The Palgrave Handbook of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management Gngyi Kovács • Karen Spens • Mohammad Moshtari Editors The Palgrave Handbook of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management Editors Gyöngyi Kovács Hanken School of Economics Helsinki, Finland Karen Spens Hanken School of Economics Helsinki, Finland Mohammad Moshtari Hanken School of Economics Helsinki, Finland ISBN 978-1-137-59098-5 https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59099-2 ISBN 978-1-137-59099-2 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2017941623 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: Brain light / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd The registered company address is: The Campus, Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom Acknowledgements Handbook Reviewers: Afshin Mansoori Alain Vaillancourt Alessandra Cozzolino Ali Torabi Altay Nezih Amir Masoumi Andréa Cynthia Santos Duhamel Aris Matopoulos Arni Halldorsson Bartel Van de Walle Brito Jr Irineu Carolien de Blok Cécile L’Hermitte Charles Mbohwa David Grant Diego Vega Erica Gralla Gloria Cecilia Urrea Castano Graham Heaslip Hella Abidi Hlekiwe Kachali Hossein Baharmand Ioanna Falagara Sigala Brunel University Jönköping University Sapienza University of Rome University of Tehran Driehaus College of Business Manhattan College University of Technology of Troyes Aston University Chalmers University of Technology Delft University of Technology University of São Paulo University of Groningen University of Tasmania University of Johannesburg Hull University Business School NEOMA Business School George Washington University University of Lugano Galway Mayo Institute of Technology FOM University of Applied Sciences Hanken School of Economics University of Agder Vienna University of Economics and Business v vi Acknowledgements Isabell Storsjö Jaime Andrés Casteda Karthik Sankaranarayanan Kirstin Scholten Laura Laguna Salvadó Lijo John Linda Annala Mahed Maddah Marc Goerigk Maria Besiou Maria Ehrnström Mark Goh Mark Wilson Matthieu Lauras Minchul Sohn Natalie Simpson Paul Larson Pervaiz Akhtar Peter Tatham Prashant Barsing Rolando Tomasini Ruth Banomyong Sabari Prasanna Sebastian Villa Betancur Simonov Kusi-Sarpong Stephen Pettit Suhaiza Zailani Susanna Meriläinen Tariq Syed Tina Comes Tina Wakolbinger Tunca Tabaklar Yasmine Hassan Yewondwossen Tesfaye Gemechu Hanken School of Economics Universidad del Rosario University of Ontario Institute of Technology University of Groningen University of Toulouse – Mines Albi Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode Hanken School of Economics Florida International University Lancaster University Management School Kühne Logistics University Hanken School of Economics National University of Singapore Lincoln University University of Toulouse – Mines Albi Hanken School of Economics State University of New York at Buffalo University of Manitoba University of Hull Griffith University Indian Institute of Management UNOPS Thammasat University Hanken School of Economics University of Lugano Dalian University of Technology Cardiff University University of Malaya Hanken School of Economics Lahore University of Management Sciences University of Agder Vienna University of Economics and Business University of Agder KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm Hanken School of Economics Contents Part I Innovative Methods - not that Much Used Yet Social Network Analysis in the Context of Humanitarian Logistics Natalie Simpson, Zhasmina Tacheva and Ta-Wei (Daniel) Kao Deploying Collaborative Management Research Approaches in Humanitarian Supply Chains: An Overview and Research Agenda Yasmine Sabri Future Research in Humanitarian Operations: A Behavioral Operations Perspective Karthik Sankaranarayanan, Jaime Andrés Castañeda and Sebastián Villa 41 71 Part II More Established Empirical Methods Challenges and Opportunities for Humanitarian Researchers: Dreadful Biases and Heavenly Combinations of Mixed Methods Pervaiz Akhtar 121 vii viii Contents So Much of Research Is Context: Fieldwork Experience in Humanitarian Logistics Minchul Sohn 149 Conducting In-Depth Case Studies in Humanitarian Logistics: The Case of MSF Diego Vega 179 The Application of the Case Study Methodology: Resilience in Domestic Food Supply Chains During Disaster Relief Efforts in South Asia Mark Wilson, Muhammad Umar and Jeff Heyl Part III 10 11 203 Collaboration - Variety of Methods Towards A Better Understanding of Humanitarian Supply Chain Integration Jihee Kim, Stephen Pettit, Irina Harris and Anthony Beresford 249 An Empirical Investigation of Swift Trust in Humanitarian Logistics Operations Qing Lu, Mark Goh and Robert de Souza 279 Drivers of Coordination in Humanitarian Relief Supply Chains Rameshwar Dubey and Nezih Altay 297 Agility Learning Opportunities in Cross-Sector Collaboration An Exploratory Study Alessandra Cozzolino, Ewa Wankowicz and Enrico Massaroni 327 Part IV Variety of Topics 12 How Flexibility Accommodates Demand Variability in a Service Chain: Insights from Exploratory Interviews in the Refugee Supply Chain Kirstin Scholten, Carolien de Blok and Robbin-Jan Haar 359 Contents 13 14 15 ix Developing Individual Competencies for Humanitarian Logistics Graham Heaslip, Peter Tatham and Alain Vaillancourt 395 Governance of Service Triads in Humanitarian Logistics Graham Heaslip and Gyöngyi Kovács 417 Multimodal Logistics in Disaster Relief Syed Tariq, Muhammad Naiman Jalil and Muhammad Adeel Zaffar 445 Part V Applications - Most Typical 16 17 18 19 20 Structuring Humanitarian Supply Chain Knowledge Through a Meta-Modeling Approach Laura Laguna Salvadó, Matthieu Lauras, Tina Comes and Frederick Bénaben 491 Decision Support Systems for Urban Evacuation Logistics in Practice Marc Goerigk, Horst W Hamacher and Sebastian Schmitt 523 Advances in Network Accessibility and Reconstruction after Major Earthquakes Andréa Cynthia Santos 547 Information Technology in Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management Dorit Schumann-Bölsche 567 Bridging Research and Practice in Humanitarian Logistics: A Diagnostic Tool to Assess Organizational Agility Cécile L’Hermitte, Marcus Bowles, Peter H Tatham and Benjamin Brooks 591 x Contents Part VI Conceptual, Future 21 22 The Evolutions of Humanitarian-Private Partnerships: Collaborative Frameworks Under Review Rolando M Tomasini Review of Empirical Studies in Humanitarian Supply Chain Management: Methodological Considerations, Recent Trends and Future Directions Lijo John 23 Four Theories for Research in Humanitarian Logistics Richard Oloruntoba 24 From Aid to Resilience: How to Bridge Disaster Resilience and Humanitarian Supply Chain Management Research Eija Meriläinen Index 627 637 675 713 743 732 E Meriläinen history had hinted at that already earlier, it had been hard for me to cachar1 prior to living there The wonderfully outlined research of mine with a focal company had turned into a bunch of narratives from the sides of organizations and the “community” that did not fit together and raised more questions than they answered Furthermore, the fact that I kept learning daily about the local everyday kept me constantly on my toes: if I keep forgetting where to put the toilet paper in the bathroom, how can I expect to have anything to say about how disasters should be managed? I was in a turmoil of shaky philosophical orientations, where full-blown social constructivism seemed like the only way to progress in my research process, even if it at the same time questioned the whole idea of having social scientists In the end, my interviews were semistructured, some leaning toward open-ended I had field notes from field visits, pictures and videos of the city, its reconstruction and nature I continued to walk the hills of the city Yet I believe I learned most about disaster-related phenomena also during my “free time,” in informal settings For example, upon hearing what I study, people would tell me stories about their experiences with disasters, the relation of disasters to everyday life and interpretations of what ought to be done Also my own narrative, of disasters and myself, was changing Coming from a global periphery, I had lived under a false inherent conviction of my own objectivity in the global system While I had acknowledged subjectivity of research, I had not thoroughly gone through the subjectivity of my own sensemaking before the “field” research in Chile As I found myself weaving together other people’s narratives of a disaster, I realized I had to go through my own loom and its compatibility with the narratives I was facing While through the reflexive process I came to know my own narratives and identities better, what stroke me most as a researcher was in which ways the “Western” academic heritage followed me around and how much I represented it When communicating of my research I often used English (instead of Spanish or my native Finnish) and referred to academic theories that may not have reflected even my own sense-making processes in my own cultural context The access to data that I had – or did not have – was rarely related to who I thought I was, but what I was perceived as representing as a researcher Despite who I thought I had been, I was walking around with the aura of Western Academia and leveraging its power Get it 24 From Aid to Resilience: How to Bridge Disaster Resilience… 733 Also my former SCM practitioner experiences started haunting me: the expectations of the global business environment had never made sense in the light of the ontology I had grown into Yet I had been able to buy the basic assumptions without much questioning when working as a practitioner, and was also bringing some of these same assumptions into my research The mess of and distinction between private narratives and “organizational” narratives became vital also in my research process, as I was trying to make sense of the Valparaíso fire both from the point of view of the aiding organizations, as well as the community While the data came in many forms and from many sources, one many of those formally interviewed were both representing an organization, as well as part of the affected community Through the interviews I was able to hear both people’s views on the disaster as private people, as well as from the point of view of the organization they were presenting This was extremely interesting and provided valuable insight, but it also made dealing with the “data” more complex It was understood that people did not want their private, more informal opinions and sensemaking to be connected to organizational “truths.” The interviewees were given chances to comment on the transcripts of the recorded interviews and no quotes would be taken without their permission Furthermore, the narratives were weaved together, instead of being used separately in ways that could expose individual views While this provided anonymity and a more coherent view on the phenomenon, at the same time it brought back the issue about the looms of the researcher: is it the community talking, bottom-up, or is it the researcher claiming to speak for a greater community? Are the respondents aware of what type of research they are contributing to, when the focus is not clearly on the organizations, nor on the community, but in between? Some Sense of Clarity While throughout the data collection I was overwhelmed by a sense of humility and felt that I knew absolutely nothing about anyone else’s world, and no one narrative would ever exist, when I finally got distance from the phenomenon, a narrative started forming Through adopting an oscillating stand-point to my data through a set of theories, concepts and methods I was able to start weaving together the different strands of information I hoarded literature to make my standpoint seem more secure I read more on disaster resilience literature, political philosophical theories and paired these up with the supply chain management perspective Not everything fitted together 734 E Meriläinen perfectly, but through reflecting my data against my philosophical standpoint “pile” of cake I was able to see how what I had learned formed a narrative that I believed was worth writing While I drew from the disaster resilience literature and was truly interested in community empowerment, I realized that neither the formal interviews conducted with different organizations, nor the informal encounters that took place, gave me the entitlement to speak for the people affected In many ways I was looking at the phenomenon top-down, as a foreigner, and primarily through the lenses of the organizations providing aid, rather than those to be aided Even if what I saw through my lenses would not have been same as what the organizations saw, I could not in this case wiggle out of that point of view and speak the narrative of the “resilient” communities Through adopting an oscillating stand-point I did not at first abandon social constructivism and highly subjective, interpretivist approach Yet, as I started putting the pieces of the narrative together and pulling then toward the bodies of knowledge, my words started carrying more universal claims with respect to the phenomenon The narrative was further broken to a few academic articles: one paper with a heavier focus on the “bottom-up” perspective of disaster resilience, and another from the managerial “topdown” perspective Yet both pieces of literature navigated the same interface, between the network of aid providers and the community affected Throughout the research process, my understanding of “my” ontology and epistemology evolved and I became more conscious of this evolution While my peripheral ontology bred by my background was often clashing with the academic bodies of knowledge, as a researcher I was operating in their sphere of influence and my thinking was directed by the dominant narratives, even if I tried to wriggle away from their grasp and see different ontologies I was not able to consolidate all the ontological clashes, yet for a fleeting moment I was able to pin down what the reality was for me as a social scientist, and how the epistemology and methods of my research aligned with that As a human living on the planet Earth – and hoping to continue living on it for some time still – in my reality I saw a magnificent rock floating through space, covered in beautiful greens and blues Yet something gray was growing on its surface The social scientist in me saw also a cloth, almost transparent, on top of the big round rock The cloth was weaved with stories It may not have been the only cloth, but it is the one I could see There were thick strands of narratives crisscrossing the cloth as well as countless delicate ones all around it Some – not all – of the big, thick, narratives were entangled with the ugly gray growing on the rock and eating the green and blue 24 From Aid to Resilience: How to Bridge Disaster Resilience… 735 When I was doing research, I was pulling the cloth from one corner, seeing how it folds differently depending on where I pulled and whether I pulled the dominant narrative or not Pulling a dominant narrative was easy One tug lifted a cloth in visible way that was easy to describe But a dominant narrative was just one of the narratives It may have also been connected to nasty gray stuff So I wanted to be careful and tried pulling gently here and there, following the different folds of the cloth Finally, as a researcher I was expected to contribute, and I started laying my own teeny tiny stiches on the cloth How and where I pulled, tugged, and stitched the cloth was my methodology as a social scientist.2 Conclusion The chapter began by introducing two fields of research that study disasters are being prepared for, responded to and recovered from Where the field of HLSCM focuses on how organizations providing aid could organize their operations and supply chains, the disaster resilience literature can bring out the view and agency of the people affected by a disaster Through drawing from the two fields of research, bottom-up and top-down perspectives on disaster-related research could be bridged This would broaden the perspective of aid provision from the shorter term managerial implications to longterm community perspective, as well as policy implications Yet conducting interdisciplinary research is not straightforward Different streams of literature flow from different springs, build on different theories and philosophical foundations The ontological and epistemological assumptions may lay buried in the history of the field, but still continue to influence how the research in the field is conducted Different fields of research expect different scoping, sampling, data collection, analysis, and write-up While silos are being broken, much of the effort of academics is about preaching to the choir, a preexisting scientific community, and conventions are held A researcher navigating between two or more fields benefits from understanding the underlining paradigmatic differences, shuffling between them and searching for balance The chapter went through the ontological, epistemological, and methods paradigms underlying disaster resilience and HLSCM research from the In this metaphor, bottom-up view would consist of stitching together a narrative building on the delicate strands of narratives, whereas a top-down view would follow along the seams of the dominant narratives 736 E Meriläinen researcher’s angle to the two fields As the paradigms and their clashes culminate in the method, in the end of this book chapter methods of the author’s field research process were described through a narrative The different paradigms were present throughout the journey and were interacting even in the final “outputs.” The method chosen could be simplistically titled as an inductive case study or an ethnography Yet instead of providing a label, the purpose of the case was to provide insight into how the research process and methodological stance evolved and how the understanding developed through different paradigmatic perspectives The case highlights how the ontology, epistemology, and methods of the research did not layer up in a perfect manner The real research process was not straightforward execution of a 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Orthopsychiatry 81 (1): 18–30 doi:http://dx doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01068.x Yarnal, Brent 2007 “Vulnerability and All That Jazz: Addressing Vulnerability in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.” Technology in Society, Perspectives on Hurricane Katrina, 29 (2): 249–55 doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2007.01.011 Yin, Robert K 2013 Case Study Research: Design and Methods 5th edition Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc Index A Accommodation tactics, 365 Action research, 48 Agency theory, 420, 426 Agent, 96 Agent-based modeling, 96 Agility in humanitarian supply chains, 330 Agility learning opportunities, 327 Agriculture market information system, 231 Analytic hierarchy process, 127 Analytic network process, 127 Aquad, 188 Atlas.ti, 188 Author affiliation, 642 B Beer simulation game, 99 Behavioral experiments, 72 Behavioral research, 72 Biases, 121 Big data, 583 C Cameroon, 569 Case selection, 214 Case studies, 121, 180, 181, 205, 209, 249, 335, 598 Case study analysis, 335 Centrality metrics, 16 Chartered institute of logistics and transport, 305 Child protection, 90 Chile, 730 China, 92 Clinical inquiry, 50 Cluster approach, 100 CMV (common-method variance) bias, 130 Coding, 189, 235, 270 Cognitive psychology, 71 Collaboration, 332, 631 Collaborative management research, 46 Combining theories, 692 Commitment, 303 Community perspective, 735 Comparative design, 249, 263 © The Author(s) 2018 G Kovács et al (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59099-2 743 744 Index Competency domain, 397, 405 Competency framework, 395 Competition, 92 Complex adaptive network, 10 Computer aided qualitative data analysis software, 188 Conceptual validity, 193 Content analysis, 154 Contingency leadership, 302 Contractual arrangements, 420 Contrasting theories, 693 Coordination, 25, 92, 297 Coordination theory, 280 Cret-log research center, 195 Crisis management layer, 507 Cross-sector collaboration, 327 Cross-sector learning opportunities, 333 Cultural cohesion, 303 D Data condensation, 235 Data import, 535 Data quality, 134 Data triangulation, 186 Decision-making errors, 71 Decision support system, 100, 515, 523 Degree and distance, 11 Demand variability, 361 Descriptive, 210 Development, 89 Development organizations, 630 Diagnostic tool, 591 Disaster logistics, 155 Disaster management cycle, 576 Disaster resilience, 715 Disaster supply chain, 155 Disaster type, 643 Doctors without borders, 76 Documents, 628 Donations, 76 Donors, 701 Drivers of coordination, 299 Drones, 581 Dynamic complexity, 85 E Ebola outbreak, 493 Emergency logistics management, 641 Emergency relief operations, 330 Emergent networks, 26 Empirical studies, 637 Endogeneity, 130 Entrepreneurial culture, 696 Epistemology, 719 Ethnography, 205, 736 Europe, 365 Experimental designs, 121 Experimental economics, 73 Explanatory, 210 Explorative study, 250 Exploratory, 210 Exploratory interview, 184, 361 Exploratory research, 369 Extending theories, 694 External validity, 193 F Field based research, 149 Field research, 431, 494 Field work, 162, 203 Fieldwork experience, 152 Financial incentives, 74 Fleet management, 91 Flexibility, 363 Floods, 90 Food security, 90 Food supply chain, 206–208 Forio business simulations, 84 Fritz institute, 101 The funding process, 503 Index G German federal agency for technical relief, 524 German fire departments, 524 German red cross, 524 Germany, 569 Global logistics cluster, 336 Governance, 417 Governmental organizations, 260 Graphical user interface, 538 Grounded theory, 205 Group model building, 87 H Humanitarian logistic, 154, 718 And humanitarian logisticians, 400 Humanitarian-private collaboration, 628 The humanitarian operation life cycle, 504 Humanitarian response review, 314 Humanitarian supply chain, 155 Humanitarian supply chain knowledge, 491 Humanitarian supply chain management, 641 Hurricane george, 92 I Idiosyncrasy, 43 Ifrc regional logistic unit, 493 Implementation challenges, 62 Incentives, 82 India, 305 Individual competencies, 395 Indonesia, 285 Inductive case study, 736 Information and communications technology, 300 Information sharing, 300 Information technology, 567 745 Internal validity, 193 International humanitarian partnership, 78 The interpretive logic matrix, 306 Interview, 121, 225, 404, 431 Interviewees, 371 Interview protocol, 208 Interview protocol development, 224 J Jeddah, 90 Jordan, 569 K Khyber pakhtun khwa (kpk) province, 216 L Learning process, 85 Literature review, 154, 645 Logistical capacity, 395 Logistics emergency teams, 336, 338 M Machine learning, 121 Mathematical optimization methods, 524 Maturity models, 600 Maxqda, 188 Measurement errors, 132 Médecins sans frontières, 184 Mergers, 701 Meta-model engineering, 498 Meta-modeling, 495 Meta-modelling approach, 491 Methodological approaches, 45 Methodological classification, 647 Methodological quality assessment, 53 Missing data, 29 746 Index Mixed methods, 121 Mobile phones, 577 Modeling, 93 Multi-agent simulation, 96 Multiple phase research, 662 Multiple theories, 677 Multi-stakeholder collaboration, 631 Mutual learning, 301 Myanmar, 285 Partnership models, 334 Performance measurement system, 302 Phenomenology, 205 Philippines, 285 Philosophical paradigms, 719 Pilot testing, 209 Policy documents, 629 Protocol language translation, 225 Punjab province, 216 N Narrative, 205 National disaster management authority, 305 National disaster management authority of pakistan, 216 Nepal earthquake, 100 Netherlands, 365 Network biases, 137 Networks metrics, 19 Network typology, 24 Node-level metrics, 23 Nodes, 10 Non-governmental organizations, 260 Nud*ist, 188 Nvivo, 188, 235 Q Qualitative data, 186 Qualitative method, 179, 205, 312 Qualitative research, 369 Questionnaire, 286 O Objective functions, 680 Omitted biases, 133 Ontology, 495, 719 Openstreetmap, 541 Operational stage, 642 Optimization, 101 Organization-to-organization, 417 Organizational agility, 591 P Pakistan, 203 Participant observation, 431 R Randomization, 75 Reflectiveness, 53 Refugees, 365 Relevance, 53 Reliability, 193 Relief chain management, 641 Relief supply chains, 297 Research quality, 193 Research type, 643 Resilience, 206 Resilient organizations, a research centre based in canterbury, new zealand, 208 Resource dependence theory, 690 Response and rehabilitation, 661 Responsiveness, 595 Review methodology, 641 Rigor, 53 S Sample, 82 Sampling, 223 Secondary data, 228 Index Service organizations, 360 Service supply chains, 363 Service triads, 417, 440 Simulation, 78, 86 Simultaneity, 133 Single board computer, 580 Single case study, 211 Single and multiple cases, 212 Single or multiple case study designs, 183 Snowball sampling, 186 Social capital, 27 Social exchange theory, 684 Social and group psychology, 71 Social network analysis, Soft operations research, 87 South asian, 205 South asian disaster knowledge network, 216 South asian region, 209 Southeast asia, 285 The stakeholders, 502 Standards, 396 Stratified sampling, 405 Supply chain and facility network, 697 Supply chain integration, 249 Supply chain life cycles, 26 Supply chain risk management, 208 Survey, 121, 286, 305 Survey designs, 130 Sustainable development agenda, 632 Sustainable development goals, 716 Swift trust, 279, 303 Systematic biases, 78 Systematic combining, 221 Systematic literature review, 404 System dynamics, 84 Systems thinking, 71, 84 T Temporary networks, 280 Theoretical contribution, 676 747 Theoretical framework, 299 Theoretical saturation, 186 Theory-development, 680 Theory of internationalization, 682 Theory testing, 75 Total interpretive structural modeling, 304 Training, 301 Transaction cost and organizational economics theory, 687 Trust, 280, 281 Trustworthiness, 195 Types of interviews, 185 U Ugandan, 79 UN global compact, 627 United nations agencies, 260 Units of analysis, 181 Urban evacuation logistics, 523 V Validation, 93 Value of theory, 679 Visibility, 301 Vulnerability, 716 W Wenchuan, 92 Whole networks, 18 Workforce management, 399 World food programme, 336, 597 World humanitarian summit, 634 Z Zambia, 165 Z-tree, 84 .. .The Palgrave Handbook of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management Gngyi Kovács • Karen Spens • Mohammad Moshtari Editors The Palgrave Handbook of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain. .. Australasian Editor of the Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, and a member of the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. .. at the Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management and affiliated to the Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Research Institute in Helsinki Finland His research area specializes in humanitarian