After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: Childhood, adolescence, staying young while growing older, nutrient needs of the mature adult, nutrition-related concerns of mature adults.
Chapter 12 Life Cycle: From Childhood Through Older Adulthood Childhood • Energy and nutrient needs during childhood – Energy and protein • Total energy requirements gradually increases • Kilocalories and grams protein per kg decrease from infancy – Vitamins and minerals • Variety of foods needed • Assess iron intake • Need for supplements? Childhood • Influences on childhood food habits and intake – Usually temporary – Caregivers have increased role in the development of child’s health and nutrition habits – Kids are responsible for when and how much to eat – External factors • Television • Environment Childhood • Nutritional Concerns of Childhood – Malnutrition and hunger • Food insecure households • Low food security • Federal assistance programs – WIC – National School Lunch – Breakfast and Summer Food Service Programs Summer Food Service Childhood • Nutrition Concerns of Childhood – Food and behavior • Foods associated with hyperactivity Childhood • Childhood and Teenage Obesity – 16-33% of children and adolescents obese – Overweight children likely to become overweight adults – The Path to Obesity • Most commonly begins between ages 5-6 or during adolescence Childhood • Childhood and Teenage Obesity – What Causes Obesity? • Genetic, biological, behavioral, and cultural factors • 80% chance for children with two obese parents Staying Young While Growing Older • Age-related changes – Weight and body composition • Add fat; lose lean body mass – Physical activity • Reduced muscle and skeletal strength – Immunity • Decline in defense mechanisms – Taste and smell • Decline in sensitivity – Gastrointestinal changes • Reduced acid secretion; reduced motility Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult • Energy – Reduced needs • Decreased activity; decreased lean body mass • Protein – Same needs per kg body weight as younger adults Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult • Carbohydrate – More likely to be lactose intolerant • Fat – Maintain moderate low-fat diet • Water – Reduced thirst response Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult • Vitamins of concern – Vitamin D • Needed for bone health, calcium balance • Reduced skin synthesis, activation • Higher needs – B vitamins • Reduced ability to absorb vitamin B12 • Folate, B6, B12 may help reduce heart disease risk Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult • Antioxidants – Found in fruits and vegetables – Important to reduce oxidative stress and degenerative diseases – May protect against damage to the brain Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult • Minerals of concern – Calcium • Bone health • Reduced ability to absorb calcium – Zinc • Marginal deficiencies likely • May compromise immunity, wound healing – Iron • Elders may have limited intake Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults • Drug–drug and drug–nutrient interactions – Can affect use of drugs or nutrients – Possible interactions should be identified and avoided • Depression – May reduce food intake – Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient use Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults • Anorexia of aging – Loss of appetite with illness – Can lead to protein-energy malnutrition • Arthritis – May interfere with food preparation and eating – Dietary changes may improve symptoms Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults • Bowel and bladder regulation – Increased risk of urinary tract infection – Chronic constipation more common with age • Need for increased fluids and fiber • Dental health – May interfere with eating ability or food choices Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults • Vision problems – Can affect ability to shop and cook – Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration • Osteoporosis – Common in elders, especially women – Maintain calcium, vitamin D, and exercise Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults • Alzheimer’s disease – Affects ability to function – Reduced taste and smell – Risk for weight loss and malnutrition Meal Management for Mature Adults • Managing independently • Wise eating for one or two • Finding community resources – Services for elders • Meals on Wheels • Elderly Nutrition Program • Food Stamp Program ... health and nutrition habits – Kids are responsible for when and how much to eat – External factors • Television • Environment Childhood • Nutritional Concerns of Childhood – Malnutrition and hunger... Adolescence • Nutrition- Related Concerns for Adolescents – Fitness and sports • Provide catalyst for learning about nutrition and improve daily habits – Acne • Investigating the connections between... use Nutrition- Related Concerns of Mature Adults • Anorexia of aging – Loss of appetite with illness – Can lead to protein-energy malnutrition • Arthritis – May interfere with food preparation