade, 438 Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France, 146, 179 Philip V, King of Spain, 21, 133, 152–154, 156, 160, 177, 191–192, 327, 329 and new Hanoverian regime, 327 See also Treaty of Asiento with Great Britain; Treaty of Utrecht, Spain-Great Britain, Friendship and commerce (1713) Physiocracy, deplored the Compagnie des Indes monopoly of Asian trade, 34, 38, 289 Picardy, 374, 386 Pinto, Isaac de, on ‘jealousy of trade’, 210–214, 282 Pirates, Maltese and Barbary, 361 Pitt, William (the Elder), 387–388 Pitt, William (the Younger), attempted commercial treaties in 1780/90s, 39, 336 Places de securities, 25 Plumard de Dangeul, LouisJoseph, 302 Pocock, J.G.A., and the ‘Utrecht Enlightenment’, 17, 128 Poland, 39, 301, 317 INDEX Poltava, the Russian defeat of Sweden at (1709), 175 Polybius, 215, 231 Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho Marquis of, 113–116, 122 Pomponne, Arnauld de, 98–100 Ponant (Western France), 404 Pondicherry, 271, 273, 286 Pontchartrain, Jérôme de, 21, 23, 197 on autarchic-exclusivist economic development, 23 Port-au-Prince, debate on Republican trade, 411, 438 Portobello, British factory, 156, 158, 168 See also Tinajero Portugal, 4, 8, 13, 27, 37–39, 41, 105–124, 130, 152–153, 185, 223, 245, 251, 265, 317, 324, 327, 329, 333, 432 Asiento, 152–153 colonial empire, 109 invaded Napoleonic army, 116 Methuen Treaty with England, 106 See also Treaty of Methuen; Treaty of London (1642); Treaty of Westminster (1654); Treaty of Methuen (1703); (First) League of Armed Neutrality Postlethwayt, Malachy, 7, 264 Potter, Thomas, 334 Po valley, 330 Poyntz, William Deane, 335, 338 Pragmatic Sanction (1713), Philip V recognition of, the European recognition of, 249, 354–355 severely limited the possibility of commercial integration, 355 459 See also Company of Ostend Prandau, Johann Georg Hilleprand von, 363 Prandau, Maximilian Emanuel Hilleprand von, 363 See also Company of Ostend Prandau, Peter Anton Hilleprand von, 363 Pribram, Karl, plan for Imperial ‘universal trade’, 362 Price, Richard, 40 Prié, Hercule-Louis Turinetti, Marquis of, 357 Priestley, Margaret, 90 Prior, Matthew, 25, 131 ‘Proposal’ (Dutch), 1751 for a limited free port, 209–211 Protestant Alliance, 203 Proyectistas, 160–169 Prussia, 13, 30, 35, 39, 40, 89, 147, 181, 192, 227–228, 234, 240, 255, 259, 274, 295–320, 321, 387, 431 Asiatic Company (see Company of Em(b)den) in competition with neutral states for French trade, 255 dispute with Britain on neutral trade, 234 East Frisian free port, 310 and Whig ministry, 146–147 Pruth River Campaign, see War, Russia-Ottoman Empire (1710–11) Pskov, 188 Puerto Rico, 164 Pufendorf, Samuel von, the maxim pacta sunt servanda, 79 Puisieulx, Louis Philogène Brûlat, Marquis de, 252 Pulteney, William, 125 www.ebook3000.com 460 INDEX Q Quebec, 144 Quesnay, Franỗois, against Balance of Power and commercial treaties, 34, 257, 291 R Raiberti, Carlo Adalberto Flaminio, 334 Rákóczi Rebellion (1703–1711), 365 Ramsay, John Fraser, 261 Rao, Anna Maria, 432 Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas Franỗois, abbộ de, 37, 246, 263 Rayneval, Gerard de, 43 Real cédula of 31 March 1660, tariff system change, 161 Real Compía de Barcelona (1755) traded in San Domingo, Puerto Rico and Santa Margarita, 164 Real Compía de San Cristobal de la Habana (1740), 164 Réal de Curban, Gaspard de, 231 Reciprocity, 19, 24–27, 32, 35, 84, 87, 90–92, 96, 102, 107, 203–207, 245, 248, 256, 260–262, 312, 344, 427, 429, 431, 435 Reims, 77 Reinhard, Marcel, 434 Renouvin, Pierre, 362 Republican France, navigation act and system of “commercial diplomacy”, 42, 422 Revel, 191 Revolution(s) Age of, 401 American, see War of the American Independence See also Diplomatic Revolution Rhine, French victories in (1795), 354, 431–432 Ricardo, David, denouncement of commercial treaties as ‘system of retaliation’, 14–15, 43 critic of British (non)– modernisation and political system, 14 on Methuen Treaty and comparative advantages, 123 Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis Duc de, and self-sufficiency, 95 Riga, 191 Rio de Janeiro, Portuguese court, 123 Río de la Plata, 168 Ripperda, John William, Baron, Hispano-Austrian reconciliation and overhaul global trade through Company of Ostend, 156157, 192 Robinet, Jean-Baptiste-Renộ, 218 Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Franỗois XII Alexandre Frédéric, Duke de la, 379 Rome, commercial treaty with Carthage, 214 Roubaud, Pierre-Joseph-André, 291 Rouen, parlement of, 376 Rouillé, Pierre, 198 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, critic commercial society, Royal Lustring Company, 325326 Royal Navy, 337, 398 Ruggiu, Franỗois-Joseph, on Choiseul territorial policy, 291 Russia, 13, 14, 35, 36, 38–42, 146, 173–193, 214, 224, 236, 240, 265, 307, 321, 334, 336–344, 347, 387, 423 diplomacy England, and Viennese Alliance, 192 INDEX See also League of Armed Neutrality; Catherine II; Peter the Great Russo-Ottoman War (1710–11), or Pruth River Campaign, 365 S Sahib, Chanda, 271 Saintard, Pierre, peace plan inspired by Saint-Pierre, 276 Saint Contest, Franỗois Dominique de Barberie de, 228, 267 St John, Henry, see Bolingbroke Saint Malo, 383 St Petersburg, 177–178, 182, 184, 186, 337, 341–342, 345 Saint-Pierre, Abbé Charles Iréné Castel de, 27–31, 33, 34, 41, 42, 206, 248, 275, 276, 282, 292 confederation of European states, 27 and free trade, 34 neutrality of European Indies trade, 275 plan for “perpetual peace”(1713), 275 scepticism about commercial treaties, 30 states North-Africa and Levant as associate members ‘European union’, 33 System of Equilibrium” as “System of War”, 42 San Domingo, 164 San Ospizio, 323 Santa Cruz de Marcenado, Alvaro Navia Osorio, Marquis de, against, Carrera De las Indias and Andalusian monopoly, 166 Santa Margarita, 164 Santander, 154 461 Saorgio, 339 Sardinia abortive project Portugal trade company (1681), 324 after “diplomatic revolution”, 330 Kingdom of, 13, 321–347 neutral policy after 1768, 334 potential rival/replacement to Portugal, 333 unwilling to conclude trade treaties, 346 Sardinia (island), Spanish conquest of (1717), effort to exploiting its resources (1752), 327, 333 Sarragossa, 143 Sartine, Antoine de, on treaties as ‘common law’, 235, 405 Saunders, Thomas, 287 Savary des Brûlons, Jacques, 264 See also Dictionnaire Universel du Commerce Sava, trade development after commercial treaties with Barbary Regencies, 360 Savoy, Duchy of, 321 See also Sardinia, Kingdom Saxony, 181, 317 Scandinavian states, commercial ties with France (1793–1795), 424 Scarnafigi, Filippo Maria Giuseppe Ottone Ponte Count of, 334–335 Schamp, Guillaume, 367 Scheldt, River, 353, 355 Schleinitz, Johann Christoph, 180–181, 187 Schomberg, Alexander Crowcher, distinction ‘good’ vs ‘bad’ treaty of commerce’, 1–2, 29, 200 See also Abbé de Saint Pierre Schroeder, Paul W., 16–17 www.ebook3000.com 462 INDEX Scott, Hamish M., 17 Second Partition Treaty (1700), see Treaty of Partition FranceEngland-United Provinces Second Treaty of the Grand Alliance, see Treaty of The Hague (1701) Seeley, John Robert, 127 Self-sufficiency, see Law; Melon; Véron de Forbonnais; Mably Seven Years’ War, 31–32, 35–36, 39, 169, 209, 228, 234, 245, 250, 259, 255, 260, 272, 276, 281, 288, 297, 303, 304, 320, 330, 331, 382, 382, 403, 405, 407 Seville, 21, 156, 162, 163, 168, 192 and Casa de Contratación, 156, 162 Seyssel, Claude de, on autarky, 81 Shcherbatov, Ivan, 183–189, 191, 192 and “system” of John Law, 184–187 in Cadiz, 183–187 proposal Russia joint-stock company, 185 proposal Bank, 184–185 Shelburne, Earl of, see Lansdowne Shirley, William, 283 Siberia, 188 Sicily, 239, 323, 326–327, 351, 366 negotiation with Barbary states, 366 Spanish invasion (1718), 327 Sideri, Sandro, on Treaty of Methuen, 116–117, 119 Silesia, 261, 296–297, 305–306, 310, 313, 317 invasion by Frederick II, Silesian Wars, 296–297, 299 Silhouette, Étienne de on Anglo-French commercial equilibrium, 253 and British monopoly American trade, 278 against Dutch privileges, 253 on India trade and policy Coromandel (1754), 284 on navigation act, 244 on Utrecht Balance of Power system, 18 Sinzendorf, Georg Ludwig, 364 Smith, Adam, on commercial treaties, 12, 14, 40, 43 on Methuen Treaty, on Balance of Trade, 112–114 See also Lansdowne Sonnino, Paul, 101 Southern Netherlands, see under Austrian Netherlands; Spanish Netherlands South Sea Company, 155, 158, 161 See also Treaty of Asiento Spain, 4, 7, 8, 13, 18–26, 35–39, 80, 85, 89, 107, 130, 131, 133, 135, 140–143, 145–149, 151–171, 173–193, 195, 221, 223, 225, 239, 245, 251, 252, 261–265, 277, 300, 317, 324, 337, 344–345, 353–354, 357, 362, 364–368, 382, 403, 423–424, 431, 434, 436 American silver, 277 America trade, 156 colonial monopoly, 159 Empire, 159, 275, 403 Family Compact, 35–36, 38, 423 Indies trade, 20, 141 South American trade reform/ neutralisation, 26, 205 Spanish America/colonies, 25, 153, 252, 275, 277 See also Mesnager; Bergeyck; Helvétius Spanish Netherlands, 88, 130 INDEX Speyer, 364 Splittgerber, David, 305–306 Stanhope, James, 125, 128, 130, 138–140, 145–146, 148, 152–153 See also Treaty of Barcelona (1707) Stapelbroek, Koen, 275 States-General, see United Provinces State-system, 192, 326 Steiger, Heinhard, 17 Stettin, 301, 306, 311, 316 Stockholm, 345 Strahemberg, Guido Count von, 143 Stuart, James Francis (Diego Francisco) Fitz-James, 2nd Duke of Berwick, 179 Sulivan, Laurence, 288 Sunderland, Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland, 146, 148 Sweden, 33, 38–39, 89, 146, 173, 175–176, 178–182, 192, 223, 225, 228, 234, 255, 256, 265, 306, 310, 387 Swift, Jonathan, 20, 112, 135, 137, 143 Swiss Cantons, commercial ties with France (1793–1795), 424 Switzerland, 339, 341, 432 T Talmann, Michael von, 366 Tangier, 108 Tariff, France 1664, France 1667, 96–99, 199 ad valorem, 108, 124, 161–162 France-United Provinces 1699, 197–199, 203, 209 Holy Roman Empire 1716, 357 politics, 10, 12, 322, 328 463 See also Colbert Temperley, H W V., 159 Temple, William, 196 Thucydides, 231 Tierra Firme, 163–164 Tinajero, Bernardo de, 156 Tiruchchirappalli, 271 Tobolsk, 188 Torcy, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, 21, 27–28, 198–199, 203, 349 Marquis de, usage commercial treaties, 23 Tory governments at Utrecht as rivalry, 138 Tory-Whig divide over foreign policy, 125 view of European diplomacy as power politics, 128–129 Weltanschauung, 129 Toulon, 338 Toussaint Louverture, FranỗoisDominique, 408, 410415 Townshend, Charles, 2nd Viscount, 146 Toze, Eobald, 219, 221, 234–237 skepticism commercial treaties, 234 “free ships, free goods”, 235 Balance of Power and Trade, and Catherine II policy, 237 Trade active-passive, 12 and the Aristotelian notion of autarky, 81 économie-luxe, 12 its ‘neutralisation’, 230 as legitimateantidote to tyranny in Republican France, 423 own-carrying, 12 Trade treaties, see Commercial treaties www.ebook3000.com 464 INDEX Trapani, 361 Treason Act (1351), 129 Treaties (abortive) of “friendship, navigation and trade” Republican France-Spain and all allied states (1796 and 1797), 435–437 See also Delacroix; Ducher Treaties of commerce, see Commercial treaties Treaty (abortive), Russia-Sardinia, commerce (1773), 336–337 Treaty (abortive), Russia-Sardinia, commerce (1783), 340–344 Treaty (abortive), Savoy-Portugal, commerce (1681), 324 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, France-Great Britain-United Provinces, peace (1748), 353 Treaty of Algiers, Great BritainAlgiers, peace, commerce and navigation (1762), 33 Treaty of Amiens, France-Great Britain-Batavian Republic, peace (1802), 392, 394, 396, 437 Treaty Anglo-Spanish commerce 1713, 8, 26 Treaty of Antwerp, GreatBritain-United Provinces, Third Barrier/Alliance (1715), 354 Treaty of Aranjuez, AustriaHungary-Sardinia-Spain, alliance (1752), 330, 355, 367 Treaty of Asiento, Madrid, SpainFrance/French Guinea Company (1701), 153 Treaty of Asiento, Madrid, SpainGreat Britain/EIC (1713), 151 Treaty of Asiento with the Court of Barcelona, 152 Treaty of Barcelona, Great BritainSpain (Charles III), peace and commerce (1707, 26, 152–153 See also Treaty of Utrecht, SpainGreat Britain, commerce (1713) Treaty of Bardo, Great Britain-Tunis, peace and commerce (1751), 33 Treaty of Bardo, Great Britain-Tunis, peace and commerce (1762), 33 Treaty of Basel, France-Spain, peace (1795), restoration of trade, 435 Treaty of Breda, France-England, peace (1667), accepted the principle of “free ships, free goods”, 223 Treaty of Calais, England-Castille, commerce (1499), 85 Treaty of Christianstad, DenmarkUnited Provinces, commercial [tariff] (1645), 89 Treaty of Constantinople, EmperorRegency of Tripoli, commerce (1726), 359, 362 Treaty of Copenhagen, DenmarkFrance, friendship, commerce, alliance (1742), included naval supplies as contraband, 225, 239, 306 Treaty of Copenhagen, EnglandDenmark, peace and commerce (1670), no "free ships, free goods”, contraband as military supplies, 223, 225, 234, 238 Treaty of Copenhagen, FranceDenmark, commerce and navigation (1742), 33 Treaty of Copenhagen, Great BritainDenmark, peace and commerce (1780), 238–239 Treaty of Dresden, Austria-SaxonyPrussia, peace (1745), 297 INDEX Treaty Eden-Rayneval, Versailles, Great Britain-France, commerce and navigation (1786), 1, 7, 11, 14–15, 26, 38–41, 200, 215, 343–344, 407 as ‘good’ treaty of commerce, portrayal in French caricatures, 371–399 Treaty of El Escorial (First Family Compact) France-Spain, alliance (1733), 251 Treaty of Fez, Great Britain-Morocco, peace and commerce (1760), 33 Treaty of Florence, England-Savoy, amity and commerce (1669), 323, 325, 328–329, 334–335, 343, 344 Treaty of Fontainebleau, France-Spain, Second Bourbon Family Compact, alliance (1743), 160 Treaty of Fontainebleau, FranceUnited Provinces, defensive alliance including a commercial section (1785), 38, 214, 423 Treaty of The Hague, EmperorEngland-United Provinces, alliance (1701), 130 Treaty of The Hague, FranceEngland-United Provinces, Second Partition (1700), 130 Treaty of The Hague, France-Great Britain-United Provinces, alliance (1716), 145, 146, 178 Treaty of the Hague, France-Great Britain-United Provinces, alliance (1717), 145 Treaty of The Hague, France-United Provinces, defensive alliance (1608), 85 Treaty of The Hague, France-United Provinces, guarantee agreement (1644), 85 465 Treaty of The Hague, Great BritainUnited Provinces, First Barrier/ Alliance (1709), 140, 353 Treaty of The Hague, Spain-EmperorFrance-Great Britain-United Provinces, peace (1720), 145 Treaty of The Hague, United Provinces-France-England, [Triple] alliance (1596), 85 Treaty of The Hague, United Provinces-Spain, commerce and navigation (1650), 223 Treaty of The Hague, United Provinces-USA, amity and commerce (1782), 212 Treaty of Hanover, Great BritainFrance-Prussia-United Provinces, alliance (1725), 147 Treaty of Hubertusburg, Austria-Prussia-Saxony, peace (1763), 354 Treaty of Karlowitz, commercial convention (1700), 365 Treaty of Karlowitz, Ottoman Empire-Austria, peace (1699), 358 Treaty of London, Austria-BritainFrance, alliance (1718), Austria enters Quadruple alliance, 145 Treaty of London, England-Portugal, peace and commerce (1642), Treaty of London, England-United Provinces, navigation and commerce (1674), on enemy cargo on neutral ships, 7, 223, 227, 239 See also Free ships, free goods clause Treaty of Lunéville, Emperor-France, peace (1801), 355 Treaty of Madrid, Denmark-Two Sicilies, commerce and navigation (1748), 239 www.ebook3000.com 466 INDEX Treaty of Madrid, England-Spain, peace and commerce (1630), 7, 221 Treaty of Madrid, England-Spain, peace, friendship and commerce (1667), 8, 26, 154, 157, 160–161, 221, 356 Treaty of Madrid, England-Spain, settlement disputes in America (1670), 155, 157 Treaty of Madrid, France-Portugal, commerce (1786), 38, 265 Treaty of Madrid, France-Spain, commerce (1786), 38, 265 Treaty of Madrid, Great Britain-Spain, peace and friendship (1721), 155 Treaty of Madrid, Russia-Spain, commerce and navigation (1887), 193 Treaty of Madrid, Spain-Great Britain, indemnization and commerce (1750), 160, 170 Treaty of Madrid, Spain-Great Britain, peace and commerce (1715), 155 Treaty-making, 4–6, 8, 13–16, 30, 40–41, 200 during the 1790s, in 1890s, professionalization from late seventeenth century, 8–9 and bilateral agreements, 9, 12, 18, 109, 110, 113, 217, 224, 227–230, 236, 241, 242, 248, 427 as multilateral practice, 9, 42, 110 Treaty of Methuen, England-Portugal, commerce (1703), 26, 39, 105–124, 130, 142 discussed by Smith, A.D Francis, de Cunha, 114–115 de Macedo, relation with Treaty 1654, 117–118 Treaty of Münster, Spain-United Provinces, peace and commerce (1648), 85, 156, 354 Treaty of Nimeguen, France-United Provinces, commerce and navigation (1678), 204 Treaty of Paris, Baden-France, peace (1796), 436 Treaty of Paris, Denmark-Genoa, friendship, commerce and navigation (1756), 239 Treaty of Paris, France-Britain-Spain, peace (1763), 245 Treaty of Paris, France-Cisalpine Republic, alliance and commerce (1798), met requirements of trade treaty template of Delacroix and Directory, 436–437 Treaty of Paris, France-Denmark, alliance, commerce, navigation (1663), establishing national treatment to France, 90 Treaty of Paris, France-Duchy of Parma, peace [with articles on trade] (1796), met requirements of trade treaty template of Delacroix and Directory, 436 Treaty of Paris, France and Great Britain, peace (1783), 407 Treaty of Paris, France-Great Britain-Russia-Austria-Prussia, peace (1814), made no official mention of Haitian independence, 416 Treaty of Paris, France-the Hanseatic cities, alliance and commerce (1655), naval supplies as contraband, 85, 225 Treaty of Paris, France-the Hanseatic League, commerce and INDEX navigation (1716), 33, 222, 225, 306 Treaty of Paris, France-Spain, Third Bourbon Family Compact, alliance (1761), 35, 246, 261, 382, 423 See also Du Pont de Nemours Treaty of Paris, France-United Provinces, amity, commerce and navigation (1662), 88, 90, 98, 100 Treaty of Paris, France-United Provinces, commerce (1646), contained explicit safeguards for cargo on neutral ships, 223 Treaty of Paris, France-United Provinces, commerce and navigation (1699), 8, 102, 197, 200 Treaty of Paris, France-United States, amity and commerce (1778), 38, 233, 265, 384, 407, 423 Treaty of Paris, France-Württemberg, peace (1796), 436 Treaty of Passarowitz, EmperorTurkey, commerce and navigation (1718), 359–361 Treaty of Passarowitz, EmperorTurkey, peace (1718), 359–368 Treaty of Perpetual Alliance EnglandCastile (1466), commercial privileges for Spain, 85 Treaty of Picquigny, England-France, peace (1475), 134 Treaty (provisional) of Fort George, EIC and Compagnie des Indes, commerce (1754), 268, 287 Treaty of the Pyrenees, France-Spain, peace and commerce (1659), 7, 89, 353–354 467 Treaty of Rastatt/Rastadt, Emperor-Spain-France, peace (1714), 351 Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, Great Britain-Portugal, commerce and navigation (1810), 123 Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, Great Britain-Portugal, friendship and alliance (1810), 123 Treaty of Ryswick, France-United Provinces, commerce and navigation (1697), 7, 24, 27, 102, 197–200, 205, 208, 358 Treaty of Ryswick, France-United Provinces, peace (1697), 7–8, 102, 197, 203–206, 221, 358 Treaty of St Petersburg, France-Russia, commerce and navigation (1787), 38, 265, 423 Treaty of St Petersburg, Great Britain-Russia, amity and commerce (1766), 36, 224, 240, 334 Treaty of St Petersburg, Great Britain-Russia, commerce and navigation (1734), appeal to good faith and the Law of Nations, 224 Treaty of St Petersburg, Russia-Spain, commerce and navigation (1876), 193 Treaty of St Petersburg, Russia-Spain, commerce and navigation (1885), 193 Treaty of San-Ildefonso, France-Spain, offensive and defensive alliance (1796), and future commercial treaty, 436 Treaty of the Second Grand Alliance, see Treaty of The Hague (1701) www.ebook3000.com 468 INDEX Treaty of Seville, France-Great Britain-Spain, peace, union amity and mutual defence (1729), 157, 192 Treaty of Stockholm, France-Sweden, commerce (1662), 89 Treaty of Tripoli, Emperor-Tripoli, commerce (1749), 359 Treaty of Tripoli, France-Tripoli, commerce (1752), 33 Treaty of Tunis, Emperor-Tunis, commerce (1748), 359–360 Treaty of Tunis, Emperor-Tunis, peace, navigation and commerce (1725), 359–360 Treaty of Tunis, France-Tunis, peace and commerce (1742), 33 Treaty of Tunis, Tuscany-Tunis, peace, commerce and navigation (1748), 359–360 Treaty of Turin, England-Savoy, alliance (1704), 328, 330 Treaty of Utrecht, France-Great Britain, commerce and navigation (1713), 18, 125–149 articles VIII/IX not ratified by British parliament, 26 Treaty of Utrecht, France-Great Britain, peace (1713), France excluded from Spanish colonies, 25 Treaty of Utrecht, France-United Provinces, commerce and navigation (1713), 18, 197, 204–207, 221, 222, 249, 250 Treaty of Utrecht, France-United Provinces, peace (1713), 37, 197 Treaty of Utrecht, Great Britain-Spain, navigation and commerce (1713), 18, 25–26, 151–171, 205 free trade and most preferred nation clause, 25–26 reproduced 1667 treaty, 26, 161 and Asiento, 25–26 emergence of ‘annual ship’ (navío de permiso) clause, 25 Treaty of Utrecht, Great Britain-Spain, peace and friendship (1713), 154 Treaty of Utrecht, United ProvincesSpain, peace and commerce (1714), 18, 157, 354 Treaty of Versailles, Austria-France, Second, alliance (1757), 261 Treaty of Versailles, France-Austria, alliance, Third (1759), 261 Treaty of Versailles, France-Denmark, commerce (1749), 30, 33 Treaty of Versailles, France-Great Britain, [preliminary articles of] peace (1783), article 18 on future trade agreement until 1786, 407 Treaty of Versailles, France-Sweden, commerce and navigation (1741), 33, 306 Treaty of Versailles, France-Sweden, commerce and navigation (1784), 38 Treaty of Versailles, France-United Provinces, commerce, navigation and marine (1739), 207, 243, 251–252, 306, 309 model for Franco-Prussian commercial treaty, 309 Treaty of Vienna (1815), see Peace of Vienna Treaty of Vienna, Austria-Hanover and Saxony, Alliance (1719), 181 Treaty of Vienna, Emperor-Great Britain-United Provinces, peace and alliance (1731), 283, 354 Treaty of Vienna, Emperor-Spain, navigation and commerce INDEX (1725), 156–157, 192, 225, 353, 355–357, 361 naval supplies contraband, 354 Ostend Company rights, 354 redefined freedom of trade cf Westphalia, 355–357 Treaty of Vienna, Emperor-SpainSardinia, defensive alliance (1725), 147, 353–355, 156–157, 328 Treaty of Westminster, EnglandPortugal, peace, confederation and commerce (1654), permanent English involvement in Douro export, 8, 107–108, 117, 122, 223 Treaty of Westminster, EnglandPortugal, alliance (1661), 108, 122 Treaty of Westminster, EnglandUnited Provinces, peace (1674), 223 Treaty of Whitehall, England-Sweden, friendship and commerce (1661), no principle of “free ships, free goods”, defined contraband as military supplies, 223, 225, 234, 238 Treaty of Whitehall, England-United Provinces, peace and alliance (1662), 92 Treaty of Worms, Great BritainEmperor-Sardinia, peace and alliance, (1743), confirmed commercial privileges British subjects in Savoyard state, 330 Trenchard, John, Cato’s Letters, 146 Trevor, John Hampden, 336, 340 Trieste, 359–360, 365–367 free port (1717), 36, 264, 359–360 development after commercial treaties with Barbary Regencies, 366 469 Choiseul’s plan connecting Trieste with Marseille, 36, 264 Triple Alliance (1717), see Treaty of the Hague, France-Great BritainUnited Provinces, alliance (1717) Triple Alliance (1788), as a pseudo Family Compact, 214 Triquetti, Michel (de), Sardinia-Russia (abortive) commercial treaty, 337 Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 419 Troyes, 374 Trudaine, Daniel, 258–259, 262–263 against privileges Dutch traders, 208, 251, 253 rejects French navigation act, 244 suggests French trade through competition between neutral states, 244, 253–255 Trudaine de Montigny, Jean Charles, 263 ‘True liberty’, see De Witt; United Provinces Tucker, Josiah, 282 Turin, 322–347 Two Sicilies, see under Naples Tyrol, 363 U Ulloa, Bernardo de, 13, 162–165, 302 United Provinces, 13, 18–23, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 39, 80, 85, 88, 89, 90, 92, 98, 100, 101, 107, 108, 120, 121, 130, 135, 139–141, 143, 145, 146, 161, 175, 180, 181, 189, 195–215, 221–223, 225, 239, 243, 244, 249, 251–254, 256, 257, 297–300, 303, 304, 307–310, 315, 317, 324, 353–355, 364, 423–424, 427, 431 1747 Orangist Revolution, 304 www.ebook3000.com 470 INDEX United Provinces (cont.) 1751 Proposal for a general free port, 209–211 as Batavian Republic alliance treaty French Republic, 431 carrying trade, 33 decline, 30 golden age/glory, 202 model for Prussian trade, 310 Revolt, 203 as ‘stationary trading state’, 214 trade tensions France 1650s, 80 compared to warlike roman republic, 202 United States, 38, 39, 265, 381, 423–425, 430 Declaration of Independence (1776), and Haitian sovereignty, 408, 415–416 Universal-Commercien-Direcktorium, established in 1746, 363 Universal monarchy, 135, 141, 199, 247, 276, 296, 382 English policies aimed at, 382 John Law plan to terminate, 276 Utrecht, 17, 29–30, 32, 138, 149, 160–169, 171 as “Ville de l’Assemblée” envisioned by Saint-Pierre, legacy of, 17, 18, 29, 31, 131, 154, 158, 197, 206, 211, 244 See also Peace of Utrecht Uztáriz, Gerónimo da, restoration Spanish trade monopoly Indies, protectionism, on legacy of Utrecht, 13, 162–165, 170, 302 V Valdés, Varas, critic of Asiento, 158 Valori, Louis Guy Henri, Marquis de, 304, 311, 375 Van den Burgh, Johannes, 186 Van Neck, Gerard, 281 Van Neck, Joshua, 281 Vattel, Emer de, 219221, 224, 226, 229, 232, 245, 265 Vauguyon, Paul Franỗois de Quelen de la, 209 Venice, alliance with Vienna (1717), 359 Veracruz, British factory, 156 See also Tinajero Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), 87 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count of, 11, 42, 43, 213–214 and Choiseul, 37–38 on Family Compact, 38, 246 usage of commercial treaties in foreign policy, 37–38, 246, 265 Vermolen, Jacques, 357 Vộron de Forbonnais, Franỗois against Anglo-French commercial treaty, 12 against privileges Dutch trade, 13, 32–33, 255–258, 262, 278 vision Balance of Trade identical to Balance of Power, 13, 32–33, 255–258, 262, 278 vision of “liberté et concurrence”, 33 See also British Merchant, Vincent de Gournay Veshniakov, Alexei, 187 Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia, 321, 331, 333, 335, 337–344 trade with Portugal, 333 declaration neutrality (1781), 337–343 and Catherine II, on British foreign policy, 338–339, 342–344 suspicious of treaties, 335 INDEX Victor Amadeus II, King of Sardinia, 324–329 Grand Alliance (1690), 324 exchange Sicily for Sardinia (1720), 321, 324 Vienna, 15, 17, 43, 147, 155–157, 195–215, 264, 283, 334, 345, 351, 353–363, 366–367, 416 Villefranche, 323, 331, 334, 345 Vincent de Gournay, Jacques-Claude Marie, 34, 42, 243, 252, 302 liberalisation French trade in Asia, 278, 290–291 against privileges Dutch traders, 253 on commercial treaty with Spain, on navigation act and vison “liberté et protection”, 4, 254, 256, 262 Virgil, 231 Viry de la Perriere, Joseph Maria, Baron, 334 Viry, Franỗois Joseph, Count de, 332, 334 Visby, 188 Vivens, Franỗois de Labat, Chộvalier de, 33 Voltaire, Franỗois Marie Arouet, 198–200, 203, 282, 301, 378 See also Anti-Machiavel, Frederick II W Wahnich, Sophie, 387 Walpole, Robert, 125–133, 135, 138–140, 145–146, 158 Walpole, Thomas, 279, 281–282 War of American Independence (1775–1782), 41, 212–214, 235 471 War, Anglo-Dutch, First (1652–54), 7, 201, 222 War, Anglo-Dutch, Fourth (1780–84), 7, 213 War, Anglo-Dutch, Second (1665–1667), 92 War, Anglo-Dutch, Third (1672), 222 War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), 30, 32, 159, 207, 209, 227–228, 251, 279–280, 283, 292, 296, 329–330, 355 Ward, Bernardo, 171, 344 Ward, Robert Plumer, on commercial treaties and neutral trade, 238 War of the First Coalition (1793), 431 War of Jenkins’ Ear (War of the Asiento) (1739–1748), 149, 158, 166, 169 War, just-war mentality, total-war mentality, 6, War of the Polish Succession (1733–38), 246, 249 War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720), 145 War of Restoration against Spain, Portuguese (1640–1668), 107 War of the Spanish Succession, 105, 107, 118, 120–121, 125, 151–155, 173, 176–177, 195–196, 209, 220, 292, 325, 329, 355, 365 plans for reorganisation global commerce, 13, 19–20, 24, 27, 195–196, 209, 292 See also Mesnager; Saint-Pierre; Helvetius; Bergeyck Weisbrod, Ludwig, 175 West India Company (English), 381 West Indies Company (Dutch, WIC), bankrupt, 201 www.ebook3000.com 472 INDEX West Indies, plantations, 415 Whig, 112, 125–148 Governments, 176 Whitworth, Charles, 173–175, 179 William III, King of England, 196, 200, 325 William IV, Dutch Stadholder, 209–210 Windham, Sir William, 126–127 Windward Islands, 405 Witt, Johan (or Jean) de, 88, 98–99, 195, 201–202 World War I, 4, 10, 399 Y Yevreinov, Yakov, 187, 191 Yorke, Charles, 282 Yorke, Joseph, 282 Yorke, Philip, 282 Z Zavala y Aón, Miguel de, reform Spanish America trade, 165–166 Zeller, Gaston, 159 Zotov, Konon, 177–178 Zouche, Richard, 224, 231 .. .The Politics of Commercial Treaties in the Eighteenth Century Antonella Alimento • Koen Stapelbroek Editors The Politics of Commercial Treaties in the Eighteenth Century Balance of Power, Balance. .. Order of States and at the Institute of Intellectual History at the University of St Andrews, 23–24 January 2015, entitled Balance of Power, Balance of Trade The Politics of Commerce in the Eighteenth. .. treaties were made in the first half of the eighteenth century, than during the second half of the seventeenth The beginning of the upward trend cannot be placed earlier than the second half of