RFID and auto ID in planning and logistics a practical guide for military UID applications

RFID and Auto-ID in Planning and Logistics A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications Erick C Jones, PhD Christopher A Chung, PhD RFID and Auto-ID in Planning and Logistics A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications RFID and Auto-ID in Planning and Logistics A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications Erick C Jones, PhD The University of Texas at Arlington, USA Christopher A Chung, PhD Seabrook, Texas, USA Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-9428-2 (Ebook-PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface xxiii Acknowledgments .xxvii Authors xxix Part Iâ•… History and Background Chapter Introduction and History of Military Logistics 1.1 1.2 1.3 Introduction Assyrians Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great 1.3.1 Reduction of Logistical Burdens 1.3.2 Naval Logistics 1.3.3 Advanced Supply Depots 1.4 Middle Ages Logistics: 1000–1400 AD 1.4.1 Early Scorched Earth Policy 1.4.2 Siege Logistical Considerations 1.5 Early British Naval Logistics: 1700–1800s 1.5.1 Lord Nelson 1.5.2 Logistical Requirements to Prevent Scurvy 1.5.3 Prevention of Spoilage of Supplies 1.5.4 Cannon Logistics Considerations 1.5.5 Gunpowder Logistics Considerations 1.6 American Revolutionary War 1.6.1 Logistical Acquisition and Supply Difficulties 1.6.2 Host Nation Support 1.7 Early 1800s .9 1.8 U.S Civil War 1.8.1 Railways and Trains 1.8.2 Mortuary Logistics 1.9 Zulu Wars 10 1.9.1 British Ammunition Logistics 10 1.10 Spanish–American War 10 1.10.1 Logistical Problems at the Departure Port 10 1.10.2 Logistical Problems at Sea 11 1.10.3 More Logistical Problems in the Field 11 1.11 World War I 11 1.11.1 Use of Railways and Trains 11 1.11.2 Fortified Defensive Positions 12 1.11.3 Heavier than Air Aircraft 12 1.11.4 U-Boats 12 1.11.5 Poison Gas 13 v vi Contents 1.12 World War II 13 1.12.1 Use of Widespread Air Transportation 13 1.12.2 Use of Long-Range Bombers 14 1.12.3 Ammunition 14 1.12.4 U-Boats 14 1.12.5 Russian Campaign 14 1.13 Korean War 15 1.13.1 ANTIAC 15 1.13.2 First Widespread Use of the Helicopter for Logistical Operations 15 1.14 Cold War 16 1.14.1 Stockpiling of Supplies 16 1.14.2 Dependence on Civilian Aircraft 16 1.15 Vietnam War: U.S Perspective 17 1.15.1 Rapid Removal of Battlefield Casualties 17 1.15.2 Increased Firepower 17 1.16 Vietnam War: Viet Cong Perspective 17 1.16.1 Military Supply Recycling 18 1.16.2 Acquisition of Supplies on the Open Market 18 1.16.3 Viet Cong Medical Logistics 18 1.16.4 Viet Cong Mortuary Logistics 18 1.17 Soviet–Afghanistan War 18 1.17.1 Use of Local Support 19 1.17.2 Logistical Operations without Local Support 19 1.18 Iran–Iraq War 19 1.18.1 Use of Modern Foreign Weapons Systems 19 1.18.2 World Involvement in Military Logistics 20 1.18.3 Overreliance on Foreign Military Suppliers .20 1.19 Falkland Islands War 20 1.19.1 British Vulcan Bombing of Port Stanley Airfield .20 1.19.2 Exocet Missiles 21 1.20 Gulf War 22 1.20.1 Lack of Resupply 22 1.20.2 Incompatibility of Logistical Information Systems 22 1.21 War on Terrorism in Afghanistan 22 1.22 Iraq War 23 1.22.1 Personal Body Armor 23 1.22.2 Widespread Use of Military Contractors 23 1.22.3 U.S Soldiers Forced to Steal Water 24 1.23 Future of Military Logistics 24 1.24 Summary 24 Chapter U.S Department of Defense and North Atlantic Treaty Organization Supply Classes and National Stock Numbers .25 2.1 2.2 Introduction 25 Specific Supply Class Details 26 2.2.1 Class I: Food 26 2.2.2 Class II: Clothing 26 2.2.3 Class III: Fuel and Lubricants 27 2.2.4 Class IV: Barrier or Fortification Materials 27 vii Contents 2.3 2.2.5 Class V: Ammunition 27 2.2.6 Class VI: Personal Demand Items 27 2.2.7 Class VII: Major End Items 27 2.2.8 Class VIII: Medical Supplies 27 2.2.9 Class IX: Repair Parts .28 2.2.10 Class X: Materials for Nonmilitary Programs 28 Summary 28 Chapter DOD Shipping Level Containers RFID Designations 29 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Introduction 29 Layer 0: Product Item 29 Layer 1: Package 29 Layer 2: Transport Unit or Shipping Container 29 Layer 3: Unit Load or Palletized Unit Load 29 Layer 4: Freight Container 30 Layer 5: Movement Vehicle 30 Summary 30 Part IIâ•… Overview of RFID and AIT Technologies Chapter Overview of AIT Technologies 33 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction 33 Automatic Information Technologies 33 4.2.1 AIM Global 33 4.2.1.1 Bar Codes 34 4.2.1.2 RFID 35 4.2.1.3 RFDC 36 4.2.1.4 RTLS 36 4.2.1.5 Satellite Tags with GPS 36 4.2.1.6 MEMS 37 4.2.1.7 Contact Memory Buttons 37 4.2.1.8 Biometrics 38 4.2.1.9 Common Access Cards 38 4.2.1.10 Optical CharacterÂ� Recognition 38 Bar Codes 39 4.3.1 Early History of the Bar Code 39 4.3.2 Industry Acceptance 40 4.3.2.1 Railroads 40 4.3.2.2 Grocery Industry .40 4.3.3 Universal Product Code 40 4.3.3.1 Economic Impact of the UPC 40 4.3.4 Technology behind the Bar Code 41 4.3.5 Current Level of Use 42 4.3.6 Future Uses 43 RFID 43 4.4.1 Prior to IFF 44 4.4.2 How the Great Bug Seal Worked 45 viii Contents 4.4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Research on RFID 45 4.4.3.1 In the Twentieth Century 45 4.4.3.2 The First RFID Patents 46 4.4.3.3 Toll Road and Animal Tracking 46 4.4.4 Development of Cost-Effective Protocol 48 4.4.5 Overview of Passive and Active Radio Frequency Identification Technologies 49 Global Positioning Systems 50 4.5.1 Integration of Real-Time Technologies and GPS 51 4.5.2 Conclusion 52 Real-Time Location Systems 52 Differences in Using RFID, RTLS, and GPS 53 Trend to Integrated AIT Applications 53 Summary 55 Chapter Basic Introduction to Common RFID Components 57 5.1 General Component Overview 57 5.1.1 Tags 57 5.1.2 Reader 58 5.1.3 Antennas 59 5.1.4 Host 60 5.2 Tags 60 5.2.1 Power Sources 60 5.2.1.1 Passive Tags .60 5.2.1.2 Active Tags 61 5.2.1.3 Semi-Active Tags 62 5.2.1.4 SAW RFID Tags 62 5.2.2 Tag Frequencies 62 5.2.3 Writing Capabilities 63 5.2.3.1 Read Only 63 5.2.3.2 Write Once Read Many 63 5.2.3.3 Read–Write 63 5.2.4 Tag Components 64 5.2.4.1 Tag Integrated Circuitry 64 5.2.4.2 Tag Antennas .64 5.2.4.3 Tag Substrate or Tag Housing 65 5.2.5 Tag Generations 65 5.3 Scanners and Readers .66 5.3.1 Scanners 66 5.3.2 Readers 66 5.3.3 Reader Frequencies 66 5.3.4 Reader Interrogation Modes 66 5.4 Antennas 68 5.5 Hosts 69 5.5.1 Communication Protocols 69 5.5.1.1 RS-232 69 5.5.1.2 RS-485 69 5.5.1.3 Ethernet 70 5.6 Summary 70 Questions 70 ix Contents Chapter Passive RFID System Components 71 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Introduction 71 6.1.1 Major Advantages to Passive RFID Systems 71 6.1.1.1 Lower Expense 71 6.1.1.2 Smaller Sizes 71 6.1.1.3 Greater Operational Life 72 6.1.1.4 Environmental Robustness 72 6.1.2 Major Disadvantages to Passive RFID Systems 72 6.1.2.1 Less Range 72 6.1.2.2 Less Identification Capability 73 Chapter Organization 73 Trovan Electronic Identification Systems 73 6.3.1 Trovan Passive Tags 73 6.3.1.1 ID 100 Series 73 6.3.1.2 ID 200 and 300 Series 74 6.3.1.3 ID 400 Series 75 6.3.1.4 ID 600 Series 75 6.3.1.5 ID 700 Series 75 6.3.1.6 ID 800 Series 75 6.3.1.7 ID 1000 Series 77 6.3.2 Trovan Portable Readers 77 6.3.2.1 LID WAPR Workabout Pro Reader 77 6.3.2.2 GR-250 High-Performance Reader 78 6.3.2.3 LID Pocket Series Readers 78 SmartCode 79 6.4.1 SmartCode Inlays 79 6.4.2 SmartCode Passive Tags 79 Symbol Technologies 79 6.5.1 RFX3000 Series Inlays 79 6.5.1.1 RFX3000 × Read/Write Tag .80 6.5.1.2 RFX3000 × Read/Write Tag .80 6.5.1.3 RFX3000 × Read/Write Tag 81 6.5.1.4 RFX3000 × Read/Write Tag 81 6.5.2 Gen RFX6000 Series Read/Write Inlay 81 6.5.2.1 RFX6000 × Series Read/Write Inlay 81 6.5.2.2 RFX6000 × Series Read/Write Inlay 81 6.5.2.3 Cargo Tag 82 6.5.3 Symbol Antennas 83 6.5.3.1 AN200 General Purpose Antenna 83 6.5.3.2 AN400 High-Performance Area Antenna 84 6.5.4 Symbol Readers 84 6.5.4.1 RD5000 .84 6.5.4.2 XR400 Series .84 Intermec 85 6.6.1 Intellitag Windshield Tag 85 6.6.2 Intellitag Container Tag 85 6.6.3 Intellitag ID Card 86 6.6.4 Intermec Readers 86 .. .RFID and Auto- ID in Planning and Logistics A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications RFID and Auto- ID in Planning and Logistics A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications Erick... applications, and traditional planning and logistics theoretical models and applications, integration of AIT in planning and logistics operations, military UID requirements, how to use RFID and. .. book can serve as an academic text, practitioner’s handbook, and a military contractor’s UID guide for using AIT and RFID technologies and can be used to educate individuals and organizations