FLIGHT THEORY AND AERODYNAMICS FLIGHT THEORY AND AERODYNAMICS A Practical Guide for Operational Safety THIRD EDITION Charles E Dole James E Lewis Joseph R Badick Brian A Johnson This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Names: Dole, Charles E (Charles Edward), 1916– author | Lewis, James E., 1946– author | Badick, Joseph R (Joseph Robert), 1952– author | Johnson, Brian A (Brian Andrew), 1975– author Title: Flight theory and aerodynamics : a practical guide for operational safety / Charles E Dole, James E Lewis, Joseph R Badick, Brian A Johnson Description: Third edition | Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons Inc., [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016025499 | ISBN 9781119233404 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119233411 (epub) | ISBN 9781119233428 (epdf) Subjects: LCSH: Aerodynamics—Handbooks, manuals, etc | Airplanes—Piloting—Handbooks, manuals, etc | Aeronautics—Safety measures—Handbooks, manuals, etc | BISAC: TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Mechanical Classification: LCC TL570 D56 2017 | DDC 629.132—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016025499 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Images: Blue sky © Fabian Rothe/Getty Images, Inc.; Airplane frontview © Laksone/iStockphoto; Isometric flying plane © aurin/iStockphoto Printed in the United States of America 10 Contents Preface About the Authors Introduction xi xiii The Flight Environment, Basic Quantities, Forces, Mass, Scalar and Vector Quantities, Moments, Equilibrium Conditions, Newton’s Laws of Motion, Linear Motion, Rotational Motion, Work, Energy, Power, Friction, Symbols, 10 Equations, 11 Problems, 12 Atmosphere, Altitude, and Airspeed Measurement 13 Properties of the Atmosphere, 13 ICAO Standard Atmosphere, 15 Altitude Measurement, 16 Continuity Equation, 19 Bernoulli’s Equation, 19 Airspeed Measurement, 22 Symbols, 26 Equations, 27 Problems, 27 Structures, Airfoils, and Aerodynamic Forces 31 Aircraft Structures, 31 Airfoils, 37 Development of Forces on Airfoils, 42 Aerodynamic Force, 44 v vi CONTENTS Aerodynamic Pitching Moments, 45 Aerodynamic Center, 46 Symbols, 46 Problems, 47 Lift 49 Introduction to Lift, 49 Angle of Attack Indicator, 49 Boundary Layer Theory, 51 Reynolds Number, 53 Adverse Pressure Gradient, 54 Airflow Separation, 55 Stall, 56 Aerodynamic Force Equations, 57 Lift Equation, 58 Airfoil Lift Characteristics, 60 High Coefficient of Lift Devices, 61 Lift During Flight Manuevers, 65 Symbols, 67 Equations, 67 Problems, 68 Drag 71 Drag Equation, 71 Induced Drag, 71 Ground Effect, 77 Laminar Flow Airfoils, 81 Parasite Drag, 82 Total Drag, 85 Lift to Drag Ratio, 87 Drag Reduction, 88 Symbols, 90 Equations, 91 Problems, 91 Jet Aircraft Basic Performance Thrust-Producing Aircraft, 95 Principles of Propulsion, 96 Thrust-Available Turbojet Aircraft, 100 Specific Fuel Consumption, 101 Fuel Flow, 102 Thrust-Available–Thrust-Required Curves, 103 Items of Aircraft Performance, 104 Symbols, 113 Equations, 113 Problems, 114 95 CONTENTS Jet Aircraft Applied Performance vii 117 Variations in the Thrust-Required Curve, 117 Variations of Aircraft Performance, 121 Equations, 125 Problems, 125 Propeller Aircraft: Basic Performance 129 Power Available, 129 Principles of Propulsion, 131 Power-Required Curves, 133 Items of Aircraft Performance, 139 Symbols, 145 Equations, 146 Problems, 146 Propeller Aircraft: Applied Performance 149 Variations in the Power-Required Curve, 149 Variations in Aircraft Performance, 153 Equations, 157 Problems, 157 10 Takeoff Performance 161 Definitions Important to Takeoff Planning, 161 Aborted Takeoffs, 164 Linear Motion, 166 Factors Affecting Takeoff Performance, 168 Improper Liftoff, 171 Symbols, 174 Equations, 175 Problems, 175 11 Landing Performance Prelanding Performance, 179 Improper Landing Performance, 185 Landing Deceleration, Velocity, and Distance, Landing Equations, 194 Hazards of Hydroplaning, 197 Symbols, 199 Equations, 199 Problems, 200 12 Slow-Speed Flight Stalls, 203 Region of Reversed Command, 210 Spins, 212 179 190 203 viii CONTENTS Low-Level Wind Shear, 216 Aircraft Performance in Low-Level Wind Shear, Effect of Ice and Frost, 221 Wake Turbulence, 222 Problems, 224 218 13 Maneuvering Performance General Turning Performance, Equations, 242 Problems, 243 227 227 14 Longitudinal Stability and Control 245 Definitions, 245 Oscillatory Motion, 246 Airplane Reference Axes, 248 Static Longitudinal Stability, 248 Dynamic Longitudinal Stability, 260 Pitching Tendencies in a Stall, 261 Longitudinal Control, 264 Symbols, 266 Equations, 266 Problems, 266 15 Directional and Lateral Stability and Control 269 Directional Stability and Control, 269 Static Directional Stability, 269 Directional Control, 276 Multi-Engine Flight Principles, 280 Lateral Stability and Control, 284 Static Lateral Stability, 284 Lateral Control, 288 Dynamic Directional and Lateral Coupled Effects, 288 Symbols, 293 Equations, 293 Problems, 293 16 High-Speed Flight The Speed of Sound, 295 High-Subsonic Flight, 297 Design Features for High-Subsonic Flight, 298 Transonic Flight, 301 Supersonic Flight, 305 Symbols, 316 Equations, 316 Problems, 316 295 CONTENTS 17 Rotary-Wing Flight Theory ix 319 Momentum Theory of Lift, 320 Airfoil Selection, 320 Forces on Rotor System, 321 Thrust Development, 323 Hovering Flight, 324 Ground Effect, 326 Rotor Systems, 328 Dissymmetry of Lift in Forward Flight, 330 High Forward Speed Problems, 333 Helicopter Control, 334 Helicopter Power-Required Curves, 336 Power Settling, Settling with Power, and Vortex Ring State, 338 Autorotation, 340 Dynamic Rollover, 341 Problems, 343 Answers to Problems 345 References 349 Index 353 .. .FLIGHT THEORY AND AERODYNAMICS FLIGHT THEORY AND AERODYNAMICS A Practical Guide for Operational Safety THIRD EDITION Charles E Dole James E Lewis Joseph R Badick Brian A Johnson This... Johnson, Brian A (Brian Andrew), 1975– author Title: Flight theory and aerodynamics : a practical guide for operational safety / Charles E Dole, James E Lewis, Joseph R Badick, Brian A Johnson... University of Arizona and a Master’s degree in Aeronautical Science He was a Naval Officer for 30 years as an Aeronautical Engineer Duty Officer (AEDO), involved in all aspects of aircraft maintenance,