News Discourse 9781441120908_FM_Final_txt_print.indd i 3/30/2001 9:07:35 PM CONTINUUM DISCOURSE SERIES Series Editor: Professor Ken Hyland,University of Hong Kong Discourse is one of the most significant concepts of contemporary thinking in the humanities and social sciences as it concerns the ways language mediates and shapes our interactions with each other and with the social, political and cultural formations of our society The Continuum Discourse Series aims to capture the fast-developing interest in discourse to provide students, new and experienced teachers and researchers in applied linguistics, ELT and English language with an essential bookshelf Each book deals with a core topic in discourse studies to give an in-depth, structured and readable introduction to an aspect of the way language is used in real life Other titles in the series: Academic Discourse, Ken Hyland Discourse Analysis, Brian Paltridge The Discourse of Blogs and Wikis, Greg Myers The Discourse of Text Messaging, Caroline Tagg The Discourse of Twitter and Social Media, Michele Zappavigna Historical Discourse, Caroline Coffin Metadiscourse, Ken Hyland Professional Discourse, Britt-Louise Gunnarsson School Discourse, Frances Christie Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis, Paul Baker Workplace Discourse, Almut Koester 9781441120908_FM_Final_txt_print.indd ii 3/30/2001 9:07:35 PM CONTINUUM DISCOURSE News Discourse MONIKA BEDNAREK AND HELEN CAPLE 9781441120908_FM_Final_txt_print.indd iii 3/30/2001 9:07:35 PM Continuum International Publishing Group The Tower Building 80 Maiden Lane 11 York Road Suite 704 London New York SE1 7NX NY 10038 www.continuumbooks.com © Monika Bednarek and Helen Caple 2012 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers Monika Bednarek and Helen Caple have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library EISBN: 978-1-4411-3976-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bednarek, Monika News discourse / Monika Bednarek and Helen Caple p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4411-2090-8 (alk paper) -ISBN 978-1-4411-4799-8 (pbk : alk paper) – ISBN 978-1-4411-3976-4 (ebook pdf : alk paper) – ISBN 978-1-4411-8420-7 (ebook epub : alk paper) Journalism I Caple, Helen II Title PN4731.B333 2012 070.401’41 dc23 2011047843 Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound in India 9781441120908_FM_Final_txt_print.indd iv 3/30/2001 9:07:36 PM This book is dedicated to newshounds the world over 9781441120908_FM_Final_txt_print.indd v 3/30/2001 9:07:36 PM 9781441120908_FM_Final_txt_print.indd vi 3/30/2001 9:07:37 PM CONTENTS List of tables viii List of figures xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xiv Introduction News discourse in context News values 39 Language in the news Images in the news Evaluation in the news Balancing act: image composition The big picture: a case study of stand-alones in print news 181 Killing Osama: a case study of online news Appendix Tables 19 84 111 137 160 197 219 Appendix Evaluation in the news – a model student assignment 229 References 251 Index 263 9781441120908_FM_Final_txt_print.indd vii 3/30/2001 9:07:37 PM LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Online, print, radio and TV news discourse 1.2 A guide to theoretical approaches to the study of news discourse 12 2.1 Producer roles 22 2.2 Producers of language and image, their roles and labels 24 2.3 Audience roles 2.4 Sample advertisements in the Ottawa Sun and the Globe and Mail 25 27 2.5 A comparison of daily audience figures for print and online news media 35 3.1 Categorizing news ‘values’ 41 3.2 News values summary 41 3.3 Associations with Australia 50 3.4 Summary of linguistic resources that can be used to construe news values 55 3.5 ‘O’Donnell to address D.C parley’, Washington Times 64 3.6 ‘George Michael jailed for drug-driving crash’, Guardian 66 3.7 ‘I went to bed with a migraine and woke up with a French accent’, Daily Mail 75 4.1 86 Key nouns and adjectives in UK news discourse 4.2 Types of reported speech 92 4.3 Reporting expressions 93 4.4 Structure of the ‘fire story’ from the Boston Herald 99 4.5 News headlines from around the world 9781441120908_FM_Final_txt_print.indd viii 102 3/30/2001 9:07:37 PM LIST OF TABLES ix 4.6 Verbs in the headlines 103 4.7 Radio and TV ‘headlines’ 105 4.8 106 Different ways of structuring the news 5.1 Timeline of technological advancements 113 5.2 Categories for analysing intersemiotic relations 121 5.3 Examples of overlap in text–image relations in moving images 122 5.4 An example of displacement in text–image relations in moving images 123 5.5 An example of dichotomy in text–image relations in moving images 123 5.6 An example of a zoom-in shot sequence, from Overview to Detail 124 5.7 Examples of overlap in image/headline relations 128 5.8 Image/body text relations in ‘Children OK, jake injured in blaze’, Boston Herald 130 5.9 An example of overlap in image/body text relations 5.10 Inter- and intrasemiotic relations in the online news gallery 131 133 6.1 Bases of information 149 7.1 Key terminology for discussing composition and the Balance Framework 164 Examples of typical isolating and iterating compositional configurations 165 7.3 Examples of the isolating compositional configurations 166 7.4 Iterating images demonstrating two or more than two elements 168 Examples of the iterating, dividing compositional configurations 169 Examples of the iterating, serialising compositional configurations 171 Iterating images demonstrating more or less visual stimulation 172 Unbalanced images and rebalancing effects 174 7.2 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 9781441120908_FM_Final_txt_print.indd ix 3/30/2001 9:07:37 PM 260 REFERENCES Royce, T (2002), ‘Multimodality in the TESOL classroom: exploring visual– verbal synergy’, TESOL Quarterly, 36 (2), 191–205 Sands, N (2011), ‘NZ quake leaves 65 dead, 100 missing’, Age, available at http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-world/nz-quake-leaves-65-dead100-missing-20110222-1b36m.html – accessed June 2011 Schaffer, D (1995), ‘Shocking secrets revealed! 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(2005), Developing Linguistic Corpora: A Guide to Good Practice Oxford: Oxbow Books/Arts and Humanities Data Service Zakia, R D (1997), Perception and Imaging Boston: Focal Press Zelizer, B (2004), ‘When war is reduced to a photograph’, in S Allan and B Zelizer (eds), Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime London/New York: Routledge, pp 115–35 — (2005), ‘Journalism through the camera’s eye’, in S Allan (ed.), Journalism: Critical Issues Maidenhead: Open University Press, pp 167–76 9781441120908_Ref_Final_txt_print.indd 262 3/22/2001 9:49:11 AM INDEX addressee see audience adverbials 52 , 89, 205 advertising, advertising revenue 29, 30, 32 , 33 and audience 26–8, 32 and editorial content 33–4 fi rewalls 33–4 aesthetics 61, 80, 117–18, 160–3, 168, 175–80, 193, 223 affect see emotion agenda setting 12 , 31, 195 allusion 56, 101 see also stand-alones appraisal see evaluation Appraisal Theory 138, 144, 156 attitude see evaluation attributing expressions see reporting expressions attribution 91, 98, 99, 101, 103, 149, 150, 152 , 167–8, 209–10 see also evidentiality; reported speech audience, audience design 7, 26, 145 audience figures 26, 28, 35 circulation 33, 35 discursive construction 26–8, 38, 95, 145 see also audience design fragmentation 25, 32 participation 25, 31–2 , 199 roles 25–8 stratification 25–6, 28 target audience 7, 25–8, 145 audio slideshow 119 Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) 31, 197–218 authority 32 , 198, 214–15 authorship see news process; producer roles 9781441120908_Index_Final_txt_print.indd 263 balance framework 160, 163–73 and aesthetics 175–9 isolating 164–8 iterating 168–73 unbalanced images 173–5 beliefs 150, 152–3 see also parameters of evaluation bias 94, 157 blogs 30, 31 breaking news 31, 106, 120, 212 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 31–2 , 197–218 broadcast news 104–7, 119, 140, 155–6 see also radio; television broadsheets 18, 28, 94–5 see also quality press business news 95 CCTV footage 24 citizen journalism 21, 30 codes of ethics see ethics codes of practice 35–7 comparison 45, 47, 53, 56, 59, 68, 76, 187, 193 composition see balance framework comprehensibility see parameters of evaluation consciousness industry 36 constructed week 14 content analysis 13, 157 content theory 13 context, communicative context 20–8, 45 see also audience; producer roles socio-historical context 28–38, 111–18 contrast 46, 74, 147, 187 conversation analysis 3/27/2012 4:24:51 PM 264 INDEX copy editor see producer roles corpus design 14 corpus linguistics 9, 10, 50, 85, 186 counterfactuals 156–7 critical discourse analysis 10, 89 critical linguistics 10 data collection 13–14, 199 deadlines see news cycle defamation laws 36, 91 deixis 104, 121, 131 determiner deletion 7, 101 diachronic approach digital revolution 25, 30–3 disaster vocabulary see negative vocabulary dramatization 57, 62–3, 117, 131, 178, 212 editing 46, 124 see also producer roles editor see producer roles editorials 9, 94 electoral reporting 151 emotion 12 , 48, 53, 54, 59, 76–7, 78, 94, 117, 145–6, 150–1, 153–4, 212 , 213 see also parameters of evaluation emotivity see parameters of evaluation entextualization environmental news 43, 73–4, 191–5 ethics 36 ethnographic approach evaluation 46–7, 58–9, 68, 117, 137– 59, 186–8, 190–1, 193–4, 214 see also news values; parameters of evaluation evaluative language 46–7, 154, 186–7 see also evaluation evaluative parameters see parameters of evaluation evidentiality 90–4, 148–52 see also intertextuality; parameters of evaluation; reported speech exaggeration 74 see also intensification expectedness see parameters of evaluation feature stories 80 9781441120908_Index_Final_txt_print.indd 264 figures 90, 187, 205–6 fi nancing issues 33–5 fi rewalls 33–4 framing 11, 100 freedom of information laws 36 genres 8, 94–5, 105–7, 109–10 see also hard news; soft news; stand-alones Gestalt psychology 161, 168, 171, 176 global fi nancial crisis 30 golden mean 162 golden ratio 161–2 graduation see intensification graphics 120 hard news 96–100, 155, 191–5 see also voice headlines 23, 96–7, 100–4, 127–9, 188 and allusion 182 , 185, 191, 193–4 online 104–5, 119, 132–4 screamer 118 history of news 28–38 see also context; diachronic approach importance see parameters of evaluation intensification 44, 47, 49, 51, 54–5, 59, 72–4, 76, 156, 187–8, 190–1, 193, 205, 212–13 interactives 120 international news 95, 198 internet see digital revolution; online news intertextuality 13, 50, 90, 205–6, 212 see also allusion; evidentiality interview see news interview intro see lead inverted pyramid 100 see also news story iPad 31 irony 154 jeders 24 journalistic norms 36, 38 journalistic responsibility 36 journalists 22–3, 30–1, 37, 45 see also producer roles multiskilled 24 3/27/2012 4:24:52 PM INDEX layout 101, 118–19 lead 96–100 local news 5, 14, 42 , 52 manipulation 21 mass communication 25 media regulation 35–7 media theories 12–13 medium theory 13 mental state see parameters of evaluation metaphor 50–1, 54, 213 modality 87, 109, 155, 158–9 epistemic 146 deontic 142–4 dynamic 142–4 multimodality , 14–15, 18, 107 multiplatform journalism 24 narrative see news story necessity see parameters of evaluation negation 74, 147–8, 186–7 negative vocabulary 48 negativity see news values neutrality see objectivity news, agencies 21, 184–5 angle 97, 100, 127, 157, 209 conferences 20 cycles 20, 40, 41, 107 defi nition 2–5 genres see genres; news story hook see news angle interview 8, 26, 89, 104, 109–10, 140, 153–4, 155 outlets 13, 17 outputs 13 process 9, 20–1 story 96–100 see also genres; news process image-nuclear news story 80, 182 see also stand-alones style see news language ticker 34, 105–6 updates 106–7 websites see websites writing see news language news language, adverbials 52 , 89, 205 9781441120908_Index_Final_txt_print.indd 265 265 evidentiality and intertextuality 90–4 figures and numbers 90 interaction with other factors 107 news writing objectives 84 nouns and noun phrases 85–7 variation in 94–6 verbs 87–9 news values 39–83, 87, 100, 101, 138, 188, 190–1, 193, 212–14 types of, aesthetics 80 attribution 43, 141 brevity 40 clarity 40 co-option 40 colour 40 competition 40 composition 40 consonance 43, 67–9, 147, 189, 191, 213 continuity 40 eliteness see prominence facticity 90 impact 43, 72–4, 98, 126, 212, 213 negativity 42 , 69–72 , 126, 143, 177, 212 , 213 novelty 43–4, 74–5, 187, 188, 212–13 personalization 44, 78–80, 91, 98, 114, 153, 193, 213 predictability 40 prefabrication 40 prominence 43, 65–7, 87, 126, 141, 212 , 213 proximity 42–3, 64–5, 98 recency see timeliness superlativeness 44, 76–7, 90, 98, 176, 178, 188, 190, 193, 212 , 213 timeliness 42 , 63–4, 120, 188, 212 , 213 unambiguity see clarity unexpectedness see novelty newsbites 106, 119, 184 newspaper style guides see style guides newspaper writing 85–104 newsroom hierarchy see producer roles newsworthiness see news values 3/27/2012 4:24:52 PM 266 INDEX non-volition 152–3, 154 see also parameters of evaluation noun phrase 52–3, 85–7, 101, 205 numbers see figures objectivity 8, 36, 84, 91, 94, 115, 144, 155–6, 187–8, 214 see also bias online news 3, 15, 35, 104–7, 119–20 see also digital revolution ABC News in 90 Seconds 198–200 BBC One-minute World News 198–200 news galleries 32 , 69, 132–4 video news summaries 197–218 opinion see evaluation output theory 12 ownership 36–7 parameters of evaluation 137–59 see also evaluation; evaluative language participant roles see producer roles personalization see news values phone hacking scandal 36, 90 place 52 , 55, 60, 89, 101, 129, 205 podcasts see radio popular press 18, 29, 74, 80, 93, 95 see also tabloids positive news 42 possibility see parameters of evaluation practice-focused approach 8–9 pragmatics press photographs, composition 160–80 see also balance framework functions of 112–18 aesthetic 117–18 evaluation 117 evidence 115 icon 116–17 illustration 114–15 sensation 115–16 and news values see news values technological advances 113–14 and text-image relations see textimage relations press photography see press photographs 9781441120908_Index_Final_txt_print.indd 266 press releases 21, 45 producer roles 20–4, 32 pronouns 52 , 55, 85 proximity see news values public broadcasting 197–217 public relations 21 puns 101 see also stand-alones quality press 18, 46, 93, 95 see also broadsheets quantification 47, 49, 51, 55, 76, 187–8, 190, 193, 212–13 quotation see reported speech radio see also broadcast news evaluations in 137–59 headlines 104–5 podcasts 32 , 140 readership see audience reliability see parameters of evaluation reported speech 88, 91–3 see also evidentiality; intertextuality; parameters of evaluation reporters see journalists reporting expressions 91–4, 155 response theory 12 , 157 role labels 52–3, 56, 61, 66 rule of thirds 162 sampling see constructed week; corpus design; data collection scare quotes 92–3 schemata see scripts scoop 40 see also news values scripts 49, 213 semiotics 6, 13 see also social semiotics shield laws 37 simile 50–1, 56 social semiotics 6, 8, 135–6, 161 sociolinguistics soft news 80, 187, 189–91, 194 sources 21, 43, 46, 52–3, 87, 91, 141–4, 149–52 confidential 36–7 special news 215–16 sports news , 95 stance see evaluation 3/27/2012 4:24:52 PM INDEX stand-alones 80–1, 176, 178–9, 181–96 allusion 101, 182 , 185, 190–3, 196, 206 hard news 191–5 pun 182 , 185, 190 soft news 189–91 standardization 90 story see news story story structure see news story storytelling see news story; visual storytelling stratification see audience style see news language; parameters of evaluation style guides 107 stylistic approach subjectivity 94, 138, 155 see also evaluation syndication 21 systemic functional linguistics tabloids 18, 26, 38, 78, 89, 95, 112 see also popular press and images 115–16 target audience see audience taxes 29 television , 22 , 29–30 headlines 104–5 text-image relations 120–36 detail 124 dichotomy 121 displacement 121 image/body text 129–31 image/caption 126–7 image/headline 127–9 9781441120908_Index_Final_txt_print.indd 267 267 intersemiotic relations 121 intrasemiotic relations 121, 123, 132–4 and moving images 121–4 overlap 121–2 , 126–34 overview 124, 133–4 and sequenced images 132–4 and still images 125–31 thumbnail images 119 Twitter 5, 31–2 , 107 unexpectedness see parameters of evaluation verbs 63, 87–9, 205 headlines 101, 103, 105 video journalist 24 visual storytelling 119, 132–4 vodcasts 32 , 201–4 voice 8, 32 , 88, 93–4, 117, 155, 214–15 see also authority commentator voice correspondent voice reporter voice 155 volition 152 , 154 see also parameters of evaluation war reporting 10, 116 Web 2.0 31 websites 5, 21, 30, 50, 107, 119–20 WikiLeaks 21, 68, 90 wire service see news agency word play 56, 190 YouTube 5, 21, 90 3/27/2012 4:24:52 PM 9781441120908_Index_Final_txt_print.indd 268 3/27/2012 4:24:53 PM 9781441120908_Index_Final_txt_print.indd 269 3/27/2012 4:24:53 PM 9781441120908_Index_Final_txt_print.indd 270 3/27/2012 4:24:53 PM 9781441120908_Index_Final_txt_print.indd 271 3/27/2012 4:24:53 PM 9781441120908_Index_Final_txt_print.indd 272 3/27/2012 4:24:53 PM 9781441120908_Index_Final_txt_print.indd 273 3/27/2012 4:24:53 PM 9781441120908_Index_Final_txt_print.indd 274 3/27/2012 4:24:53 PM ... 97 8-1 -4 41 1-2 09 0-8 (alk paper) -ISBN 97 8-1 -4 41 1-4 79 9-8 (pbk : alk paper) – ISBN 97 8-1 -4 41 1-3 97 6-4 (ebook pdf : alk paper) – ISBN 97 8-1 -4 41 1-8 42 0-7 (ebook epub : alk paper) Journalism I Caple, Helen. .. EISBN: 97 8-1 -4 41 1-3 97 6-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bednarek, Monika News discourse / Monika Bednarek and Helen Caple p cm Includes bibliographical references and index... from the developing online news story Source: www.dailytelegraph.com.au/ news/ world/daniel-rockhouseand-russell-smiith-tell-ofescape-from-pike-river-mine/ story-e6frev0 0-1 225958213682– accessed