The palgrave handbook of the psychology of sexuality and genderdr soc

The Palgrave Handbook of the Psychology of Sexuality and Gender This page intentionally left blank The Palgrave Handbook of the Psychology of Sexuality and Gender Edited by Christina Richards Senior Specialist Psychology Associate and Clinical Research Fellow, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust and West London Mental Health NHS Trust, UK Meg John Barker Senior Lecturer in Psychology, The Open University, UK Editorial matter, introduction and selection © Christina Richards and Meg John Barker 2015 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2015 All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978–1–137–34588–2 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Richards, Christina The Palgrave handbook of the psychology of sexuality and gender / edited by Christina Richards, Senior Specialist Psychology Associate and Clinical Research Fellow, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Meg John Barker, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, The Open University pages cm Summary: “The Palgrave Handbook of the Psychology of Sexuality and Gender gives a thorough overview of all of the normative – and many of the less common – sexualities, genders and relationship forms including: Asexuality; Bisexuality; BDSM; Gay; Heterosexuality; Kink; Lesbian; Further sexualities; Trans sexualities; Cisgender; Intersex; Further genders; Non-binary gender; Monogamies; and Open Non-Monogamies The Handbook also considers psychological areas such as Clinical psychology; Counselling psychology; Qualitative research; Quantitative research; and Sex therapy as they relate to sexuality and gender as well as intersectional areas such as: Ageing; Ethnicity; Class; Disability; Health Psychology; and Religion Contributions from leading scholars and practitioners in this area combine cutting edge research with considerations on both clinical practice and academic study of sexuality and gender for psychologists from student to professor; and from any discipline interested in these ubiquitous aspects of humanity.” — Provided by publisher ISBN 978–1–137–34588–2 (hardback) Sex Sex (Psychology) Social psychology I Barker, Meg John, 1974– II Title HQ21.R457 2015 155.3—dc23 2015002158 Contents List of Tables and Figures xv Acknowledgements xvi Notes on Contributors xvii Introduction Christina Richards and Meg John Barker Part I Sexuality Asexuality Mark Carrigan The history of asexuality Key theory and research The asexual community Confusions surrounding asexuality The psychology of asexuality Current debates Implications for applied psychology and the wider world Future directions Longitudinal studies Asexual relationships Gender, intersectionality, and diversity Summary BDSM – Bondage and Discipline; Dominance and Submission; Sadism and Masochism Emma L Turley and Trevor Butt Introduction History Psychoanalysis and Freud Stoller and the ubiquity of perversion Key theory and research Psycho-medical perspective Non-pathologising perspectives Current debates v 8 10 11 12 15 17 17 18 19 20 24 24 26 27 27 28 28 29 31 vi Contents BDSM and feminism Implications for applied psychology and the wider world BDSM as adult recreation Implications for counselling and therapy Implications for discrimination Future directions Bisexuality Helen Bowes-Catton and Nikki Hayfield Introduction History First-wave sexology Second-wave sexology Early ‘gay-affirmative’ psychological research Overlooking bisexuality: Sex research and sex surveys of the 1970s and 1980s Key theory and research Early ‘bisexual-affirmative’ research: Acknowledging, defining, and ‘measuring’ bisexuality as a distinct identity Becoming visible: 1990s research on bisexuality Bi-affirmative research in psychology since the year 2000 Current debates, implications, and future directions Activist–academic collaborations Intersectionality Researching beyond the organised bi community Summary Further Sexualities Christina Richards Introduction Ageplay Furry Fetish History Key theory and research Current debates Implications for applied psychology and the wider world Future directions Summary 33 34 34 35 35 37 42 42 43 43 46 47 47 48 48 49 50 53 53 53 54 54 60 60 61 61 62 64 65 68 69 71 72 Contents Gay Men Damien W Riggs Introduction History Key theory and research Current debates Implications for applied psychology and the wider world Future directions Summary Heterosexuality Panteá Farvid Introduction History History of the term ‘heterosexuality’ Creating the heterosexual Early theorising of (hetero)sexuality Second-wave feminist critiques of heterosexuality Key theory and research Theorising heterosexuality Heteronormativity Researching heteronormativity Biological explanations Mainstream psychology Current debates and implications for applied psychology and the wider world Future directions Summary Lesbian Psychology Sonja J Ellis Introduction History Key theory and research Lesbian identity Lesbian relationships Lesbian parenting Lesbian health Current debates vii 77 77 78 81 82 84 86 89 92 92 93 93 94 94 95 96 97 98 98 100 101 102 103 103 109 109 110 112 112 114 115 117 119 viii Contents Implications for applied psychology and the wider world Future directions Summary Trans Sexualities Penny Lenihan, Tony Kainth, and Robin Dundas Introduction Trans sexualities History Key theory, research, and current debates Implications for applied psychology and the wider world Future directions Summary 120 121 122 129 129 131 134 135 140 141 143 Part II Gender Cisgender – Living in the Gender Assigned at Birth Ester McGeeney and Laura Harvey Introduction Key definitions History Key theory and research Current debates and future directions Implications for applied psychology and the wider world Conclusions Summary 10 Further Genders Meg John Barker and Christina Richards Introduction History Key theory and research Current debates Implications for applied psychology and the wider world Future directions Summary 11 Intersex/DSD Katrina Roen Introduction History 149 149 150 150 153 156 159 161 161 166 166 167 171 173 176 178 179 183 183 185 Contents ix Key theory and research Reviews and empirical studies Updates and conceptual contributions Current debates Disclosure Non-essential genital surgery on infants Prenatal treatment and psychological outcomes Gender identity and transition Implications for applied psychology and the wider world Future directions Summary 186 186 187 188 188 189 190 190 191 192 192 12 Transgender – Living in a Gender Different from That Assigned at Birth Sarah Murjan and Walter Pierre Bouman 198 Introduction History Key theory and research Current approaches to assisting people with gender dysphoria Current debates Classification of gender dysphoria Access to treatment Implications for applied psychology and the wider world Future directions Summary 198 199 201 204 206 207 208 209 210 211 Part III Relationships 13 Monogamy Ali Ziegler, Terri D Conley, Amy C Moors, Jes L Matsick, and Jennifer D Rubin Introduction Key theory and research Definitions of monogamy across biological and social sciences Public health definition of monogamy Lay definitions of monogamy Why people engage in monogamy? History Monogamy and sexual health Current debates Isn’t everyone monogamous? Departures from monogamy 219 219 220 220 221 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 Rob Clucas 463 Wynne-Jones, J (2010) Dean Jeffrey John, leading gay cleric, rejected as next Bishop of Southwark The Telegraph, July 2010 Retrieved from http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/ news/jonathanwynne-jones/100046535/dean-jeffrey-john-leading-gay-cleric-rejected -as-next-bishop-of-southwark/ [Accessed 25 April 2014] Yip, A K T (2010) Coming home from the wilderness: An overview of recent scholarly research on LGBTQI religiosity/spirituality in the west In K Browne, S R Munt, & A K T Yip (Eds.) Queer spiritual spaces (pp 35–50) Farnham: Ashgate Zeveloff, N (Ed.) (2014) Transgender and Jewish New York: The Forward Association Index A abnormal, 26, 31, 32, 94, 95, 99, 136, 138, 265, 409 abuse, 35, 83, 84, 115, 203, 244, 35, 415 accepting, 35, 209, 242, 286, 337, 414, 450, 451, 457 activism, 4, 17, 50, 53, 129, 175, 367, 458 adolescence, 61 adoption, 38, 84, 117, 199, 303, 339 adult, 31, 34, 61, 73, 82, 83, 84, 133, 136, 152, 159, 176, 186, 187, 207, 230, 245, 246, 254, 264, 275, 303, 304, 339, 341, 344, 381, 431, 443 adult baby / diaper lover (AB/DL), 61, 65, 73, 76 adultery, 250 affirmative therapy/practice, 8, 16, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 55, 70, 110, 143, 209, 273, 277, 287, 292, 293, 317, 321, 375, 455, 456 age, 61, 83, 116, 121, 170, 188, 191, 193, 200, 202, 227, 249, 274, 338, 340, 341, 343, 344, 353, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 387, 413, 431, 450 ageing, 2, 54, 251, 334, 336, 341, 344, 367, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 395, 427 ageplay, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 75 aggression, 151, 152, 270, 287 alcohol, 302, 305, 307, 340 anal, 60, 84, 86, 97, 283, 305, 319, 320, 325, 338, 342 anal Sex, 60, 338 androgen, 65, 101, 187, 202 androgynous, 129, 130, 166, 169, 171, 175, 337 anxiety, 66, 69, 81, 83, 84, 119, 205, 209, 244, 246, 268, 270, 303, 304, 306, 307, 324, 360, 361, 375, 432 aromantic, 18 arousal, 52, 131, 137, 138, 139, 266, 355, 356, 357, 361, 362, 368 asexuality (ace), 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 71, 130, 132, 335, 361 ask etiquette, 177 autism (ASD), 205, 409 autoandrophilia, 138, 139 autogynephilia, 131, 138, 139 B baby, 61, 99, 149, 150, 198, 290, 339, 380 babyfur, 62 Barker, Meg John, 1, 3, 4, 16, 18, 19, 24, 31, 33, 34, 35, 50, 51, 53, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72, 73, 96, 99, 102, 130, 131, 133, 138, 140, 143, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 198, 200, 209, 223, 229, 232, 238, 239, 242, 244, 247, 248, 251, 253, 254, 304, 309, 310, 321, 329, 353, 355, 357, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 377, 385, 452 bear, 88, 177, 333, 456, 458 Berry, Michael, D., 353, 354, 355, 357, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 367 bigender, 166, 171, 177, 198 binary, 18, 43, 46, 47, 49, 82, 94, 98, 103, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136, 140, 143, 149, 150, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 185, 186, 193, 198, 200, 208, 272, 273, 275, 288, 303, 317, 337, 348, 365, 377, 378, 419, 448 biological, 7, 11, 30, 31, 44, 46, 80, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 117, 134, 135, 150, 153, 157, 161, 162, 171, 175, 186, 200, 201, 202, 220, 221, 237, 253, 264, 283, 302, 335, 344, 345, 360, 376, 381, 410, 412, 414, 429 biopsychosocial, 140, 160, 171, 301, 360, 368, 420 biphobia, 50, 51 biromantic, 8, 20 464 Index birth assigned, 198 birth certificates, 211 birth control, 212, 415 bisexual, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 238, 252, 286, 334, 339, 385, 401, 443, 452, 456 Black and Minority Ethnic (BME), 2, 155, 170, 248, 271, 272, 274, 301, 326, 350, 384, 411, 414, 415, 417, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 435, 436, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 449 see also queer people of colour (qpoc) blame, 47, 84, 136, 209, 451 body hair, 177 bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, sadism and masochism (BDSM), 24, 26, 28, 29, 32, 33, 64, 68, 72, 133, 266 see also masochism; sadism; sadomasochism bottom, 137, 140, 243, 246, 288, 346 see also submissive Bouman, Walter Pierre, 63, 64, 72, 136, 173, 177, 198, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211 Bowes-Catton, Helen, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 95, 101, 114, 172, 365 Bowlby, 294 brain, 3, 100, 102, 150, 157, 158, 186, 202, 346 breaking up, 365 breast, 117, 118, 139, 177, 204, 310 bullying, 156, 308 Burns, Jan, 263, 265, 267, 269, 271, 273, 275, 277 Butch, 114, 284, 288 C camp, 33, 247, 316 cancer, 117, 303, 305, 310, 321 Carrigan, Mark, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 71, 132, 361 cat, 28, 43, 62, 433 celibacy, 10, 132 children, 1, 13, 31, 36, 38, 61, 63, 79, 80, 83, 84, 99, 100, 102, 115, 116, 117, 157, 159, 168, 169, 176, 185, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 200, 202, 203, 205, 207, 222, 231, 237, 240, 241, 465 243, 245, 246, 247, 250, 251, 252, 264, 267, 273, 285, 287, 290, 324, 376, 377, 381, 393, 395, 400, 438, 439, 443 chromosomes, 100, 150, 153 cisgender (cis), 2, 24, 78, 87, 131, 133, 140, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 166, 172, 175, 177, 179, 201, 202, 204, 205, 212, 270, 276, 277, 284, 303, 329, 394, 442, 448, 450 cisgenderism, 162, 275 Clark, Dawn, 36, 280, 281, 283, 285, 287, 289, 291, 292, 293 class, 2, 53, 88, 97, 113, 155, 170, 239, 248, 271, 272, 284, 286, 288, 292, 301, 320, 326, 375, 376, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 387, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 414, 416, 417, 431, 433, 441, 443, 449 clinic, 3, 264, 328, 329 clinical judgement, 288 clinical psychology, 2, 186, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 274, 276, 277, 280, 403, 428 clinician, 66, 189, 360, 456 clinician illusion, 66 clitoris/clit, 184 closet/closeted, 385 clothing, 81, 131, 137, 138, 177, 418 club, 433, 438, 439 Clucas, Rob, 447, 449, 451, 453, 454, 455, 457 coercion, 33, 37, 63, 64, 66, 68, 72, 103, 290, 443 cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), 65, 268, 356 coming out, 47, 113, 306, 307, 435, 436, 438, 439, 442, 443, 456 communication, 9, 98, 129, 237, 252, 289, 305, 306, 326, 327, 419, 428 community, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 29, 31, 34, 37, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 78, 86, 88, 109, 113, 122, 132, 140, 159, 160, 171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178, 206, 207, 236, 466 Index community – continued 237, 238, 241, 245, 254, 267, 274, 284, 286, 288, 309, 310, 321, 329, 330, 335, 368, 378, 385, 386, 399, 401, 402, 410, 416, 417, 432, 434, 436, 437, 438, 439, 442, 447, 448, 449, 452, 453, 455, 456, 457, 458 comorbidity, 35 compersion see frubble condom, 4, 156, 160, 225, 338, 339, 340 confusion, 10, 35, 50, 81, 122, 137, 138, 245 congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 184, 190, 273 Conley, Terri, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 236 consent see informed consent continua, 46, 133, 211, 226, 325, 336, 419, 429 contract, 227 conversion therapy, 450, 456, 457 see also reparative therapy counselling, 2, 35, 139, 143, 205, 211, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 252, 266, 268, 280, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 303, 311, 318, 393, 395, 397, 403 counselling psychology, 2, 139, 242, 280, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294 counsellor, 393 couple, 86, 99, 114, 120, 230, 242, 290, 413, 428, 438, 443 crime, 25, 29, 31, 32, 36, 253, 254, 311 critical psychology, 162, 187, 281 cross-culture, 226 cross-dressing see transvestism cultural studies, 237, 252 cunnilingus, 60 cure, 26, 201, 308, 317 cybersex, 254 D D/s, 24, 450 das Nair, Roshan, 277, 375, 427, 429, 431, 432, 433, 435, 437, 438, 439, 441, 443, 452, 453, 456, 457 data collection, 318, 319, 421 dating, 99, 174, 223, 225, 226, 282 demisexual, demographics, 237, 251, 252, 254, 431, 433 denim, 62 Dental Dam, 4, 119 depression, 66, 83, 119, 201, 205, 244, 246, 268, 270, 303, 304, 306, 307, 361, 409, 432, 453 desire, 13, 14, 15, 21, 26, 27, 34, 43, 45, 47, 51, 79, 80, 81, 94, 103, 114, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 175, 220, 228, 238, 263, 291, 341, 342, 356, 357, 361, 362, 363, 368, 396, 414, 415, 420, 436, 437, 455 deviance, 34, 44, 64, 80, 99, 241 diagnosis, 28, 69, 80, 131, 188, 190, 193, 199, 206, 207, 208, 266, 267, 275, 276, 305, 306, 317, 319, 320, 327, 356, 360, 368, 409, 432 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 47, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 80, 109, 131, 136, 137, 207, 247, 251, 265, 266, 268, 275, 276, 277, 356, 357, 361, 368 diaper, 61, 72, 73, 76 see also nappy dichotomy, 43, 63, 101, 175, 325 dilation, 344 disability, 2, 155, 345, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 428 discipline, 3, 24, 31, 72, 97, 157, 231, 241, 263, 264, 265, 267, 277, 280, 281, 288, 291, 292, 293, 311, 353, 354, 391, 392, 412 disclosure, 121, 185, 187, 188, 189, 193, 306, 308, 309, 456 discourse, 12, 16, 19, 21, 27, 35, 38, 51, 64, 88, 93, 100, 110, 131, 132, 136, 138, 140, 149, 151, 156, 173, 237, 238, 239, 242, 249, 251, 253, 254, Index 267, 318, 325, 329, 391, 395, 396, 397, 401, 402, 408, 416 discourse analysis, 51, 318, 396, 401 discrimination, 15, 25, 29, 35, 36, 83, 102, 109, 122, 139, 140, 155, 179, 205, 270, 272, 274, 276, 302, 303, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 385, 393, 413, 431, 432, 434, 439, 440, 451, 452, 453, 454, 456, 458 disease, 4, 199, 221, 268, 269, 301, 302, 309, 310, 320, 363 disorder, 13, 28, 29, 33, 64, 68, 69, 80, 131, 137, 183, 193, 200, 204, 205, 207, 247, 254, 267, 273, 276, 317, 324, 335, 340, 357, 360, 361, 362, 413, 431 Disorder of Sex Development (DSD), 183, 190, 191, 193, 272, 275 see also divergence of sex development (DSD); diversity of sex development (DSD); Intersex; variation of sex development dom see top dominance, 24, 38, 72, 130, 133, 136, 140, 379, 392, 435, 447 dominant see D/s donor insemination, 116, 122 drag, 88, 129, 198 dress, 61, 62, 139, 168, 198, 205 drug, 84, 86, 119, 266, 302, 307, 338 DSD, 2, 171, 175, 183, 184, 185, 187, 190, 192, 193, 202, 273, 275, 335, 348, 349, 375, 377, 385, 386, 387, 452 Dundas, Robin, 64, 72, 129, 173, 205 dysmorphophobia, 204 E education, 9, 15, 17, 132, 159, 179, 190, 240, 246, 254, 273, 304, 310, 377, 393, 395, 410, 416, 417, 421, 443 effeminate, 80, 81, 88, 89, 199, 435 electric shock, 64 Ellis, Sonja J., 47, 109–28, 120, 308, 433, 452 embody, 365, 383, 386 equal rights, 95 equality and diversity, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19, 30, 43, 46, 53, 65, 99, 111, 116, 467 129, 138, 139, 142, 151, 152, 159, 171, 175, 177, 179, 183, 184, 190, 192, 200, 229, 230, 242, 248, 273, 274, 277, 281, 286, 288, 292, 309, 310, 311, 317, 329, 334, 335, 347, 348, 349, 350, 362, 363, 366, 379, 380, 428, 440, 448, 451, 454, 457, 458 erectile dysfunction (ED), 342, 357, 361 erection, 342, 361, 367, 413 erogenous, 27 erotic, 24, 27, 28, 32, 34, 64, 70, 93, 94, 95, 102, 137, 385, 418, 419 ethics, 60, 160, 190, 208, 210, 236, 239, 244, 245, 285, 293, 330, 355, 383, 418 ethnic, 113, 121, 306, 321, 339, 340, 341, 384, 427, 430, 432, 433, 434, 435, 437, 439, 443, 449, 456 ethnicity see black and minority ethnic (BME) exercise, 1, 30, 289, 290, 440 exhibitionism, 28 experiments, 153, 222, 236 extended family see family F face-to-face, 65 Fae, 62 faith see religion family, 30, 35, 64, 82, 99, 113, 117, 119, 122, 154, 161, 174, 184, 189, 204, 205, 209, 219, 222, 228, 230, 237, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 251, 253, 254, 285, 306, 323, 383, 384, 413, 414 fantasy, 27, 28, 37, 283 Farvid, Panteá, 92, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103 fault, 19, 153 fellatio, 60 female, 25, 34, 42, 43, 70, 73, 77, 78, 94, 114, 115, 118, 119, 129, 130, 131, 134, 135, 138, 143, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 166, 171, 172, 175, 177, 184, 198, 199, 207, 211, 220, 228, 229, 267, 272, 274, 277, 284, 310, 320, 325, 328, 333, 334, 335, 348, 355, 357, 363, 365, 375, 377, 385, 393, 396, 400, 401, 415, 428, 429, 439, 450, 455 468 Index female to male (ftm), 334, 335 see also trans woman feminine, 43, 79, 81, 82, 84, 89, 94, 100, 101, 132, 150, 168, 169, 170, 171, 175, 176, 177, 199, 335, 337, 377, 395, 396, 397, 450 femininity, 44, 78, 79, 81, 82, 84, 88, 89, 94, 96, 149, 153, 161, 169, 170, 365, 395, 396, 401, 402, 416, 435 feminisation, 376 feminist, 19, 33, 34, 95, 96, 97, 102, 112, 119, 120, 150, 152, 154, 160, 185, 186, 245, 248, 254, 267, 271, 290, 292, 317, 328, 365, 396, 398, 401, 402, 408, 410, 414 femme, 57 fetish, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, 75 Fetishistic Transvestism, 137 financial, 35, 69, 114, 204, 222, 393 fluidity, 17, 18, 20, 46, 51, 140, 179, 288, 317 focus group, 318, 326, 328, 348, 396, 416 forced Marriage, 439, 443 formulation, 267, 272, 275, 276, 277, 280, 288, 289, 323, 362 foster, 242, 273, 362, 367 fox, 44, 45, 47, 62, 72, 239 freud, 3, 26, 27, 32, 44, 45, 48, 49, 78, 79, 80, 94, 154, 167, 264, 265, 353, 354 friends with benefits, 236 friendship, 1, 18, 64, 119, 236, 284, 306, 323, 324, 365, 383, 386, 450, 455 frubble, 237, 247, 253 furry, 60, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 72 G gamer, 67 gay, 2, 11, 12, 16, 18, 25, 37, 38, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 60, 63, 66, 67, 72, 73, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 95, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 109, 112, 113, 119, 120, 121, 131, 134, 172, 177, 199, 211, 212, 231, 236, 238, 243, 252, 266, 268, 269, 274, 277, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 300, 302, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 317, 319, 320, 333, 334, 336, 339, 347, 350, 361, 375, 377, 378, 379, 382, 383, 385, 386, 394, 399, 401, 427, 429, 431, 432, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 448, 450, 451, 452, 455, 456, 457, 458 gay, lesbian, 11, 24, 26, 37, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 64, 65, 66, 73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 109, 111, 122, 130, 136, 137, 175, 195, 207, 263, 266, 268, 283, 285, 287, 288, 304, 307, 311, 317, 335, 338, 345, 346, 350, 361, 400, 431, 434, 437, 443, 450 gender dysphoria, 201, 203, 207, 276 see also transsexualism gender fluid, 133, 166, 169 genderfuck, 166 gender identity, 80, 102, 116, 129, 131, 133, 152, 154, 158, 160, 185, 186, 190, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 211, 212, 270, 275, 277, 280, 300, 303, 306, 309, 328, 334, 335, 337, 347, 348, 350, 453 gender identity disorder (GID) see transsexualism; gender dysphoria genderless, 166, 198 gender presentation, 143 genderqueer, 129, 133, 160, 166, 174, 198 gender reassignment surgery (GRS), 204, 208, 210, 348 gender role, 78, 96, 102, 129, 130, 131, 133, 137, 138, 142, 152, 154, 160, 169, 198, 199, 200, 204, 205, 212, 292, 335, 353, 365 genders, 1, 2, 4, 38, 64, 98, 130, 140, 143, 152, 166, 167, 168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 198, 200, 202, 207, 208, 272, 277, 283, 377, 429, 450 gender status, 177 generation, 7, 133, 143, 170, 292, 344, 380 genital reconstruction surgery (GRS) see gender reassignment surgery (GRS); sex reassignment surgery (SRS) genitals, 100, 179, 204 genotype, 171 geographical location, 9, 170 gonad, 184 great sex, 222 guilt, 33, 220, 228, 286 Index H Hagger-Johnson, Gareth, 111, 302, 305, 309, 333, 335, 337, 339, 340, 341, 343, 345, 346, 347, 349 hair, 177 harm, 13, 27, 29, 68, 69, 119, 205, 208, 254, 270, 368, 401, 431, 434, 449, 455, 456 Harvey, Laura, 149, 151, 153, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 177, 179, 212, 365 hate crime, 10, 308 Hayfield, Nikki, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 54, 95, 101, 114, 172, 378 health, 2, 28, 32, 50, 54, 64, 86, 103, 112, 114, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 138, 159, 176, 177, 184, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 201, 205, 207, 208, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 230, 240, 241, 243, 244, 265, 266, 267, 269, 274, 275, 276, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 320, 321, 323, 324, 338, 340, 350, 356, 360, 362, 363, 384, 392, 393, 395, 396, 397, 399, 409, 410, 412, 413, 414, 415, 419, 421, 430, 431, 432, 434, 441, 458 health psychology, 117, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 309, 310, 311 hermaphroditism, 43, 44, 93 heteronormative, 27, 30, 70, 80, 84, 99, 100, 115, 116, 122, 132, 133, 136, 139, 140, 187, 270, 273, 286, 290, 304, 307, 368, 377, 378, 385, 399, 448 heterosexism, 98, 99, 109, 130, 219, 286, 287, 292, 293, 300, 307, 311, 316, 400 heterosexual, 2, 20, 24, 26, 30, 32, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 60, 63, 67, 68, 72, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109, 110, 111, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 130, 131, 132, 134, 140, 143, 154, 159, 172, 175, 219, 228, 229, 231, 253, 270, 272, 274, 277, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 292, 300, 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 317, 320, 333, 335, 338, 345, 346, 347, 363, 375, 377, 399, 400, 401, 404, 418, 431, 432, 433, 435, 438, 439, 442, 469 443, 448, 449, 450, 452, 453, 455, 457, 458 hierarchy, 345, 378 homophobia, 77, 109, 286, 287, 293, 300, 305, 306, 308, 398, 432, 449 homosexuality see gay, lesbian hormone, 129, 185, 199, 202, 273, 303, 346 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 48, 221, 227, 240, 241, 246, 268, 269, 303, 310, 319, 320, 327, 338, 339, 341 humiliation, 24, 27, 61 husband, 229 hysterectomy, 204 I Iantaffi, Alex, 10, 362, 363, 408, 409, 411, 413, 415, 417, 418, 419, 421 infantilism see adult baby; ageplay infidelity, 228, 229, 236 informed consent, 24, 25, 27, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 68, 188, 193, 205, 208, 211, 222, 223, 225, 230, 236, 240, 248, 249, 276, 318, 325, 341, 367, 383, 421, 454 institution, 92, 93, 96, 97, 103, 134, 219, 229, 451 internalised homophobia, 33, 48, 111, 284, 285, 287, 452, 456 internalised transphobia, 205 International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 26, 28, 64, 66, 71, 136, 137, 207, 208, 265, 268, 275, 356, 361 internet, 8, 9, 21, 50, 61, 65, 72, 129, 157, 172, 176, 210, 225, 292, 438 intersection, 77, 82, 155, 300, 310, 394, 402, 403, 408, 410, 421, 428, 447, 448, 449, 457 intersectionality, 19, 53, 54, 55, 271, 272, 276, 277, 304, 310, 382, 395, 417, 427, 428, 429, 435, 440, 441, 442 intersex, 2, 171, 183, 202, 335, 348, 349, 377, 452 see also DSD invisibility, 136, 176, 272, 383 J jealousy, 222, 237, 242, 247, 253 470 Index K Kainth, Tony, 64, 72, 129, 173, 205 kink, 35, 38, 61, 64, 130, 236, 237, 239, 252, 361 kissing, 228 L label, 14, 15, 16, 114, 198, 203, 436 language, 15, 16, 27, 30, 78, 99, 100, 113, 130, 133, 138, 150, 154, 155, 156, 158, 168, 174, 191, 239, 252, 275, 282, 293, 325, 402, 417, 428, 429, 437, 455 law, 25, 35, 36, 70, 79, 98, 99, 101, 117, 121, 134, 174, 211, 228, 237, 240, 241, 249, 251, 252, 254, 276, 307, 380, 384, 400, 414, 415, 417, 436, 447, 448, 449, 453, 454, 457, 458 leather, 62, 69, 70, 88 leatherman, 62 Lenihan, Penny, 64, 72, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 173, 205, 362 lesbian, 2, 4, 12, 16, 33, 43, 47, 49, 50, 51, 63, 66, 73, 99, 101, 102, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 131, 172, 175, 211, 212, 236, 238, 245, 252, 274, 277, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 300, 302, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 317, 333, 334, 336, 339, 347, 375, 383, 385, 386, 394, 398, 399, 400, 427, 431, 432, 434, 438, 443, 448, 450, 451, 452, 456, 458 lesbian gay bisexual transgender queer (LGBTQ)/LG/LGB/LGBT etc.+, 19, 50, 53, 113, 120, 134, 139, 141, 172, 176, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 251, 252, 253, 284, 286, 302, 303, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 326, 394, 398, 400, 427, 432, 433, 435, 437, 438, 439, 442, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458 lifespan, 99, 136, 220, 225, 226, 329, 413 loewenthal, Del, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 287, 289, 291, 292, 293, 451 loss, 121, 320, 375, 376, 378, 379, 380, 449 M mainstream, 18, 21, 25, 29, 30, 60, 63, 67, 68, 69, 71, 92, 96, 97, 101, 102, 119, 133, 149, 152, 160, 167, 168, 237, 242, 275, 281, 282, 300, 304, 309, 310, 311, 316, 317, 356, 392, 404, 413, 415, 418, 419, 439, 448, 453, 454, 457, 458, 459 male to female (MtF), 211, 335 male/ man, 26, 42, 43, 52, 61, 63, 67, 72, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 89, 94, 95, 114, 117, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 143, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 166, 171, 172, 174, 175, 177, 184, 198, 207, 211, 220, 228, 231, 238, 266, 267, 272, 274, 284, 285, 288, 292, 310, 320, 321, 324, 328, 334, 335, 346, 348, 355, 357, 360, 363, 365, 377, 401, 421, 429, 435, 436, 450, 455 mammoplasty, 204 man see male marginalisation stress, 66, 307, 452, 458 see also minority stress marriage, 99, 100, 114, 220, 225, 229, 231, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 246, 248, 250, 252, 253, 254, 377, 438, 451, 454, 455, 456 masculine, 43, 79, 83, 89, 94, 100, 101, 114, 136, 150, 152, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 175, 176, 303, 324, 335, 337, 377, 383, 408, 450 masochism see BDSM; sadism; sadomasochism; masturbation Matsick, Jes, 219, 236 McGeeney, Ester, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 177, 179, 212 media, 8, 10, 21, 25, 35, 37, 82, 99, 101, 103, 152, 155, 156, 157, 173, 179, 237, 249, 252, 290, 316, 318, 330, 343, 364, 375, 380, 401, 402, 418, 419, 427, 428, 437 medical/medicine, 3, 13, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 63, 64, 69, 98, 119, 134, 136, 138, 149, 160, 174, 176, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 200, 206, 207, 208, Index 237, 252, 265, 266, 267, 269, 273, 275, 276, 282, 303, 338, 354, 362, 408, 409, 410, 412, 413, 415, 417, 420, 421, 422, 429, 437 medication, 357 mental health, 2, 54, 55, 119, 143, 172, 174, 176, 201, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 246, 267, 270, 275, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311, 317, 382, 403, 404, 409, 412, 413, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 439, 441, 442, 452, 453, 454, 458 men who have sex with men (MSM), 48, 66, 77, 131, 269, 432 men who have sex with men and women (MSMW), 48 minority, 12, 19, 42, 50, 53, 54, 63, 66, 95, 103, 113, 121, 133, 134, 140, 143, 167, 171, 201, 203, 210, 252, 266, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 285, 286, 287, 292, 301, 302, 304, 305, 307, 308, 310, 321, 340, 350, 375, 408, 410, 416, 417, 418, 419, 421, 427, 433, 440, 443, 447, 449, 451, 452, 453, 458 minority stress, 203, 270, 271 see also marginalisation stress mixed gender, 166 Mize, Sara, 10, 408, 409, 411, 413, 415, 417, 419, 421 monogamish, 86 monogamy, 2, 60, 103, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 236, 237, 238, 240, 245, 248, 249, 250, 253 mononormative, 237, 247, 248, 252, 253 Moors, Amy C, 219, 220, 222, 227, 229, 232, 236 moral, 12, 60, 69, 154, 167, 222, 323, 380, 396 morality, 68, 219, 220, 222, 263, 264, 268, 400 mother, 36, 79, 94, 116, 117, 136, 154, 174, 346, 395 multidisciplinary, 192, 273, 276, 411, 421 Murjan, Sarah, 63, 64, 72, 173, 177, 190, 198, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 362 471 N name, 28, 117, 174, 185, 223, 273, 318, 348, 412 nappy see diaper natural, 13, 17, 26, 27, 30, 38, 60, 80, 93, 95, 97, 98, 100, 102, 130, 134, 151, 154, 171, 175, 177, 222, 317, 329, 376, 379 negotiation, 85, 89, 157, 174, 209, 247, 248, 322, 323, 375, 382, 383, 419, 437, 438, 439 neuter, 166 neutrois, 166, 198 new monogamy, 237, 251 New Relationship Energy (NRE), 237, 253 non-binary gender, 179, 198 non-gendered, 166 non-monogamy, 86, 222, 223, 225, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 248, 249, 252, 438 normativity, 4, 10, 12, 13, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 38, 44, 68, 71, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 112, 116, 129, 130, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, 143, 149, 150, 151, 167, 175, 179, 183, 184, 185, 188, 192, 219, 220, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 237, 241, 242, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 263, 264, 265, 266, 300, 303, 304, 306, 309, 316, 325, 326, 335, 338, 355, 361, 367, 375, 377, 383, 385, 386, 396, 397, 401, 409, 410, 411, 413, 418, 421, 434, 437, 448, 455 nuclear family, 99 nymphomania, 64 O oestrogen, 153, 200 offline, 8, 9, 21, 157, 172, 176 older people, 376, 377, 380, 384, 385, 386, 387 online, 8, 9, 16, 19, 20, 21, 62, 67, 157, 172, 176, 178, 225, 228, 318, 330, 333, 401, 447 open relationships see non-monogamy 472 Index opposite sex/gender, 93, 137, 138 oral, 31, 119, 266, 340, 342 orgasm, 137, 342, 355, 356, 357, 363, 367, 368, 413, 419 orientation, 11, 12, 13, 18, 95, 102, 226, 267, 268, 274, 275, 333, 334, 336, 337, 342, 350, 365, 431, 451, 453, 454, 456 other-gender, 114 othering, 137, 410, 434 otherkin, 62 ovaries, 184 P paedophilia, 61, 64, 68, 266 pain, 35, 324, 342, 355, 357, 367, 403, 405, 410, 414 pangender, 166, 177, 198 paraphilia, 28, 29, 64, 69, 73, 76 parenting, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 121, 122, 154, 221, 237, 245, 395 parents, 82, 83, 84, 116, 117, 136, 188, 192, 200, 202, 245, 250, 273, 339, 376, 393, 395, 415, 435, 439 partner, 36, 62, 86, 87, 114, 115, 116, 119, 132, 142, 157, 189, 204, 209, 211, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 236, 237, 238, 239, 245, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 283, 285, 306, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 347, 357, 365, 383, 385, 427, 435, 437, 438, 454 pass/passing, 3, 47, 113, 129, 328, 329, 377, 435 passive, 79, 88, 166, 363, 396, 437 pathology, 10, 11, 13, 17, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 44, 66, 70, 78, 80, 81, 84, 93, 109, 114, 122, 137, 138, 142, 263, 264, 266, 309, 361, 362, 363 patriarchy, 32, 34, 96, 245, 317 peers, 118, 119, 159, 203, 245, 386, 451 penetrative sex, 365 penis, 60, 68, 72, 94, 139, 184, 204, 357, 368 perversion, 26, 27, 28, 34, 64, 93, 308 phalloplasty, 204 phase, 17, 18, 44, 47, 51, 70, 355, 356, 435 phenomenology, 30, 283, 319 phenotype, 171 physiology, 160, 377 pink, 49, 70, 166, 168 play, 10, 30, 34, 61, 66, 72, 82, 116, 133, 155, 170, 183, 190, 201, 202, 203, 250, 275, 290, 291, 431, 442 polyamory/poly, 130, 229, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 383 polygamy, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254 pornography, 72, 292 power, 24, 30, 33, 34, 37, 61, 62, 70, 88, 95, 97, 103, 115, 133, 134, 151, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 238, 247, 248, 264, 271, 274, 275, 282, 286, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 317, 325, 345, 378, 391, 393, 394, 395, 397, 404, 429, 434, 440, 441, 447 pregnancy, 149, 338, 346 prejudice, 98, 102, 109, 116, 122, 132, 220, 270, 272, 306, 307, 311, 385, 434, 435, 439, 451, 452, 453, 455, 456, 458 premature ejaculation (PE), 355 primary care, 136, 303 primary relationship, 219, 225 privilege, 77, 88, 155, 219, 238, 239, 271, 272, 286, 292, 293, 402, 413, 434 promiscuous, 50, 225 pronoun, 174, 175 psychiatric/psychiatrist, 3, 13, 25, 26, 28, 44, 47, 48, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 78, 80, 138, 139, 173, 201, 202, 204, 207, 208, 244, 265, 275, 288, 317, 345, 356, 360, 431 psychoanalysis, 27, 78, 136, 200, 240, 264, 265, 266, 282, 294 psychodynamic, 65, 136, 266, 281, 354, 356 psychopathology, 32, 33, 47, 65, 66, 69, 71, 99, 201, 281, 282, 345, 452 psychotherapy/psychotherapist, 35, 205, 211, 266, 277, 303, 311, 353, 354 puberty, 27, 100, 184, 202, 203 Index Q qualitative, 1, 2, 3, 28, 51, 179, 189, 316, 318, 319, 326, 328, 329, 330, 348, 421, 441 quantitative, 1, 2, 3, 30, 50, 51, 111, 176, 178, 333, 334, 335, 337, 343, 347, 348, 350, 363, 439, 441 queen, 129, 173, 383 queer, 16, 19, 30, 50, 53, 97, 103, 131, 132, 133, 140, 143, 154, 160, 167, 173, 179, 206, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 251, 252, 253, 311, 317, 333, 365, 375, 378, 401, 413, 443, 448, 452 queer people of colour (qpoc), 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 442 queer theory, 30, 50, 140, 160, 173, 179, 238 questioning, 103, 167, 172, 237, 238, 243, 252, 275, 282, 292, 293, 365, 383, 401, 402, 411, 419, 438, 451, 452 questionnaire, 116, 334, 443 R race, 88, 151, 155, 170, 237, 239, 248, 252, 284, 362, 375, 376, 379, 380, 381, 382, 387, 400, 411, 414, 415, 416, 417, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 435, 436, 441, 442 Rambukkana, Nathan, 236, 237, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254 rape, 32, 68, 103, 266, 325, 326, 327, 328, 456 rejection, 202, 204, 209, 267, 383, 386, 439 religion, 2, 113, 236, 240, 241, 271, 272, 414, 427, 433, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458 reparative therapy see conversion therapy research methods, 51, 316, 329, 439 retirement, 377 Richards, Christina, 1, 3, 4, 16, 33, 50, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73, 130, 131, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 166, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 178, 179, 198, 200, 207, 209, 266, 276, 303, 305, 315, 329, 361, 364, 365, 377, 452 473 Rickett, Bridgette, 391, 393, 395, 397, 399, 401, 403, 405 Riggs, Damien, 47, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 93, 311, 361 risk aware consensual kink (RACK), 25 see also safe, sane and consensual (SSC) Roen, Katrina, 171, 183, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191, 193, 202, 377 romantic/romance, 8, 18, 19, 20, 142, 219, 220, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 243, 245, 252, 365 rubber, 62, 63, 67, 69 Rubin, Jennifer D, 37, 60, 70, 96, 97, 219, 236, 242 rule, 75 S sadism, 24, 64, 68 see also BDSM; masochism; sadomasochism sadomasochism (SM) see BDSM; sadism; sadomasochism safe, sane and consensual (SSC), 25 see also risk aware consensual kink (RACK) safer sex, 119, 157, 224, 339 same-gender, 114, 115, 120 same sex, 4, 44, 46, 67, 94, 95, 101, 102, 103, 114, 229, 237, 242, 244, 246, 249, 250, 251, 268, 283, 287, 317, 333, 335, 336, 337, 344, 345, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 449, 450, 451, 453, 454, 455, 456, 458 scene, 88, 114, 382, 383, 452 schizophrenia, 201, 204, 205, 409 script, 95, 219, 220, 225, 232, 367, 416, 417 scritching, 62 secrecy, 36, 185, 187, 273 self-care, 402 Semlyen, Joanna, 300, 305 sensate focus, 268 serial monogamy, 221, 226, 227, 240 sex (phenotype), 1, 3, 15, 27, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 67, 78, 80, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 114, 116, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 150, 151, 154, 158, 474 Index sex (phenotype) – continued 161, 169, 175, 179, 183–93, 198–212, 226, 229, 237, 242, 244, 246, 249, 250, 251, 263, 268, 273, 274, 277, 280, 283, 284, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 302, 317, 318, 333, 335, 336, 337, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347, 348, 353, 385, 394, 404, 411, 420, 429, 430, 435, 436, 437, 438, 449, 450, 451, 453, 454, 455, 456, 458 sex addiction, 361 sex education, 3, 160, 341, 367, 416 sexist, 61, 100, 101, 159, 162, 317, 455 sex offenders, 65, 320 sex reassignment surgery (SRS), 204, 208, 210 see also gender reassignment surgery (GRS); genital reconstruction surgery (GRS) sex shop, 38 sex therapy, 160, 268, 336, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 413, 419 sexual abuse, 36, 83, 84, 413 sexual attraction, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 98, 113, 131, 132, 336, 456 sexual dysfunction, 13, 268, 355, 356, 357, 361, 362, 368, 413 sexual encounter, 132, 141, 220, 224, 229, 232, 357, 360 sexual health, 66, 118, 119, 224, 225, 232, 269, 275, 285, 310, 353, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365 sexual identity, 12, 20, 45, 46, 51, 102, 113, 133, 135, 268, 272, 333, 339, 347, 350, 413, 414, 429, 433, 434, 436, 437 sexual orientation, 7, 11, 12, 15, 78, 81, 82, 83, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 116, 118, 122, 130, 133, 135, 136, 139, 200, 202, 247, 274, 283, 288, 304, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 340, 341, 342, 344, 345, 350, 415, 416, 436, 450, 452, 453 sexual relationship/encounter, 31, 36, 47, 132, 140, 141, 154, 220, 224, 227, 229, 232, 289, 357, 360, 363, 421 sexually active, 118, 221, 269, 341, 347, 385 sexually transmitted infection (STI), 4, 68, 230, 338, 339, 340, 341, 385 sex work, 221, 415, 419, 435 Seymour-Smith, Sarah, 316, 317, 319, 321, 323, 325, 327, 329, 364 Simpson, Paul, 226, 375, 377, 378, 379, 381, 383, 385, 387 sissy, 61 slag, 157 slut, 239, 244, 245 social constructionism, 30, 112, 364 social opprobrium, 67 social psychology, 3, 122, 161, 237, 392 sociocultural, 92, 160, 171, 229, 251, 286, 290, 345, 353, 399, 442 socio-economic, 339, 362, 375, 378, 379, 381, 383, 385, 391, 392, 400, 415, 431 sociology, 3, 21, 92, 97, 167, 206, 237, 252, 282, 375, 378, 379, 412 solo sex, 363 spanking, 24, 25 spiritual, 263, 447, 455 spouse, 230, 454 statistics, 310, 350, 442 stereotype, 89, 152, 379, 383, 415, 434 stigma, 15, 29, 36, 111, 138, 139, 184, 189, 190, 192, 193, 205, 220, 225, 227, 245, 266, 275, 305, 320, 334, 362, 413, 415, 416, 452, 458 straight, 11, 52, 96, 101, 177, 223, 269, 277, 333, 339, 345, 350, 378, 383, 386, 398, 399, 429 subculture, 36, 65, 236 submission, 24, 32, 72, 75 submissive, 24, 32, 170, 393 see also bottom suicide, 119, 176, 303, 307, 308, 325, 431, 439, 449 supervisor, 285 support groups, 191, 318, 383, 439 surgery, 4, 129, 177, 185, 188, 189, 190, 193, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 275, 348, 381 swinger, 242 switch, 24 Index T taboo, 25, 37, 60, 137, 421 tension, 19, 31, 136, 276, 362, 456, 457 terminology, 138, 166, 177, 193, 411, 412 testicles, 184 thematic analysis, 318, 330 third gender, 43, 166, 198 third sex, 43, 46, 78, 129 tied up, 24, 94 time, 4, 16, 18, 31, 37, 38, 46, 49, 60, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 80, 88, 97, 98, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 131, 169, 171, 173, 174, 200, 202, 221, 239, 244, 263, 264, 265, 266, 281, 303, 307, 310, 317, 318, 324, 328, 335, 336, 338, 339, 340, 343, 344, 350, 375, 376, 377, 378, 381, 392, 394, 396, 400, 402, 408, 409, 413, 419, 428, 430, 456 toilet, 177 tolerant, 46, 116, 288, 451 top, 94, 114, 155, 225, 266, 356 traditional, 12, 20, 34, 51, 100, 111, 281, 291, 333, 337, 353, 362, 363, 400, 403, 408 trans, 2, 4, 16, 19, 24, 45, 50, 54, 63, 64, 72, 80, 86, 87, 96, 102, 109, 122, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 150, 153, 166, 167, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 252, 273, 275, 276, 286, 302, 303, 304, 309, 310, 311, 328, 329, 334, 348, 349, 375, 384, 385, 386, 387, 394, 395, 401, 402, 408, 413, 418, 427, 435, 448, 450, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459 trans*, 54, 72, 150, 153, 252, 273, 276, 418 transfeminine, 176 transgender, 19, 24, 50, 86, 87, 129, 132, 134, 143, 175, 177, 198, 200, 201, 202, 212, 275, 286, 302, 303, 309, 348, 394, 401 transgressive, 33, 37, 64, 68, 70, 72, 131, 133 475 transition, 131, 173, 190, 200, 203, 204, 205, 211, 221, 335, 417, 429 trans man, 334, 349 transsexualism, 80, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 275, 276, 361 trans sexualities, 130, 131, 142 transvestite/transvestism (TV), 3, 25, 64, 129, 137, 138, 204, 266, 349, 395, 448 trans woman, 211, 349 trigender, 166 Turley, Emma, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 61, 62, 133 U umbrella term, 24, 335 V vagina, 60, 68, 72, 204, 342, 357, 368 vaginismus, 365 vaginoplasty, 189, 204 vanilla, 37 variation of sex development, 183, 193, 335 victim, 28, 29, 115, 156 violence, 32, 33, 36, 37, 115, 152, 222, 240, 241, 270, 272, 287, 302 W western culture, 42, 63, 113, 130, 131, 167, 252, 317, 408, 419 white, 46, 53, 88, 89, 97, 151, 155, 175, 245, 254, 271, 284, 287, 320, 327, 376, 393, 397, 398, 400, 408, 429, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 442, 443 WIFE, 229, 252, 285, 324 wolf, 62, 242, 243 woman see female women who have sex with women (WSW), 66, 118, 119 Woolhouse, Maxine, 391, 393, 395, 396, 397, 399, 401, 403, 405 Work, 1, 3, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 30, 31, 33, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 63, 70, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85, 92, 95, 96, 97, 101, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115, 476 Index Work – continued 116, 118, 120, 121, 134, 141, 149, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 167, 169, 184, 185, 189, 190, 192, 193, 200, 202, 210, 211, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 254, 263, 265, 268, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 281, 282, 284, 285, 287, 290, 291, 292, 293, 301, 306, 316, 317, 318, 319, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 335, 337, 341, 343, 344, 354, 355, 356, 362, 364, 365, 367, 368, 377, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 391, 392, 393, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 403, 404, 405, 412, 415, 428, 437, 448, 449, 458 Y youth, 133, 159, 172, 188, 246, 252, 273, 305, 367, 376, 377, 380, 381, 382, 383 Z Ziegler, Ali, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 236 Zitz, Claudia, 263, 265, 267, 269, 271, 273, 275, 277 .. .The Palgrave Handbook of the Psychology of Sexuality and Gender This page intentionally left blank The Palgrave Handbook of the Psychology of Sexuality and Gender Edited by... Handbook of the Psychology of Sexuality and Gender gives a thorough overview of all of the normative – and many of the less common – sexualities, genders and relationship forms including: Asexuality;... Richards and Meg John Barker Part I Sexuality Asexuality Mark Carrigan The history of asexuality Key theory and research The asexual community Confusions surrounding asexuality The psychology of asexuality