Hôn nhân của người tày ở vùng biên giới huyện phục hòa, tỉnh cao bằng tt tiếng anh

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES LE ANH HOA MARRIAGE OF TAY PEOPLE IN THE BORDER OF PHUC HOA DISTRICT, CAO BANG PROVINCE Major: Anthropology Sect

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

LE ANH HOA

MARRIAGE OF TAY PEOPLE IN THE BORDER OF PHUC HOA DISTRICT, CAO BANG PROVINCE

Major: Anthropology Sector code: 9.31.03.02

SUMMARY OF THESIS DOCTORAL THESIS

HA NOI, 2020

THIS WORK IS COMPLETED AT

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

MENTOR: Doctor Le Duy Dai Doctor: Dau Tuan Nam

Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Le Ngoc Thang

Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Lam Ba Nam

Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Ngo Van Doanh

The thesis is defended before the thesis appraisal board of the Academy at the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences at:

hours, date month 2020

This thesis can be found at:

- Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences

- National Library of Vietnam

INTRODUCTION

1 Necessity of the subject

Marriage is a essential issue in anthropological research, an important part

of social life associated with customs and habits, rituals expressing the cultural nuance of each ethnic group, thereby acknowledging the legitimacy of sexual relationship

In the context that Vietnam is carrying out industrialization and modernization of the country, the economy is developing rapidly, international integration is taking place widely and deeply, the remote borderland is formerly considered as suburban areas and buffer areas are not outside that rule, even displacing the process of development and changes also take place faster than inland areas

In the borderland of Phuc Hoa district, Cao Bang province, where Ta Lung international border gate is relatively effervescent, so the economic and social life of Tay people is changing rapidly In daily life, they have a close relationship with the same ethnic groups as Nung people, King people (Vietnam) and Choang people living in Chinese border The study of marriage of Tay people here also shows marriage characteristics of ethnic groups and images about the life

of people living in the border between Vietnam and China in general, know the process of ethnic group development, adaptability, cultural changes and present condition of cross-border marriages

Proceeding from the above scientific meaning and practical values, Research student chooses the topic about marriage of Tay people in the border area of Phuc Hoa district, Cao Bang province as the topic for doctoral thesis of Anthropology

2 Purpose and research task of the thesis

2.1 Purpose

Studying and analyzing traditional characteristics and marriage changing

of Tay people in the border area of Phuc Hoa district, Cao Bang province in order

to reserve cultural values of ethnic groups, see the development of ethnic groups and relationship of ethnic groups in historical, economic and social context in the borderland which has been changing a lot Clarifying the tendency and issues in the Tay's marriage here, especially cross-border marriages, then proposing solutions to promote values of marriage in conservation and promotion about cultural values of ethnic groups for sustainable development

2.2 Research task

- Building and clarifying the theoretical basis, scientific meaning and practical research on marriage of Tay people in the borderland Studying and presenting conceptions, principles, forms of marriage, steps in marriage rituals, post-marriage residence and cross-border marriage to see marriage characteristics

of Tay people in the borderland

3 Research object and scope of the thesis

3.2 Research scope

- Research scope: understanding concepts, customs, forms, marriage rituals, changes in traditional marriage and cross-border marriage of Tay people in the borderland of Phuc Hoa district Spatial scope: The thesis focuses on deep

study of 4 communes (Trieu Au, Cach Linh, Dai Son, My Hung, Cach Linh) and two towns (Hoa Thuan and Ta Lung) of Phuc Hoa district, Cao Bang province Localities where the border is the national border between the Socialist Republic

of Vietnam and the People's Republic of China, the majority of population are Tay and Nung people and have close relationships with ethnic groups across the border Time scope: In 1986, Vietnam started the "Innovation" transferring from a system of budget subsidies to a socialist orientation market economy that helped the economy to develope rapidly and stably, from which culture and society have experienced profound changes The life of Tay people in Vietnam - China borderland is in the general context of the country but has its own characteristics with a particularly important time mark, which brought more changes to them in

1991, Vietnam and China normalized relationship after a 10-year border war (1979-1989)

4 Methodology and research methods of the thesis

4.1 Methodology

The thesis relies on the philosophical viewpoint of dialectical materialism and historical materialism to recognize and consider things and phenomena Marriage is set in the context of historical development of ethnic groups and communities, according to the time current and social space

The thesis is based on the views of Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh ideology and views of the Communist Party of Vietnam on marriage such as the Law on Family Marriage, the Law on Gender Equality ; policies for ethnic minorities residing in mountainous areas, island boundaries, policies to preserve and promote cultural identities of ethinic groups as a basis for assessing and recognizing the Tay's marriage in the borderland of Phuc Hoa district today

4.2 Research Methods

Ethnological country, expert methods, analysis and comparative methods

5 Original source of the thesis

- Data on ethnological country: field survey in 4 communes and 2 towns in the borderland of Phuc Hoa district, Cao Bang province Analyze data from the survey results in Cao Bang province of the state topic KX01-HNXBG Survey sample: E: 100 Tay people; E 100 Nung people Secondary documents

6 New contributions to the science of the thesis

Up to now, there have been some studies on Tay people's marriage, but this is the first work done in the borderland of Phuc Hoa district, Cao Bang province In addition to the similarities with Tay people living in other localities, Tay people's lives here are controlled and directly influenced by elements of Vietnam-China borderland such as mutual trade, relationship of ethnic groups on both sides of the border In which, there has been a problem of cross-border marriage in recent years

7 Theoretical and practical meanings of the thesis

Identify cultural values of ethnic groups reserved in marriage but also serve

as a basis for comparing the similarities and differences between the Tay's marriage here and other localities where there are differences in characteristics of nature and society

Results of the thesis are the basis for managers to formulate policies to preserve and promote the culture of ethnic groups, and solve the negative issues arising in marriage tending to sustainable and stable development for residents living in Vietnam - China border areas

7 Thesis structure

Chapter 1: General view of research situation, theoretical basis and overview of Tay people in the borderland of Phuc Hoa district, Cao Bang province

Chapter 2: Marital characteristics of Tay people, tradition and transfer Chapter 3: Cross-border marriage

Chapter 4: Factors affecting change, value of marriage and some issues

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL VIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION, THEORETICAL BASIS AND OVERVIEW OF ETHNIC GROUPS AND RESEARCH

AREA 1.1 General View of Research Situation

Tay people has the largest population among 53 ethnic minorities in Vietnam, with a long history and cultural traditions, which attracts many domestic

and foreign scientists

1.1.1 Research on Tay people

1.1.1.1 Research of foreign scholars on Tay people

In the early years of the 20th century, some French scholars were interested in and studied about Tay people Firstly, there are works of famous scholar named A Bonifacy, such as: Funeral rites of the Native (1904), Collection

of Native fairy tales on two banks of Lo River (1905) the Tay's uprising in 1983: Military war record due to suppression (1907), Ho Bo festival of Tay people

(1915), Unlimited patience: Native fairy tales (1915)

In general, although the research student has not reached to many studies

of foreign scholars on Tay people, especially in marriage, basically helped the research student to gain more important visual angles and assessment to finish the thesis content

1.1.1.2 Research of domestic scholars on Tay people and Tay people's marriage

From the Le and Nguyen dynasties, Tay people have been mentioned in famous books such as Le Quy Don's Kien Van Tieu Luc (1726-1784) and Phan Huy Chu's Lich Trieu Hien Chuong Loai Chi (1782-1840) ) Although the document is at a summary level, it helps the later generation to partly understand the folklore activities of Tay people in Vietnam in previous centuries

Recently, the thesis of master Hoang Duc Trung (2018) has researched on

"Marriage of Tay people in To Hieu commune, Binh Gia district, Lang Son province" The author has described and explained issues related to marriage such

as marriage concept, marriage principles, age of marriage, steps to carry out the marriage In general, research on Tay people, especially the marriage of Tay people is a topic directly related to the thesis of research student but on the description, interpretation and in groups of Tay people residing within the province, far from the borderland

1.1.2 Study on border region and border region relationship

Border region with special geographical location for each country is often considered as remote areas, people with difficult economic conditions, development is not homologous to the overall development of the country

1.1.2.1 Study of foreign scholars on border region and border region relationship

First of all, there are studies on economic, society in the border region In

2005, authors as Chu Dong Kiem and Luu Dong Nhiem (China) (2005) with the study of Vietnam's Ethnic Group Policy and its influence on the border area of China In addition, there are studies on multidimensional relationships in the border region of the two countries such as Phung Nhuan's study (2013) (China) of

the Central Ethnic Group University assessing of China-Vietnam border cultural

impact, the case of Yunnan province Together with research on cross-border

marriage in the border region between Vietnamese women and Chinese men, there is master thesis of Lianling Su (2009) of Harbin Normal University The author gave a deep interview with 64 couples living in Chinese borderland whose wives are Vietnamese and husbands are Chinese to find out why they are acquainted with each other Those women are mostly not registered with Chinese nationality Thereby, the author judges the reason that Vietnamese women get married to Chinese because they want to have better life, full economic conditions, higher living standards, and can support their families

1.1.2.2.Study of domestic scholars on border region and border region relationship

Studying the border region in Vietnam firstly or in other words is one of the important areas, first priority is to develop the border region economy after long years of war and restoration of neighboring relationship between Vietnam and China In 1997, author Hoang Xuan Long published a study on Comparative Advantage in Vietnam-China cross-border goods exchange The second area related to the border region attended by Vietnamese scholars is the policy issue of both Vietnam and China for this region One of the important books that most scholars in the country refer to when researching on the borderland is the book

"Hung Bien Phu Dan" and the implementation process in ethnic minority areas in southwest border provinces of China (2008) by Nguyen Van Can

1.2 Theoretical basis

1.2.1 Some concepts

- Marriage

According to Vietnam polytechnical dictionary "Marriage is a social institution with rituals that confirm the relationship between two or more people of two different sexes (male and female), which is considered as husband and wife, determine the relationship of responsibility between them and between them and their children”

1.2.2 Theoretical basis

- Rational choice theory, - Cultural exchange and acculturation theory, -

Cultural regional theory

1.3 Overview of research area

1.3.1 Phuc Hoa district

Phuc Hoa district has 9 administrative units, including 7 communes and 2 towns, of which 4 communes and 2 towns have the boundary of national boundary curve of Long Chau district, Guangxi province, China, with the total boundary curve length of 21km Border areas including: Ta Lung and Hoa Thuan towns and Trieu Au, Cach Linh, Dai Son and My Hung communes are research areas of this thesis

1.3.2 Natural conditions in Phuc Hoa district

Phuc Hoa district has a natural area of 251.1284 km2, located in the Southeast of Cao Bang province, the North bordering Quang Uyen district; the East bordering Ha Lang district and China; the Southwest bordering Thach An district, Hoa An, the end point of Highway 3, convenient transportation Phuc Hoa district's terrain is divided into 3 relatively clear areas, including rocky mountain terrain, soil mountain terrain and low mountainous terrain

1.3.3 Introduce the research sites

- Ta Lung Town, - Hoa Thuan Town, - Trieu Au Commune, - Cach Linh Commune, - Dai Son Commune, - My Hung Commune

1.4 Tay people live in the borderland of Phuc Hoa district

1.4.1 Summary of history and origin

Tay people are a community of the ancient Bach Viet block, who were present and residing for a long time in the border provinces and mountainous areas

of Northern Vietnam with many important contributions in the history of national formation and development until today

1.4.2 Economic characteristics

Tay people in the borderland of Phuc Hoa district are assessed to have a high level of wet rice cultivation In the context of a fast growing economy with diversified income, now farming is still considered the main and stable income for families

1.4.3 Cultural characteristics

1.4.3.1 Material culture

Tay people in Phuc Hoa district have open-hearted personality, which has become a routine for people to be more sociable and friendly with each other

1.4.3.2 Society and culture

In the family, the husband has the right to decide everything when his wife

is the main labor with higher income Members comply with the principle "wife must listen and obey her husband, children must listen and obey their parent, younger brother must listen and obey his elder brother ”

1.4.3.3.Spiritual culture

Tay language is used for communication in the family, internal ethnic

groups, common language is used when communicating with other ethnic groups

- Traditional festival

Lunar New Year, Long Tong festival; March 18 of lunar calendar with fireworks festival in Hoa Thuan town; March 19 & 20 of lunar calendar with

Hieng Rieng festival in Cẩm Linh; March 15 of lunar calendar with Long Tong festival in Ban Chu (Dai Son commune); March 27 of lunar calendar with Lang Hai festival in My Hung commune

CHAPTER 2 MARRIAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF TAY PEOPLE

TRADITION AND CHANGE 2.1 Traditional marriage characteristics

Each individual and circumstance has its own way of choosing a marriage,

but tending to the expected completion shaped by the marriage tradition

2.1.2 Criteria for choosing a spouse

“The first thing to choose is the family, relatives, whether or not to be united, to fight, to have sickness and to live a long life.”

Tay people take great respect for regulations, politeness and reason in communicating, paying attention from salutations and words to behavior so, characters of future daughter-in-law and son-in-law are very noticeable, especially with the future daughter-in-law because she will become a member of her husband's family

2.1.3 Marriage age

Marriage stories show that before 1991, in general, Tay people in border region wanted to get married early under the age of 20, but because of the war, many people had to get married lately

2.1.4 Principles in marriage

2.1.4.1 Exogamy principle

In marriage, Tay people follow the exogamy principle Those who share

the same consanguinity, are descendants of a ancestor according to relationship of father family shall be called as husband's blood relations, no matter how many generations they have, they are not allowed to get married with each other; except those who are far relatives, or by a different line but this case is very rare

2.1.4.2 Endogamy principle

Another principle in the traditional marriage of Tay people in the borderland of Phuc Hoa district which was formerly endogamy of ethnic groups

2.1.4.3 Residential principle after marriage

Residential principle after marriage reflects deeply the social concept of

gender roles in marriage

2.1.5 Nature and form of marriage

2.1.5.1 Nature of marriage

The exchange seemed to reduce the value of a girl if understood by the nature of trade is to use money and material to exchange a adult girl According to Tay people's opinion, if money and material provided by the bridegroom's family are big and abundant, the girl and her family are considered to be respected by the bridegroom's family and the bridegroom's family has good economic conditions

2.1.5.2 Form of marriage