Bài viết trình bày kết quả từ một nhiệm vụ công tác thực hiện từ năm 1934 đến 1939; khai quật khảo cổ đã được hệ thống hóa, nhằm sáng tỏ nguồn gốc của nền văn minh Việt Nam.
VIET NAM - NGA Tl/ CAC TOC NGUlOn VA CAC NEN V A N MINH OLOV JANSfi NGUYfiN MANH DCNG* (Dich vd gidi thieu) Ldi ddn: GS Olov R.T Janse (1895-1985) nguyfin la Hdi vien danh dir cua Tni&ng \\hn DOng Bac c6 Phap, Giao su Dai hoc Louvre, Tni&ng Cao hoc thirc hanh (EPHE Sorbone, Phip) L^ mOt nhii khao c6 hoc c6 ti^ng ngu&i Thuy Di^n, GS O Janse da c6 th6i gian gdn nam (1934-1939) duc>c mdi sang lam viec tai D6ng Ducmg vdi tu cich Giam d6c cdc cuOc thdm sdt khao cd hoc b Ddng Duong Cilng th^ hS vdi cac nha Viet Nam hoc n6i ti^ng ngu&i Phdp tiJ nhirng thap nifin ddu th^ ky XX, cdc tac pham cua dng dugc nhidu cdc hoc gia, nghifin clhi Viet Nam, Phdp vd qude t^ khdc chia se vd danh gia cao Ciing voi ba tap d6 sd Khao c6 hoc Ddng Duong (xudt ban vdo cdc nam 1947, 1951-1952, 1958), chuyen khao v6 ngu6n gdc van minh Viet Nam , chuyen luan "Vietnam - Au carrefour de peuples et de civilisations - Viet Nam - Nga tu cdc tdc ngudri vd cdc n6n van minh" dang tren Tap chi France-Asie sd 165, nam 1961 (ndm mdt seri cdc bdi nghien cihi trinh bdy tai Dai hoc Sdi Gdn, hay Tap san Dai hoc \\\i6 nhirng nam 1958-1960) Id mdt chuyen khao dugc nhidu the' he cdc nhd nghien cihi thudc nhidu Iinh vuc nghien curu nhu sir hgc, nhan hgc tdn gido, dan tdc hgc, khao cd hgc quan tam vd trich ddn Da gdn 50 nam qua, nhidu quan didm cua GS O.Jans^ da dugcSphai danh gid va nhan thu'c lai, nhung cung khdng it cdc phdt hien sau d6 da c6 C0 hdi chiing minh, cung nhu nhidu vdn dd ggi md rdt ddng kd, ghi nhan nhirng tim tdi, phdt hien ddu tien Tren phuong dien nghien ciru ly thuydt, ddi vdi khdng gian rdng vd xu hudng phdt tridn ciia cdc ndn van minh cilng su xudt hien lodi ngudi, nghien cUu da ngdnh ciia GS O.Jansd c6 thd coi Id mdt nhung quan didm kinh didn, khdng dinh xu thd chuydn dich da chidu, mdt qud trinh giao thoa, khuc xa, tie'p bidn, tuong tdc van hda tu nhien cua van minh nhan loai vd ddng thidn di, khdng c6 tinh chat dp dat don tuydn Thd gidi Ddng Nam A, vdn Id mdt thuc thd dde lap, edi ngudn cua van minh nhan loai, "Dia dang phucmg Ddng" hay khdng vdn Id vdn dd bao trilm cua gidi nghien cxm Bdng nhirng tidn bd ciia khoa hgc cdng nghe ngudn gdc van minh da cd sir ddnh gid lai, cd quan niem phu nhan, tham chi dao ngugc, nhung cung khdng it cdc nhd nghien cihi tidp tuc iing hd quan didm trdn ciia O.Jansd vd nhCfng ngudi theo khuynh hudng ndy B i i n g h i e n cUu dUdi day la kdt qua h i n h , n g u d n gdc dd cdn chUa dUdc biet ddn tU mot n h i e m v u cdng tac thiic hipn n h i e u N h i n c h u n g cac y kidn ddu cho r i n g tii n i m 1934 den 1939 M u c dich chu yeu v i n m i n h Vipt N a m l i mot d a n g t h d c k h u cua l u i n v i n n a y la qua cac hd' k h a i q u i t vUc cua v i n m i n h T r u n g Hoa C h i n h qua k h a o cd d i dUdc h e thd'ng hda, n g h i e n cUu n h i i n g t h i n h tUu cda cac p h a t hipn k h a o cd cac t i i lieu n h i m l a m s a n g td ngudn gdc hoc lien q u a n ddn vi'n de d day da cho thi'y cua n e n v i n m i n h Viet N a m Cach day 55 l i cac p h a t h i e n dd da chi r a sai l l m cua n i m , cdng vipc cua chiing tdi dUdc tien n h i n thiic p h i e n dipn t r e n Hipn nay, ngUdi 'ThS Vipn Sd hoc Vi&i Ram - Rga hi che tOc ngu£ri ta cd the k h i n g dinh r i n g v i n minh Viet Nam cd ngudn gdc rieng biet That viy, ngUdi ta khdng the phu n h i n anh hudng manh me nhi't l i qua cac thdi ky lich sd bdi nhQng chau ngUdi Han d nhiing ndi m i Siic ky goi l i "nhiing viing di't phUdng Nam" Se l i sai l i m nghien ciiu tac ddng dd nhUng khdng da ddng den nhiing anh hudng khac bdi vi chiing ciing manh me khdng he thua k6m ma lai khdng dUdc bidt den ThUc td la, t^ khoang dau thd ky XX, sd nhiing b i n g chUng vun v i t da gdp phIn l i m sang td v i n minh Viet Nam ve dipn mao die thii cua nd, mot m i t mang dang d i p cua Dd quoc thien trieu, ciing nhu dien mao khac b i t ngudn tii An Do Hay ciing cd nd den tii nhiing ndi xa xdi hdn ri't nhieu, td bien gidi cua the gidi HyLa ching han Mot anh hudng khac m i chung tdi se ndi sau day ciing ddng vai trd sU hinh t h i n h cda nen v i n minh Vipt Nam, dd chinh l i thuyet t h i n bi mang tinh chi't tdn giao - nd die trUng cho nhiing cU dan d viing niy Nghien ciiu cac vi'n de lien quan den ngudn gd'c v i n minh Viet Nam se cd dip neu nhiing cau hdi m i chiing ta vin chua cd t h i dUa nhiing ldi giai thda dang Cac vi'n de n i y lien quan tdi nhiing ddi tUdng nghien ciiu cUc ky phUc tap, nd bao q u i t mot llnh vUc vd cung rong Idn ve ca khdng gian v i thdi gian, m i de giai quydt nd cIn phai khdng chi cd mdt sU cdng tie chuyen sau va cd phUdng phap cua nhieu chuyen gia da nginh, m i ciing cIn cd sii hdp t i e cda cac n h i Ddng phUdng hoc cda ca hai thd gidi [phUdng Ddng v i phUdng Tay-A^Z)] Mot lUu y mio d i u sau ciing cIn thidt dupe neu Trong m i chung ta de cip ddn v i n minh Vipt Nam, chung ta nen lUu 11 f ddn nen v i n minh dd phat trien dUdi anh hudng Nho giao trieu dinh, quan lai ben tren hay d cac trung tam thi it hdn l i nen v i n minh dd dUdc phd bien d vung thdn que, ling xa - nhan t d c i n ban cd ket cda Viet Nam tii ri't xa xUa Cach day khdng lau lim va dUdc phd bidn ri't rdng rai, mdt quan diem cho r i n g v i n minh Viet Nam dUdc tich hdp lai khdi nguyen tii lUu vUc sdng DUdng Td the ky rV TCN Nhiing cU dan di cU dd, sau thiet l i p tai khu vUc tUdng iing vdi mien Bic Viet Nam, da mang theo mot nen vin minh da dUdc Han hda, theo thdi gian, nen v i n minh dd hinh t h i n h nen dang thdc khu vUc cda nd Phai ri't lau sau ngUdi ta cho r i n g ly thuyet niy it dUdc ddng thuin Nd khdng dUdc dua tren bi't cU cd sd khoa hoc nio, ching dUdc xae minh, ciing khdng diia tren tU lipu khao cd hgc, vi khdng cd cd sU phan tich gid'ng ndi Nhiing phat hipn khao CO hoc tien hanh tU khoang 30 nim qua da dUa quan diem ngUdc lai ring vin minh Vipt Nam dUdc phat trien mdt each d i n d i n d mien Bic v i mien Trung qua sU hdn dung tdc ngUdi v i sil tham gdp vin hda, m i ve ngudn gd'c nhU chiing tdi da chi d tren, cIn phai dUdc nghien cdu khdng chi d Trung Quoc m i d bien gidi phia Ddng ciia luc dia A chau Neu ngudi ta nghien cdu thdi gian hinh t h i n h cda sU thdng nhi't vin hda Vipt Nam, ngUdi ta phan bipt ba giai doan m i moi mot giai do^n dUdc die trUng bdi mdt ky nghe nha't dinh Giai doan ddu tien m i ngUdi ta v i n ggi la v i n minh Ddng Sdn Nd dien mdt thdi ky td giiia thien nien ky TCN den d i u cdng nguyen Ve m i t dia ly 12 nen ky nghe die trUng cho thdi ky n i y la mdt vung rdng Idn bao gdm phia Tay Nam Trung Qud'c, d dd dan cU sinh sd'ng khdng phai la ngUdi Han, h l u hdt ban dao Ddng DUdng, va it nha't mot phan nhd eua viing ngoai An Lien quan den Viet Nam, v i n minh Ddng Sdn cd ve nhu dai bo p h i n la v i n minh cua pgUdi proto-malaise [Ma Lai cd sd hay nguyen Ma Lai - ND] Ciing cd the l i chiing ta cIn phai t i p trung nghien cdu vd mot ydu td Lolo m i td tien cda tdc ngudi niy da dinh hinh ban sic qua cac nghien ciiu cda nhieu n h i dan tdc hoe ve ngUdi Tdkha (1) - cU dan thudc ngii he An - Au H g h i ^ CUU Lich sd stf 6.2009 ve nhu giiia nhiing ngUdi n i y cd quan h§ budn ban tnic tidp hay gian tiep vdi viing C i n Ddng hay Ddng Hy-La Them niia l i v i n minh c Eo n i m d mot vung di't xUa cua Phu Nam, cd le da trao ddi qua lai mot p h I n vdi Ban dao Ving (4) cda ngudi Hy Lap * Chd nhan cda hai giai doan phat trien v i n minh tren cd anh hudng quydt dinh den khdng chi v i n minh Viet Nam m i eon tdi ca cU dan mien thUdng, nhiing ngUdi hien dang sdng d phia Tay Bic Trung Qud'c v i d phan Idn Ddng Nam chau A Ca ba thdi ky v i n minh tren deu se dUdc chung tdi nghien cdu mdt each l l n lUOt V i n minh Ddng Sdn la giai doan d i u tien dUde biet tdi sdm nhi't tii nhiing hipn v i t dUdc tim tha'y cac hd' khai q u i t tien h i n h g i n l i n g Ddng Sdn hipn nay, d hiiu ngan sdng Ma, tinh Thanh Hda NgUdi ta bidt ddn hai dia diem khac cd nhiing die trUng tUdng tii: dia diem d i u tien chinh l i n i m d tinh Thanh Hda, cdn dia diem thU hai d g i n Lao Cai, viing giap ranh vdi Trung Quoc NgUdi ta ciing phat Ip ngiu nhien cac hipn v i t loai hinh Ddng Sdn d viing Van Nam va d nhieu ndi khac cda Ddng Nam A Cac phat hipn n i y phai dUdc nhin n h i n nhU nhiing b i n g ehdng cd the cho thi'y sU tdn tai cda nhiing dia diem khie niia v i n cdn dang chd doi n h i t xeng cda n h i khao cd Hipn cac manh hipn v i t phat hipn dUdc bao gdm vii v i cdng cu vdi nhiing hinh dang ri't phong phu, binh v i xd ddng, v i n h i t l i nhiing chide trdng Cling chi't lieu, thi thoang cd chide kich cd Idn v i trang tri clu ky Giai dog,n thii ba l i v i n minh 6c Eo Die trUng vd m i t ky nghe thudc vio thdi ky td d i u the ky II den khoang n i m 500 (2) Nd n i m tren mdt khu viing cdn chUa dUdc bidt den d Nam Viet Nam, nhUng nd ciing da cd mot vai anh hudng nio dd ddi vdi cU dan liic dd sdng d vung duyen hai phIn phia Bic, cd le len den t i n ddng bing Thanh Hda Chu nhan cua v i n minh 6c Eo chu ydu l i ngUdi An hay Indo-scythes (3) cd Khdng may la nhiing hipn v i t n i y lai dUdc tim thi'y nhidu nhi't sau eae cudc dio bdi Idn lut v i trUdng hdp tUdng tU ngUdi ta ching biet gi hien trang nd da bi xdi tung len Khi nhiing dd v i t n i y danh m i t nhiing thd d l chung ta cd t h i gpi dich danh cda nd, v i luc i'y ciing da mi't di phIn Idn gia tri tU lipu cda chiing De cdu chiia hipn trang nhiing dd v i t niy, dng Geoi-ge Coedes, Giam doc Trudng Viin Ddng bic cd Giai doan thd hai dUdc die trUng bdi ky nghe goi l i Lach TrUdng va tren dai thekio dii thd ky trUdc v i sau Cdng nguyen Khdng gian cua nd la mdt vung ri't khd dinh bien nhUng ciing cd t h i tinh dUdc l i mot khu vUc bao gdm mot phIn cda Tay Nam Trung Qud'c v i Bic Viet Nam va mdt vii tinh d mien Trung Chd nhan v i n minh thdi k^ n i y l i nhiing nhdm tdc ngudi chidm da sd'cd ngudn gd'c l i Thai (t'ai) Via Ram - Rgn hf cAc fOc ngudri Phap, da dy thac cho chung tdi thiic hipn nhQng dot khai q u i t mot each cd he thdng Ngay doin chiing tdi den, l i p tdc chung tdi d i n h i n r i n g nhiing ke di tim kho bau da l i m xao trdn mdt phIn Idn nhiing di tich cii Trong dd nhiing ngUdi n i y de lai nguyen mdt phIn di't du de ly giai cho n h i n dinh cua chung tdi V i tren ed sd nhiing cdng vipc da dUdc trien khai, cd the dUa dUde nhiing n h i n x6t sau day: Tai khu vUc tien hanh khai q u i t khao cd, vio nda d i u thien nien ky TCN, day tdng l i dia b i n cU trii cua ngUdi protomalaise, td tien cua ngUdi mien niii ma vdi nhiing ngUdi n i y ngudi ta da cd thdi quen dang tide goi hp l i "Moi"' (Mpi); hp cd hp h i n g vdi td tien ngUdi Dayak d Borneo Cu dan niy, vio mdt thdi ky nhi't dinh, da khdng trai qua thdi ky dd da NgUdi dan diing len nhiing chide n h i sin, dgc theo cic bd sdng Kinh td diia tren s i n bit, danh b i t ci v i mot ndn ndng nghipp cdn ri't thd sd, ngUdi liic dd la nhiing ngUdi theo v i t linh v i ngUdi s i n d i u ngUdi Dd gd'm ciia ho, ri't l i ddn sd, dUdc l i m t h i n h nhiing chide vai, chum dUdc gpi l i "sot", thd sd, nung ri't vung v i ching cd bi't cU hoa v i n nio Khoang ddn n i m 500 TCN, tinh hinh d i bi't ngd thay ddi sU du n h i p cua nhiing yeu td v i n minh mdi CU dan Ddng Sdn hoc dUdc each diing kim loai v i biet chd tao dd trang sdc va diem sinh tren loai da ban quy gpi l i ngpc thach Dd gd'm trd nen cd gia tri cao v i b i t d i u cd trang tri hoa vin hinh hoe Ciing thdi ky niy, nhiing chide trd'ng Idn b i n g ddng da x u l t hipn, chung dUdc l i m ndi b i n g nhiing md tip bieu trUng hinh hoc v i hinh ngUdi, canh tUdng cda cae budi le tdn giao Trang tri cua nhiing chide trdng ddng n i y minh chUng ve nhQng y nipm tdn giao da kha thinh h i n h , bieu dat each Ung 13 xd vdi nhQng nghi le thd m i t trdi (soleil) v i bau trdi (ciel) Nhiing thay ddi dot ngdt n i y da diin nhu the nio? Su giai thich sau day cd t h i l i m chiing ta chap n h i n dUdc la: theo tU lieu Trung Qude ghi ehep r i n g td thd ky VIII TCN vQng phia Tay cua Thien trieu da bi sU xam chidm cua nhQng ngUdi m i t sang, tdc nau gpi l i Nguypt Chi (5) Cic n h i ngQ v i n hoc cung d i xic dinh nhQng ngUdi Nguypt Chi n i y thudc tdc ngUdi Tdkha, cU dan ndi tieng An - Au v i cIn phai tim kidm cU dan nguyen thuy d vung Pont-Euxin, cd nghla l i gin Biin Den (6) N i m 771, nhQng ngUdi da chinh phuc thu phd cua N h i nUdc Tiy Chu Chi It lau sau hp tidn ve phia Nam v i theo GS R.von Heine-Geldern (7) cua Dai hgc Vien (Ao), dpi quan tien phong cua hp t h i m chi da xam n h i p vao Viet Nam hipn nay, den t i n Ddng Sdn Ri't cd kha n i n g li, nhQng cU d i n gdc khac d Pont-Euxin v i Cin Ddng da lien ket vdi ngUdi Tdkha Ra't nhieu ngUdi Ddng Sdn xUa da the hipn dang thUc vi md tip trang tri khdng cd xui't xQ tQ Trung Qud'c, cung nhu vdi mdt vai md thUc Trung Qud'c hoin toan khdng cd dd mi trii lai chiing lai xui't hipn thudng xuyen nghe t h u i t cd eda Cin Ddng v i Trung Au NgUdi ta cd t h i cho ring nhQng cugc xam lUdc cua ngUdi Tdkha v i chU h l u cda hg, cd nghla la cac cugc di cU cua ngUdi pontique (8), l i nguyen nhan cua mot dao Idn sau sic khdng chi d Trung Quoc m i d "nhQng viing di't phUdng Nam" Ra't cd kha n i n g nhQng ngUdi di cU da mang theo, tnic tiep hay gian tiep, vio cic nUdc Ddng Nam chau A nhQng ydu td vin hda, v i chung gdp phan Idn vio vipc tao dUng vin minh Ddng Sdn Vio khoang giQa the ky I, vin minh Ddng Sdn da phai chiu mdt sU dd md manh 14 cudc xam lUdc cua Trung Qud'c Theo Sd ky, nhieu ngUdi Trung Qud'c (dung l i khdng nhieu) td the ky IV TCN da bat d i u tham nhap vao phia Bic Viet Nam Diu tien la cac lai budn v i thp thu cdng, h i n la hp da dUdc ddn tidp niem nd Sau dd, khoang dau cdng nguyen, chinh quyen Trung Quoc da trieu hdi ra't ddng n h i d m quyen - nhQng ngUdi am mUu dd hd xd sd Dan chiing d dd ndi day Dudi sU chi huy cua Hai Ba TrUng, ngudi ta biet r i n g dan chiing da viing d i y dudi khdi bien gidi nhQng than dan cua nha Han Dl dap tra that bai nay, khoang n i m 43, Hoing de n h i Han da cd dpi quan Idn dUdi sU chi huy cua tudng Ma Vien vdi sd menh chinh phuc xQ Mot nhQng dpi quan niy, theo Sir ky, da dd bd xud'ng phia Thanh Hoa, dgc theo thung lung Sdng Ma l i ndi sinh sd'ng cua l i n g cd Ddng Sdn Viy nen chic chin ngdi lang da bi pha huy va cudp pha Cudc tan sat that la kinh hoang Hing ngan ngudi da bi giet hay bi b i t lam nd Ip Mdt vii thd llnh vdi dam ddng dang cda hp vay da thoat khdi cudc tan sat hang loat v i lan trd'n cdng Thiic sU la, cudc ndi day l i mot cii va manh den v i n minh Ddng Sdn d mien Bic Viet Nam Chiing ta phai lUu y den sil kipn nay, vi r i n g ngUdi ta da phat hien tii 50 n i m d vung da bi quan Ma Vien xam lUdc, nhQng chide trd'ng va dd vat bing ddng, dUdng nhU chiing dUdc dung de ci't gia'u va nhQng ngUdi dan cd le da chon ky nhim ngin cho nhQng ten Iinh ngUdi Han cUdp chiing di Cudc chinh phuc cua ngUdi Trung Quoc da pha huy hay lam suy tan di ra't nhieu d mien Bic Viet Nam, nhUng v i n minh Ddng Sdn v i n sd'ng sdt tai nhQng vung khac cua Ddng Nam chau A nhi't l i d nhQng ngUdi mien ndi Chung tdi se chi ndi ra't ngin ve Rghien ciiu Lich sd sg 6.2009 nhQng t i n du nay, nd da han che chung ta chi mdt vii vi du dUdc lUa chpn sd nhieu thd khac nhU n h i s i n phong each Ddng Sdn Va lai nen lUu y r i n g each thdc ci't diing phii hdp nhi't vdi dieu kipn dia phUdng, die biet l i thdi tidt se vdi nhQng ngdi n h i dUdc dUng mdt each tnic tiep xud'ng s i n di't NgUdi ta cd the cho r i n g cung nhU ngUdi mien niii, nhQng cU dan khac gpi l i ngUdi "Anhddnegieng", vi du nhU ngUdi Dayak d Borneo, cung da bao lUu phong tuc, t i p quan va tin ngUdng cua hp, nhQng yeu td dinh vi d thdi ky Ddng Sdn Mdt vii nghi le tdn giao ngiy cdn dUdc nhQng cU dan n i y cd h i n h , da lam ndi rd canh tUdng dUdc khic hpa tren trd'ng Ddng Sdn Cung tUdng tu nhu viy, vipc che t i c nhQng chide trd'ng da dUdc tri cho tdi hipn nay, ngUdi ta cd the ngac nhien tim thi'y, cac vung biet l i p hipn nay, nhQng y nipm tdn giao v i nhQng tU tUdng gin lien vdi trd'ng NgUdi ta cung cd t h i tU hdi lipu cd phai ky Uc nao dd cua nhQng le hdi tdn giio Ddng Sdn khdng cdn tdn tai d mien Bic Viet Nam nhQng le hdi mua, hay cung ching thi'y cd m i t le hdi quan trgng bic nhi't cua nd l i Tdt, m i Tdt vin thudng dUdc md d i u b i n g am cda chieng trdng (tam-tam) Thdi ky thQ hai l i thdi ky cda v i n minh Lach TrUdng Xin n h i c lai l i , giai doan thd hai n i y l i mot thdi ky kdo dii tQ diu the ky III TCN den cudi the ky III SCN Nen v i n minh n i y chiu anh hudng n i n g nd cua v i n hda v i t chi't va tinh t h i n cda Cin Ddng va Ddng Hy-La Cac ngudn tU lipu chinh de nghien cdu v i n minh niy li nhQng md tang va nhQng ban kilm ke day, chiing tdi se tU khudn khd xem x6t Via Ram - Rgn hi c6c fQc ngu£ri kidn tnic cua cac ngdi md v i quan nipm xay diing chiing Chung tdi da ndi la chung tdi dUdc giao nhipm vu, khdi d i u cdng vipc, chung tdi d i de nghi Giam dde TrUdng Vien Ddng bac cd Phap cho tidn hanh khai q u i t mdt cich he thdng d tinh Bic Ninh, each H i Ndi khoang chuc km ve phia Ddng Muc tieu chinh cda chuyen di n i y tidn h i n h nghien cUu mdt loat cie ngdi md gach, thudng v i n dUdc hieu l i cie cdng trinh cda ngUdi Han Ngdi md d i u tien bde tach, g i n Chd Lim, l i mdt ket clu rdng Idn khdng dUdi gian dang him md Sau dd, cac cdng trinh gidng dUdc thao dd cung tren mdt khu vUc, nhU nhQng ngdi md chi cd dUdng h i m nhi't, nhin chung qua cac canh cung dUdc chia t h i n h d (ngin) V i t lieu sd dung v i ci'u true cda nhQng cdng trinh dung cho tang le n i y be ngoii mang nhQng ndt k h i khd hiiu v i minh chQng cho sU each tan quan trpng, thi thoang cung ri't ky di d each thdc kham nipm Md p h I n truyen thd'ng d Trung Qude, cung ri't gidng d Viet Nam, vi nhU d Ddng Sdn hoan toin dUdc ci't bing gd cd dang mdt hdm Idn day hinh chQ n h i t v i mai dpt Dd l i kdt clu ddn gian v i tiet kiem, phu hdp vdi tin ngUdng theo nguyen ly Am v i Duong Theo nguyen ly niy, cd ngudn gdc td Dao giao, tU nhien tdn tai nguyen ly hoic nhQng chi't long phan cUc, nhQng Thai DUdng, Thieu Am (9) SU hai hda cua tu nhien, sU sung tuc cua ngUdi sdng v i hanh phuc cda ngUdi qua ed tudng tUdng sU thiet l i p cua mdt sU v i n hanh m i b i t budc phai cd m i t cua hai ydu td tren, theo each thdc v i n h i n h tUdng tU nhU nap vio binh i c quy nhd vio hai nguyen td d i dupc phan cue Nguyen td DUOng tUdng hdp vdi chi't lipu kim loai, go, anh sang va Ida; cdn Am cdng hudng vdi di't, nUdc, bdng tdi, 15 gdm D I dam bao cho ngUdi qua cd mdt cudc sdng vinh h i n g khdng phai lo ling, nen theo tin ngUdng cin phai lUa chgn nhQng md phan v i vipc sd dung nhQng ban kilm ke thudc ve mdt cai nguyen ly niy hay cai cda hai nguyen ly ddi lip Di't thudc yeu io nd can phai can bing tac ddng qua lai bing mdt yeu td da dUdc bao hda cua ydu td' nam Td vipc lUa chpn go, chi't lieu ly tudng dd chQa diing thUc the i n h sang v i Ida Su thay the go bing gach di't nung tich tu mdt ngdi md tang nhQng nguyen td Am v i ngUdi ta khdng t h i hy vpng cd dUdc sU v i n h i n h tdt lanh nhU mong mudn Su thay thd nay, cung vdi nhQng each thQc mai tang, dudng nhU chi r i n g ngUdi ta khdng cdn tin mdt each nghiem tiic vio tie dung tdt cua sU ket hdp cac nguyen ly Am v i Duong, v i r i n g ngUdi ta chUng td mdt sU phiem dinh nio dd ve nhQng tin ngUdng cd sd, cho tdi liic dUdc bam re mdt each sau sic vao tam thUc (esprit) Vi viy nhQng y nipm tdn giao mdi sdm thay the nhQng y nipm cd xUa hay hda tan vao nd Va chinh d phUdng Tay, theo quan diem cua chung tdi, cin nghien cQu cac ngudn tU lipu v i n khic ve nhQng y niem mdi niy Nen nghi r i n g nhQng sU di tni cua ngUdi pontiques khdng chi tQ ben ngoii vio NhQng l u i n thuyet mdi, sau da trai nghipm d nhQng cU dan khac cua Tay Nam Trung Qud'c, d i d i n thim thi'u vio Vipt Nam, cd le qua k h i u trung gian li ngUdi Thai Cung nhU ngUdi ta da tQng de cip den dieu dd td trUdc day, chung tdi cd bing chUng cho r i n g ri't nhieu ngdi md bing gach khdng phai cua ngUdi Han m i l i nhQng ngUdi thudc cU dan dia phUdng, ra't cd t h i dd l i ngUdi Tien Vipt NhQng ngdi md d i u tien ddt khao sat tai Bic Ninh dUdc xay dip tren nhQng 16 ddi tu nhien v i cd di'u I n cua hang nhan tao Dieu n i y khdng li'y gi lam ngac nhien Va lai thuc te la da tdng tdn tai, vi du nhU d Td Xuyen, mien Nam Trung Qude, nhdng md tang dUpc tim thi'y tren sUdn cda nhQng ngpn ndi NhQng md - hang cd nien dai khoang thdi ky nha Han M i t khac, ngUdi ta phai lUu y r i n g phdc hdp hang ddng sieu nhien (grotte surnaturelle) ddng mdt vai trd quan trpng tin ngUdng Dao giao Vdi nhQng hang niy, d tam mdt ngpn ndi Idn r i t cd t h i da tim thi'y nhiing hang m i m i i vdm (voutes) cda nd tUdng trUng cho b l u trdi v i day tUdng dng vdi di't Ldi vio hang n i y l i cho danh d i u mdc gidi giQa hai the gidi: the gidi v i t chit va the gidi sieu hinh Tin ngudng n i y da tdng phd bien vio thdi ky n h i Han, vl nhU ri't nhieu lU hUdng bing ddng hay b i n g di't nung d i l i minh ehdng, va tren nhQng dd v i t dd, ngpn ndi dUdc md ta vdi cac hang ddng sieu nhien NhQng manh hipn v i t n i y d i n h di'u thdi ky m i luc dd ngudi ta b i t d i u n h i p vio Trung Qude go thom tvf Viet Nam hay xd Ba Tu Ngpn niii tUdng trUng eho canh Thien cung Dao giao, l i ndi cU ngu cda nhQng vi t h i n bi't td Cd nhieu bing ehdng cho thi'y cac nghp nhan mudn khic ta tren lu hUdng mdt hinh m l u v i mdt sii trang tri mang tinh bilu-tUdng, chung gdi len coi cUc lac dUde am thi bdi hUdng thdm cua nhiia hUdng NhQng tin dd Dao giao dudng nhu hiiu s i u sic hai quan nipm dde dao, dd mdt hai quan niem cd ngudn gdc td phUdng Tay De tim ldi giai, chung tdi phai md ngoic d day v i chiing ta hay trd lai vdi Hy Lap xUa thdi cda Alexandre Dai de NgUdi ta biet r i n g huyen thoai co xUa da ban cho cac vi t h i n (dieux) cho cU ng\i d tren mdt dinh ndi - dinh Olympia NhUng Rghiai oJFU Ljch silir stf S.2009 vao thdi cda Alexandre, ngUdi Hy Lap cdn tin vio nhiing vi t h i n cua hp Hp cho r4ng nhdng vi t h i n n i y dam bao cho cudc sdng cda hp tren dinh Olympia, d dd ching c6 bi't cd di'u vet n i o Cho nen cin phai xae dinh cho cU ngu cua nhdng vi t h i n md hd va nhieu vi sd dd da kdt h(?p vdi cac hipn tUdng thien gidi (thien tUi^ng ph^nomenes celestes), sau dd, chfnh Id gich da dUa den gia thuydt r i n g nhdng vi n i y e i n phai sdng mdt dinh ndi cao hdn dinh Olympia, cd le l i d phUdng Ddng, td dd ngUdi ta cd t h i nhin t h i y vi tinh td dpp tuypt t r i n mpc len vio moi ban mai Hay d phia Ddng, mot ngpn ndi cao hdn het thay mpi ngpn khac v i nhdng dinh ndi d dd chUa tdng dUdc biet tdi: dinh Hymalaya L i m nhQng ngUdi Hy Lap lai cd dupe nhQng h i i u biet ve sU tdn tai cda diy niii niy? Cd the l i vio thdi k^ dd m i Alexandre da den Tapdla, d vung Pun-giap, vi Hoing de n i y da ddng quan tai day v i nhin thi'y nhiing dinh ndi tuydt phu vdng Ka-sd-mia v i ciing thiic sii ng^c nhien mdn dd cda Aristote da khdng the g i n ten minh vio phat hi^n phi thudng niy: dUdc coi l i ndi cU ngy cda cac vj thin Ngudi ta ed t h i tu hdi li$u cac Dao si, ddn lUdt hp da khdng vay mUpn y tudng n i y vd ngpn ndi cao, ndi sinh sdng eua nhdng v\ T h i n bi't td Cung c i n phai nghien cdu ngudn gdc eda nhQng hang ddng sieu nhien d phia Tay v i ngUdi ta khdng t h i giai thich B\} trdng hdp nhi't m i thUc td r i n g y ni$m ve thien ddng [ddng trdi - grotte-eiel] da truyen ba di k h i p phia Tay Trung Qude v i Vipt Nam thdi ky xam lUdc cda ngUdi Pontiques Thiic td l i , hang ddng ddng vai trd quan trpng tin ngUdng dan gian d Tay phUdng td thdi xa xUa, luc dd hang ddng cpng hudng vdi f tudng v l ngudn gdc V i ^ Ram - Rga hi cAc tQc ngu£ri cua su sdng Tuc thd hang ddng die bipt dupc truyen ba dan chiing d C i n Ddng v i luu vUc phi'a Ddng Dia Trung Hai Chung ta chi eIn luu y r i n g dao Mithra (Mithras), t h i n M i t Trdi cda ngUdi Ba Tu, l i sii tich hop eda hang ddng linh thieng giQ vi tri trung tam T h i n dupe sinh tQ mot "tang da" (roehe) v i vipc thd cung vi n i y dupe tien h i n h chinh dipn dudi long di't Dao n i y cho cac tin dd ldi hda hpn ve mdt cudc sdng vinh hing Tuc thd Mithra d i n h cho d i n dng, v i linh d i n h thue ngudi Ba Tu da lan truyen tyc Ip n i y nen k h i p ndi" tren the gidi deu bidt den Chic c h i n dd khdng phai l i tinh cd m i n g l u nhien each day v i i chuc nim, nhQng phat hipn md Han d i u tien dang thdc thien ddng bao gdm p h I n Idn l i vu Rd r i n g dd l i ngdi md cda nhQng chidn binh Lien quan ddn Trung Quoc v i Vipt Nam, dl nhien khdng lien quan ddn sU chuyen hoan d i y die ddi vdi thuyet t h i n bi Mithra NhUng cd t h i chi cin sU hoan ddi cua mpt vii thu llnh phong kidn d l cho nhQng t h i n dan cda hp phai t u i n theo t l m gUdng cda be tren cho du chd y dd tdt hay xi'u Va lai, cac y nipm tdn giio mdi t h i m t h I u d i n d i n vio Dao giao, cung b i n g dUdng dd nen vipc thd Mithra da len ldi vio dao Thien chua thd ky III v i rV Chdng ta ddng quen r i n g nhQng thd ky d i u tien sau cdng nguyen l i thdi ky hoing kim cda chd nghla hda ddng, luc dd sU hon tap cda t h i n linh v i nQ t h i n cda nhQng tdn giao khac h l u nhU xui't hipn nhu l i mdt loai ly tudng cao sieu NhQng thQ m i ngUdi ta cd the ddi chidu giQa Trung Quoc v i Vipt Nam tren binh di$n v i n hda, se khdng t h i suy r i n g ngudi anh ludn l i ngUdi ban ting, cd luc ngudi n i y chi ddng trung gian, chinh d Vi$t Nam, ddn lUdt nd, lai thi thoang 17 ddng vai trd tUdng tU n i m giQa Cin Ddng v i Trung Qude Vi'n de li, rd r i n g nhQng y niem tdn giio thudng xuyen xui't hipn d C i n Ddng v i bd phia Ddng cda Dia Trung Hai, nen eIn phai nghien cdu cac ngudn tu lipu v i n khic Chung tdi coi dd nhu chdng cd cac ban kiem ke ve tang nghi cua md phIn phong each thien ddng, m i day v i n l i cau hdi ngd De n h i n thQc cac thiic td khao cd hpc, ngUdi ta khdng t h i tu giam minh nhQng d dia ly kin mit Cac vi'n de cin phai dupe nhin n h i n mdt vien canh toin clu v i moi quan hp dai dUdng v i luc dia, didu dd budc chung ta phai nhin n h i n v i suy ngSm n Nghien cQu kien true cda nhQng ngdi mp kieu thien ddng tai dd chung tdi da tim thi'y bing chdng ve y nipm tdn giio d i dupe truyen b i vio Vipt Nam vio cac the ky d i u trUdc v i sau cdng nguyen Chung tdi cdn phai khao sat cac dd dung tang le nhQng cdng trinh niy Tuy nhien, trUdc hdt chdng tdi tin ring cin phai dd cip den mdt chi tidt lien quan ddn qua trinh xiy diing Tai nhQng hd khai quit, chung tdi d i tiing lUu y ring nhin chung deu cd, doi vdi mdt hay nhQng nip md niy, mdt lUdng gach chit ddng hay it cdn bQc tudng bao, thi thoang cd kich thUdc nhd Ddng gach d day khdng cd bi't cd chdc ning sd dung quan trpng nio, trUdc tien chiing tdi d i cho r i n g ddn gian dd cd the de cip den vii vien gach nio dd chua dupe diing ddn v i chung v i n d i t nguyen tai cho Trong dd, each giai thich niy dudng nhU lai it cd cd sd vi nhQng vien gach ddi lai dUdc thay bing mdt khoi da vi, nhiing trUdng hdp khic, bde tudng phu lai dUdc xay diing mdt each cin t h i n nhi't 18 Chung tdi cung da dUa each ly giai theo trinh tU tdn giao Ra't thUdng thi'y nhQng cdng trinh ra't t l m thudng v i d i bi hu hai nhUng v i n dUdc sung bai bic n h i t Viy nen chung tdi da nhd lai r i n g Than Hecm6t [mdt mUdi hai vi t h i n tren dinh Olympia - ND] cua ngUdi Hy Lap tUdng tii nhu t h i n Mecquya (Mercure) cda ngudi La Ma, dUde bieu tUdng hda bing ddng da hay bing mpt tarn bia M i t khac, chung ta bidt r i n g mpt thien t h i n hay t h i n ban menh vdi nhQng tinh each gidng cua than Hy-La cdn dUdc siing kinh d Viet Nam mien Bic, ngUdi ta thi'y r i n g trUdc cudc chidn tranh cudi cung, gan cac chd hay d mdt vai nga tU nao dd, nhQng hdn da dung de kinh dang len mpt vi t h i n m i vi nay, nhu than Hecmd, la than hd menh cda thUdng nhan v i IQ khach phUdng xa NgUdi di chd mang theo tQ que hp mdt hdn da, rdi hp d i t tren gd ddng da cd sin Sau dd, hg thinh clu len "Ong Ddng" (Monsieur le Tas), clu xin sU che chd cua Ong Neu budn ban t h u i n ldi, thi dd la nhd xin an hup cda than, va de bao dap hg hda se dang len ri't nhieu ciing te nhU mat ong, banh trai hay nhUa hUdng hg trd ve Thii vi li, nhQng dd'ng di't hien d Viet Nam cdn dUdc gpi bing ten "Dd'ng da" (Tas de pierre) Them nQa, ket qua tQ nhQng hd khai q u i t m i Louis Malleret da cho dao d Oc Eo, Ddng Co Lac [Plaine des Jones hay Dong Thap Mudi - ND], (chiing tdi se ndi sau hdn), da phat hien nhQng Dd'ng da, diing de chd t i c dd vat vdi cung mdt n h i n thQc gid'ng Cudi cung, chung tdi xin lUu y r i n g than H6cmdt cung l i than canh cda Cho nen ngUdi ta cd the tu hdi l i lieu cd phai nhQng dd'ng gach hay dd'ng da d mpt d i u ngdi md cd dUdc dung nhu tUdng trUng cho mdt canh cda ddng kin khdng? Diia tren l u i n Rghien cdu Lich sd, s6 6.2009 diem nay, hay chu y den vi t h i n Hy-La ddi dupe the hien b i n g mpt t l m bia diing d vat tudng, mdt vii trUdng hdp nd thay cho nhQng ddng da TUdng tU nhU viy, nhQng ddng di't, cdn dUdc gpi l i "nhQng ddng da", hay cdn nguyen cho tdi t i n hdm nay, vat tUdng tim lai dUdc dUdi dang xay bit ldi vio ben - nd bao quanh ri't nhidu den dipn d Vipt Nam Mien Nam Vipt Nam, ngUdi ta thUdng thi'y nhQng Ddng da dUdc d i t trUdc Id'i vao den NhQng vien gach cac h i m md dUpc l i m b i n g di't dd nung Nhiing khao sat mdt vii vien n i o dd ma chung tdi tim thiy d Lim, chiing tdi da quan sat thi'y bd ria cd nhQng di'u vdt cda mdt Idp trat t r i n g tring cd le l i mdt loai sdn Thiic te d i xae minh truyen thdng Han, theo dd, nhQng ngdi mp xUa phai dUdc qudt t o i n mau t r i n g ben Cd le truyen thdng n i y die bipt dUpc ap dung cho nhQng ngdi md kilu thien ddng, bdi vi ngUdi ta da phat hipn d phia Nam Trung Qude cic cdng trinh loai niy, dd nhQng bQc tudng ben dUpc phd kin b i n g di't sdt, cd le dUdc trdn vdi caolanh (kaolin) NhUng ndu nhQng ngdi md dupe qu6t m i u tring, thi dd chi la mpt trudng hdp ngoai Ip, vi hipn tai ngUdi ta cd t h i trdng chd cd t h i tim thi'y dUdc nhQng di'u vet cua nd, cdn c h i t sdn da bi hdy hoai nhanh chdng rdi Ngudi ta cd the dUa hai cich ly giai, khdng bd qua each hay each ve each giai thich cua m i u t r i n g d phia ben cua nhQng cdng trinh loai dd Chdng tdi da thi'y trUdc day phdc hdp cda phong each md n i y lien quan m i t thidt vdi thuydt t h i n bl cua vung C i n Ddng v i Ddng HyLa Tai dd, m i u t r i n g mang gii tri cin ban l i bieu tUdng cua anh sang, sU sdng v i nhi't l i sU t h u l n khidt Va lai, quan nipm ve thuyet t h i n bi theo td nguyen Hy L^p Via Ram - Rga hf cbc tge ngugi bao h i m khai nipm khdng nhu ngudi ta v i n thUdng tin nd nhU dieu bl In, khdng he cd chiit di'u vdt nio Mpi tdn giao dUdc die trUng b i n g nhQng nghi le t i y trin Khai nipm t h u l n khidt n i y m i nhQng canh hoa sen hay hoa hue tay tUdng trUng cho nd, v i n cdn tdn cho ddn ngiy v i thi'y chiing vipc mic quIn ao mau t r i n g vio luc luan chuyen tQ cudc ddi n i y sang cudc ddi khac Khdng chi d Trung Qude m i ca d Vipt Nam, m i u t r i n g dUdc dung de ghi di'u sU di qua cua cudc sdng ndi t r i n the sang mdt sU tdn tai sau qua ddi Cach thQc gidng n i y cd d Hy Lap cho den t i n thdi ky lich sd Chung ta lUu y r i n g d phUdng Tay, m i u t r i n g cung l i m i u eda Le rda tdi, cda Le ban the khdi nguyen, cda hdn n h i n v i sau hdt l i cua cii ehdt TrUde den trUde Chua trdi v i cd t h i vio le ban t h i vdi Chua trdi, mdt nhQng n6t die sic nhi't cua thuydt t h i n bi la ngUdi q u i cd cin thidt phai dUdc thau rda sach ve t h i n the v i ve m i t tinh t h i n Day la mdt ly giai d i u tien vd vipc dung Idp qu6t m i u t r i n g ben md phln Chung tdi d i tQng ndi cd mdt sU ly giai khac Chung tdi da cho r i n g sU thay gd bing gach cd t h i n h i n thdc dd nhU l i mdt khoang ldi cda tin ngUdng ddi vdi nguyen ly Am v i DUOng ThUc td li, vipc sd dung gach di't nung n h i m tich nguyen tdAm v i giai phdng cai nguyen td DUOng cua chdng Tdi pham thUdng n i y gay khd chiu cho nhQng ngUdi tren thiic td h i y cdn trung t h i n h vdi niem tin td't Iinh cua nhQng sQc manh ddi nghich ke Cd t h i viy nen ngudi ta da tim each trung hda cac tac ddng tieu cue cua c h i t ket hdp vdi yeu tdAm Vdi vipc dung nhQng chide trUdng miu tring, phdt len di't sdt t r i n g hay mdt bde tranh t r i n g ddn gian cd t h i mang lai tie dung 19 cho nd Va lai, chung tdi cd chQng cQ khac chi r i n g ngUdi ta da tim each tranh trUdng hdp lUdng nan Ge dilemme) cua nhQng y niem tdn giao trai ngUdc bing mdt sU thda hiep n h i m muc dich trung hda, nhQng ngdi md bing gach, yeu td Am bing each d i n vio mdt vai yeu td Duong bd trd Viy cd phai ngUdi ta d i nghi quan niem gin cho ngdi md nhQng dang thQc trung gian giQa dang thdc cu, chi chuyen sd dung go nhU loai vat lieu xay dung, vdi dang thQc mdi die trUng bing each dung gach hay khdng Qua cac hd khai q u i t m i chung tdi d i tien h i n h da cho thi'y nhQng nhan thQc tdn giio mdi phai dUdc t h i m thi'u dan din, It cdn d i n den cic thda hipp khac sd nhQng khai nipm trai ngUdc Dieu niy ching cd gi dang ngac nhien neu ngUdi ta thiic sU mudn nhd lai r i n g nhQng the ky trUdc v i sau cdng nguyen, nhU chung tdi d i ndi, l i thdi ky dung hdp tdn giao, vi hipn tUpng niy, cung nhU mgi thQ dat tdi niem tin vio nd, cin phai dUdc phd bien mdt each ddng thdi d ca hai ciic [phUdng Ddng vi phUdng Tay - ND] cua the gidi cd xUa Bing nghien cUu so sanh, chiing tdi lUu y ring Cdngtingtin dai de, quy theo dao Thien chiia, khdng phai la khdng tiep tuc dang dd hien sinh len cac ta thin Va, nhQng bQc tranh dUdc phat hien d nhQng h i m mp cua ngUdi La M i cung d i chi sU pha trdn k h i ngac nhien cua nhQng md thQc dao Thien chiia v i t i dao Phln Idn nhQng ngdi mp dang thQc thien ddng m i chung tdi da chi cd dUdng h i m nhi't, ben phd bien nhi't dUdc chia t h i n h ngin (d), dUdc each ly bing cac vdm bing gach giQa cd gian td dung dl quan t i i bing da va mdt vii 20 tang Gian n i y l i gian Idn nhi't, d hai ben cua nd, moi ben l i mpt ngin Ndu ngUdi ta khdng sd bi't kinh, mdt n g i n cd t h i gpi l i "gac-ming-gie" (garde-manger), dd, ngUdi ta d i t nhQng binh diing thdc i n v i dd udng m i ngUdi chet cd t h i dung ddn, cdn ngin cdn lai viec sd dung cda nd lai chUa rd ring H i m mp nhin chung cd kich thdc gidng nhau, d dd cdn l i ndi tich trQ dd i n thdc udng, nhUng ddi hdi cao ei'p hdn, dupe xay b i n g mdt sU c h i m chut rieng v i p h l n Idn de trdng Hdn het la thi thoang chdng tdi tim thi'y mpt hay hai chide vd v i cdn nhieu vd nhd b i n g di't nung Chung tdi gia dinh r i n g nhQng dd v i t de gian n i y dupe lam b i n g chi't lipu hQu cd nhU go v i dl nhien nd khdng the chdng chpi dUdc vdi thdi gian v i tdn cho den t i n ngiy Tuy nhien, vi'n de khdng dang dl chung tdi phai suy nghi, vi hipn nay, mdt sU tinh cd da cho chung tdi mdt sU giai thich Id gleh phat Id mdt md tang hay cdn nguyen trang td nd dUdc diy n i p kin d i gin 20 t h e k y qua Dudi h i m md n i y (Lach TrUdng, Thanh Hda), mdt khdng gian nhd dang hinh vudng, di vio ben cda gian thd ba, chung tdi d i phat hipn nhQng hipn v i t sau: ddn Idng b i n g ddng v i vd bing di't nung m i u tring, cac gian cdn lai da tim thi'y hai vd b i n g di't nung m i u t r i n g tUdng tu Hai binh thidu n i p hdi nghieng ve Chiing cd ve dUdc d i t tren mdt be hinh vudng, ddng tren chin Cung vdi thdi gian, be, da bi bien dang, cd le d i bi s i p v i ngUdi ta ly giai r i n g tU the da bi nghieng d vi tri dd d i tiing cd cac hipn v i t chdng tdi p h i t hipn chiing Hai chide vd n i y cd dang hinh tru, cung kieu m i nhQng chide binh ngUdi ta thudng ngiy v i n de tren b i n thd va dUpc sd dung nhu bat hUdng, nhQng cii m i hipn Rghien ciiru Lich sd sg 6.2009 ngUdi ta ddi v i n l i m b i n g go qu6t sdn Thiic te l i , nhQng chide binh thidu nip day, va lai ed ve nhU nd cdng cd cho gia thuyet cda chdng tdi r i n g vi'n de l i d bat hUdng Duong nhien ngUdi ta mudn thay the b i n g go, nguyen to DUOng, nhUng chit lipu n i y d l bi pha huy, nen vipc dung gdm cd cdng hdn nhUng lai mang yeu td Am TrUdng hdp n i y khdng phai l i nhit, nd da chi rd r i n g ngUdi ta khdng cdn thiic sii tin tudng ve cdng dung td't cda hai nguyen td trai ngUde nQa Trong dd, phat hipn cdn cho chung tdi nghi ring nhQng gian gid'ng ddng vai trd nhU gian thd hay chinh dien v i ngUdi ta de d dd nhQng dd v i t thd cung b i n g go Tuc thd cdng dl nhien hUdng vpng ddn t h i n linh (esprit) v i linh hdn (ame) eda ngUdi qua cd Dieu chung tdi mudn ndi la: esprit vi dme, theo nhQng quan niem Han - Vipt, eon ngUdi cd ca hai tU nhien phi vit t h i (nature immat^rielle): mdt l i t h i n - {esprit-souffle) (10) v i mdt linh hdn dUpc gpi l i cda mau (une ame dite de sang) (11) Sau ehdt, theo quan nipm niy, t h i n trd t h i n h t h i n thanh, mdt ban the cao sieu, se phu hd cho cac chau cda nd vi bao vp cdng vipc cda hp Day l i ngudn gdc cda thd cdng td tien Cdn doi vdi linh hdn cda m i u , sau mdt thdi gian se tai sinh dUdi dang cua mdt cudc sdng Id md v i tam thdi, rd't cudc t i t lim Y nipm da chi cho ehdng tdi ngUpc ve cac thdi ky sd khdi, cd t h i xui't hipn d quan nipm d i u tien kha la lung Ndu ngUdi ta suy nghi ddn thi nd khdng khdi lim chung tdi sdng sdt vi ngUdi ta tim thi'y d phUdng Tay nhQng y nipm kha tUdng ddng ThUc td l i , tieng An - Au sd dung hai khai niem khac h i n d l khic hpa tii nhien phi v i t t h i Tieng Phap cd td: esprit v i dme; La Tinh li: spiritus v i anima,}iy V i a R a m - R g a hr c a c tqc ngirdi L a p : pneuma va psyche Dd k h d n g p h a i la nhQng k h a i n i e m dong n g h i a v i dd ngudi ta p h a i t h d a n h a n It r a ve m i t khdi t h u y chiing da didn ta cac k h a i l u a n c h u y e n biet Vay n e n c h a n g cd t h e ndi r i n g t h i n linh (esprit) Qng vdi t h a n - k h i (espritsouffle) va l i n h hdn (ame) tUdng Qng vdi h u y e t linh {dme de sang) nhU c h u n g tdi da ndi d t r e n ? T r o n g mpi trUdng hdp, sU vat deu hQu t h i D u a vao tQ n g u y e n , chiing tdi biet tai tQ esprit de ndi den p h a n cdt yeu va h i u n h u b i t diet ve b a n chi't (nature) sieu h i n h eda ngUdi Spriritus cd nghia la hdi thd (souffle) h a y hd h a p (respiration), ngUdi xUa coi dd n h u n g u y e n k h i (principe vital) Khi sil hd h a p ngQng, ngUdi se ehdt NhUng hdi thd cdn tri mdt sii tdn tai doc l a p va t r d t h a n h t h a n l i n h ( e s p r i t ) h a y b a n - t h a n , t d - t h i n NhU c h u n g tdi da ndi, y t u d n g n i y diia t r e n cd sd 21 thd cung ddng hp va thd c u n g td tien, ca hai deu cd m i t d t h a n h phd' cd xUa cua Hy Lap cung n h u chinh t r o n g L i n g - Nudc cua Viet Nam Neu t h i n linh (esprit) cd the dUOc nhin n h a n nhU phdi phinh to ra, thi hnh hon (ame) n h u la sU rdi loan cua bg dc: giac md, bdng dem, hinh a n h p h a n chieu qua ddng nUdc v i t hay qua tam gUOng Ddi vdi ngUdi Hy Lap, dd chi la nhQng tam mang da bi vQt bo Con ngUdi cd the sd'ng m i khdng cd phan tu nhien cua nd Chang cd nguyen nao lai khdng chiu thd thach Cung nhU dme, ddi vdi cugc sd'ng sau chet (vie posthume), phai chang nd thiic sU khdng quan trgng nhU esprit TUdng tii nhU d Viet Nam, linh hdn (ame) "chap chdn" (voltige) thdi gian nao dd xung q u a n h ngUdi q u i cd' rdi rd't cugc tu tan bien Psyche tieng Hy Lap tUdng Qng vdi tQ tieng P h a p la dme, cung cd nghla n h u 'papillon' (Cdn nUa) CHU THICH Trong khuon kho cua mot bai dich, cac tranh, ban minh hoa se khong gi6i thieu b^i nay; nhan day, ngiJOi dich xin chan cam dn PGS.TS Nguyin Thira Hy (Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi) da giiip hieu chinh mot so'thuSt ngii (1) Trong cac hoc gia DUc, Ao thuoc nhom Vien nen ke t6i Heine Geldern ngUdi co nhieu c6ng trinh nghien cUu dan toe hoc va khao co ve Dong Nam A Ten VSn hoa Dong Sdn la ong de nghi Nhung ong lai chu trUdng nguon goc tro'ng dong la Au Tay qua trung gian giong Nguyet Chi Tochardens hay Tocharian, Tokharian, Tokharoi tam goi la Tokha ND chu (2) C6 le nen van minh co tii xa xUa nha't thcfi co dai: chi bdng nhQng cuoc khai quSt khao CO hoc m6i c6 the giiip chiing ta van giai chu de (3) Indo-scythes la mot nhanh Saces (Scythes, Sakas) An - Au di cU til Nam Siberi den Bactriane (Bactrian), Sogdiane (Sodian), KasOmia, Arasosi va An Do tCt giiia the ky II TCN de'n I TCN ND (4) La Chersonese d'Or dUOc ghi Geographie cua Protdmde (90-168 SCN), mpt so nha nghien ciiu cho ring co le tUdng Ung vdi ban dao Ma Lai va Sumatra (Indonexia) TU Chersone bat nguon tiJ tieng Hy Lap co dai (Khersonesos: ghdp tir Khcrsos: dat lien, nesos: dao) TU Chersonese d'or co nhieu thay doi: vi nhu Suvarnadvipa - dao vang tieng Sanskit (dUdc ghi Ramayana) viet khoang the ky III TCN de'n III SCN, co le de mo ta Sumatra Suvarnabhumi - da't vang, dugc biet de'n Kinh Phat khoang the ky III TCN va VI SCN, CO le de chi Dong Nam A hai dao; Km Kinlin (chi Dong Nam A) hay kim • ^ vang ND (Xem tiO'p trang 74) Rghi&n cmi Lich sd stf 6.2009 74 CHU THtCH (1) Paul Doumer NgUdi Phdp vd nhiing cdy cdu bang thep d Ddng DiiOng (NguySn Vfin TrUctng dich) T^p chl Vdn ngh4 qudn d^i, sd - 2008; Paul Doumer C^du Long Bien qua hdi ky Todn quyin Ddng Diicfng Paul Doumer (Nguyin V&n TrUcmg dich) T?p cUXiia&Nay so 313-2008 (2) L'Indo-Chine Francaise (Souvenirs), Paul Doumer, Paris, Vuibert & Nony, 1903, pp 352 -359 (3) L'Indo-chine Francaise (Souvenirs), Paul Doumer, Paris, Vuibert & Nony, 1903, pp 352-359 (4) L'Indxxhine Francaise (Souvenirs) Paul Doumer, Paris, Vuibert & Nony, 1903, pp 352-359 (5) Sii ki^n tranh chifp giiJa Anh v4 Phap, t ^ chau Phi, ngJiy 4-11-1898 Anh trao toi hftu thu bupc Phfip phai nit khoi Fachoda (ng&y U Kodok d Soudan) (6) Alfred Dreyfus - ngUdi Do thai, dai iiy tinh bao Phap bj vu cdo l&m gifin di$p cho nU6c ngoii, bi ke't an chung thfin cim co (1894) Nfim 1898, Lidn doin Nhfin quyin ducjc thinh lip dl diing benh vi^c cho Dreyfus, yeu cfiu xil lai ban 6n Nftm 1899, toi an xii phiic th^m, giam xuong 10 nim Nim 1906, toi da tuyen bo tring an Dreyfus dU(Jc tha bong, sau dU(Jc phi^c h6i danh di^, thing quan him thi^u td v i fin thUcing hufin chuong Bic d^u b9i tinh (hang nim) Vyi an k6o dii tir chung thfin d^n vo t6i da n6i len sU y^u k6m, thifi^u minh bach cua nin tu phdp, bpc I9 sii khiing hoang n^i bp ciia chfnh gidi Phdp VIET NAM - NGA Tlf CAC TOC NGUOl (Tiep theo trang 21) (5) Yue-zhi hay Yue-tche, thu$c ngii h^ An - Au (?), ph6 biin cdc vin ban Trung Qu6c ND (6) Pont-Euxin hay Pontes Euxinos: Biin Den Tii diu t h i ky XIII din giOa XV phin Wn ngudi Pontiques da din djnh cii cl trung tSm d l chl Hy Lap Tr6bizone, h^u du$ ciia D l chl Byzantin ND (9) Lien quan dl^n Am DUdng, Tii tUiJng, Bdt qudi: H fl: dUdng nam (Thdi Duong); PS B : dm nam (Thilu Dudng); j^g ic: dUdng nO (Thilu Am); Pt ic: dm niJ (Thdi Am) ND (7) Das Tochererproblem und die Pontische Wanderung, Sacculum, Vol 2.2, Vien, 1951 (10) L'esprit ( # : thin); le souffle (H: khO; I'essence (ffl: tinh) ND (8) NgUdi Pontique (Vudng quoc Pont) h i u du§ ciia hell6nophones, song dpc Biin Den (Pont- (11) Dan gian thUdng n6i din hdn (khi) - phdch (huyi't): hon sieu - phdch l^c ND Euxin) xUa ND ... thifi^u minh bach cua nin tu phdp, bpc I9 sii khiing hoang n^i bp ciia chfnh gidi Phdp VIET NAM - NGA Tlf CAC TOC NGUOl (Tiep theo trang 21) (5) Yue-zhi hay Yue-tche, thu$c ngii h^ An - Au (?),... v i n minh Vipt Nam, dd chinh l i thuyet t h i n bi mang tinh chi't tdn giao - nd die trUng cho nhiing cU dan d viing niy Nghien ciiu cac vi'n de lien quan den ngudn gd'c v i n minh Viet Nam se... den khdng chi v i n minh Viet Nam m i eon tdi ca cU dan mien thUdng, nhiing ngUdi hien dang sdng d phia Tay Bic Trung Qud'c v i d phan Idn Ddng Nam chau A Ca ba thdi ky v i n minh tren deu se dUdc