Bài viết nghiên cứu hệ thống chợ làng ở Thừa Thiên Huế dưới thời chúa Nguyễn, bổ sung các mặt hàng cần thiết cho địa phương, tạo nên một sự liên kết chặt chẽ các thị trường phân tán nhờ vai trò thu hút, điều tiết nguồn hàng nội, ngoại thương của phố cảng Thành Hà – Chợ Dinh, đáp ứng nhu cầu cho vùng đô phủ Đàng trong.
HE T H O N G C H d Dl/CH L A N G THCfl 6* T H U A C H U A T H I E N H U E N G U Y E N TRUONG THI THU THAO* T h d a Thien Hue ciing nhu viing toan thu nUdc d ben hiiu, vqt liic thinh Thuan Hoa thUc sii chuyen minh va giau" (1) da khdng nhiing dUdc chua co budc phat trien nhanh chong bat ciiu td Nguyen Phuc Tran chon lam thu phu (1687 Nguyin Hoang vao tran thu, xay dung - 1712) ma cdn trd Dd (1744) cd sd cat cii cho dong ho minh d Dang dudi thdi chua Nguyen Phuc Khcat Cung vdi viec dd thi hoa dan tdng budc, Trdng vao nam 1558 Tii do, viing dat viia la ndi lam cau nd'i de tien hanh tiep tuc bien Hue dat De dd, cac chua cac cuoc di dan met rong lanh tho ve phia Nguyin da sdc day manh cdng tac khai Nam, vda la ndi xay diing tiem liic de thUc thac Thuan Hda (td sau nam 1570 la hien dUdng loi doc lap, tu chu, tach khoi sU Thuan Quang) mdt each quy md bang cac phu thuoc vao Dang Ngoai vua Le chua chinh sach cai t r i tUdng dd'i rdng rai, thue' Trinh cai quan Tren cd sd nen sd nghiep khoa nhe nhang de vd yen mudn dan, thu cua Nguyin Hoang, tiem liic moi mat cua phuc long ngUdi, thu hut hien tai va dac biet Thuan Hoa nhanh chong dUdc tang cUdng la sdc lac ddng de tien hanh khai hoang, lap bit dau td chua Nguyin Phuc Nguyen, trai lang Rat nhieu lang xa d Thda Thien Hue qua cac ddi ke tiep, nghiep chua cang dUdc lap, phat trien vao nda sau the dUdc cung co', sau ben goc re tren manh dat ky XVI - XVII Hien tUdng tach lap lang mdi Thda Thien vdi sU ldn manh va lan ludt tren cd sd lang cii dien kha phd bien tai thay the' cda cac dd phu: Phudc Yen cac vung ddng bang, gd ddi, ven bien, ddm (1626 - 1636), Kim Long (1636 - 1687), Bac pha Thda Thien Hue Nda sau the ky XVIII, Vong (1712 - 1738); dac biet, vung dat Phu can cd vao sd' sach cda ho Nguyin, Le Quy Xuan nhd cd cai the: "Ddt rong bdng nhw Ddn cho biet: Thda Thien Hue' bay gid gdm bdn tay, hdn 10 dam, d la Chinh ba huyen HUdng Tra, Phd Vang, Quang dinh, ddt cao, boh bi diu thap, tdc la cho Dien thudc phd Trieu Phong cd 23 tdng, 234 noi bat d giiCa ddt bang ngoi vi can (Tay xa, 23 thon, 77 phUdng, giap, chau, Bac), hUdng ton (Dong Nam), diia sach (2); dd, vao thdi Mac, theo sd' ngang song ddt, xuong ben song; lieu thd'ng ke cua DUdng Van An, Thda ddng triedc Id quan sdn, chdu vi la liet, Thien Hue chi cd 180 lang xa ' Khoa Lich sU - TrUOng Dai hoc Sa pham Hue 28 Nhd chinh sach khai hoang, md rong dien tich canh tac, kinh te nong nghiep Thda Thien Hue da phat trien nhanh chong Le Quy Don cho biet, tren canh dong Dang Trong, nhan dan da cay den 26 giong Ida nep va 23 giong Ida te, nhieu loai Ida vda cay dUdc d ruong nU6c ngot vda cay dUdc d ruong nU6c man Viec khai thac cac thd lam thuy hai san ciing dUdc day manh the hien qua cac khoan thue dau nguon, thue danh ca, thue mam muoi Ben canh do, cac chua Nguyen thi hanh chinh sach khuyen khich cong thUdng nghiep phat trien de dap dng mdi nhu cau trcng xd Le Quy Don da ghi lai dUdc hoat dong cua kha nhieu lang nghe, phat trien nhat vin la nghe det vai (Sdn Dien, DUdng Xuan, Van Xuan, Ddng Di, DUdng No, Quan Ld ), luyen ren sit (Vong Tri, An Luu, Phd Bai, Hien LUdng), due ddng d DUdng Xuan (PhUdng Ddc), keo day thau, day thep Mau Tai, det chieu lac Phu Trach, lam giay trung va tieu d D6'c Sd, giay vuong d Vinh XUdng, nghe lam non mong nho, tinh te d x6m Tam giap thUdng xa Trieu Sdn va nghe lam mui thuyen, mui kieu, bde ve Da Le (3) Ngoai cac nghe thu cong dan gian phat trien va phd bien khip ndi vdi tu each la nghe phu kinh te lang xa, chua Nguyen cho md cac cong xUdng dd nha nUdc td chdc va quan ly goi la ty hay doi, quy tu, phat trien chung quanh phu Kim Long - Phd Xuan Su phat trien cua nong nghiep va thd cong nghiep ciing chinh sach doi ngoai coi md, sin sang mdi goi thUdng nhan nUdc ngoai den dau tu budn ban cua cac chua Nguyen da giup cho ndi va ngoai thUdng Thda Thien Hue cd budc tien dang ke, hinh nen phd' cang Thanh Ha, hoat ddng nhdn nhip vao the ky XVII - XVIII Nhiing chuyen bien quan tren day cua kinh te - xa hdi da tac ddng manh me de'n qua Rghien curu Lich six, so" 12.2010 trinh phat trien cua mang ludi chd lang Thda Thien Hue Tai lieu chinh sd viet ve thdi chua Nguyen chu yeu gdm hai tac pham: Phu bien tap luc cda Le Quy Ddn va Bai Nam thUc luc (phan tien bien) cua Qudc sd quan trieu Nguyin Trong dd, Bai Nam thiic luc tien bien thien ve mat chinh tri, ghi chep sU nghiep cua chin chua Nguyen theo the bien nien; cdn Phu bien tap luc la tac pham mang tinh tdng luan de cap den nhieu mat cua xd Thuan Quang, dang tiec la thdng tin ve cac chd d Thda Thien Hue' qua it, chi giup chdng ta xac dinh dUdc hai chd ldn cua kinh la chd Dinh Xuan DUdng, chd Phd Xuan va phd Thanh Ha (4) Dang chd y la tac pham Hoang Viet nhdt thdng dii dia chi cua Le Quang Dinh viet nam Gia Long thd (1806), phan ghi chep ve cac dUdng thuy, bd d Thda Thien Hue hien thdi da cd nhac de'n kha nhieu chd kem theo mdt sd' md ta nhd; dac biet, tac gia cd nhan manh de'n mdt chd mdi dUdc lap: chd Vinh An "Chet dong vao budi trUa, ngudi dia phiidng cho biet ngdy xita day khdng cd chd, chd tdng ddc Cd Tai mdi lap nen tuc goi la chd Mdi Ong Cd" (5) Qua dd, chdng td tac gia da cd sU tim hieu va phan biet giQa chd cii va mdi, dieu che phep chung ta nhan dinh rang: cac chd khac, nhat la cac chd cd quan xa da dUdc hinh td cac the ky trUdc Tren cd sd dd, chung tdi ket hdp vdi ngudn tU lieu dien da va dUa tren mdt sd tU lieu khac de luan chdng ve sU ton tai cua cac chd lang vao thdi ky Cha lang d huyen Huang Trd Hudng Tra vdi ddng sdng HUdng thd mong da san sinh hai vung dat cd the "nui song tdt dep": Kim Long va Phu Xuan, vinh du dUdc chon lam ndi ddng dd dudi thdi cac chua Nguyen I?e thong chg lang d Thira Thien T?ue Sau ddi thu phu vao dong d Kim Ldng (1636), cung v6i viec xay dung phan do, chua Nguyen Phuc Lan cho lap khu ph6' cang Thanh Ha, each phu hdn 5km (6) Hoat dong thUdng mai cda khu pho' cang chu yeu nam tay cua nhiing thUdng nhan Hda kieu, dam nhiem ca hai vai tre: noi va ngoai thUdng, la dau mdi thUdng nghiep cho cac chd d dia phUdng Trdng thUdng cang Thanh Ha phat trien manh thi phan dUdc chuyen ve Phd Xuan Sau hai lan ddi dung, Phu Xuan td vai tro la thd phd (1687 - 1712) dUdc nang len thanh vao nam 1744 Theo do, hai to va thi phat trien hoan chinh hdn Kim Ldng v6i sU xuat hien them chd Dinh va chd Phu Xuan d kinh thanh, phuc vu trUc tiep cho nhu cau ddi sd'ng cua cung phu, binh linh noi Dien mao cua khu thi dUdc Le Quy Don mo ta nhu sau: "Tie nam Dinh Mao Chinh Hda thii de'n chi 90 nam, md d tren thi cdc phu thd d Kim Long, giiea thi cung phu hanh lang, diidi thi nha cda d Phu Ao a thUdng lUu ve bd Nam cd phu Dtiting Xuan vd phu Cam dthUdng liiu vd hq lUu Chinh dinh deu Id nhd quan bay hang nhU ban cd Nhiing nha cua thuy quan lqi d ddi ngan XUdng thuyen vd kho ' thdc thi cdc xa Ha Khe, Tho Khiidng, tren thUOng liiu Cdn nhd vUdn cua cdc cdng hau quyen quy thi chia bay d hai bd phia thUOng litu sdng Phu Xuan, ciing hai bd sdng ben hieu phu Cam O thUdng lieu hq liiu phia triidc Chinh dinh thi chq phd lien nhau, diidng cdi di d giiCa, nha cda chia khoang tiep nhau, deu la mdi ngoi Cay to bdng mdt, td hiiu hang Thuyen budn bdn, dd doc ngang, di lqi nhii mac cdi" (7) NhU vay, bao quanh cung phd trung tam la cac phu de, cac nha xUdng, nha quan, nha khd , dd la cd sd che cac chd 29 ven hinh hoac tiep tuc phat trien tren cd sd chd cii nhU: chd Phu Cam, chd Dudng Xuan, chd Thien Lde, chd Kim Long, chd Xuan Hoa, chd Ldng Hd, chd Xudc Dii (8) Trong dd, chd Phd Cam n i m d bd ben trai sdng Phu Cam, ndi cd nha vUdn cua cac cdng h i u quy tdc toa lac d hai ben bd sdng va cd phUdng lam nghe det hang td d phia sau lung (9) Chd DUdng Xuan thudc dia phan xa DUdng Xuan, tdng Vy Da - ndi ddng phu de cua hai the' td dUdc xay dung td chua len ngdi chua la: Nguyin Phuc Chu d Cd Ta Binh, Nguyin Phuc Khcat d Cd Tien Due (10) va dUdc nang cap phd DUdng Xuan dudi thdi Nguyen Phuc Khcat Ngcai ra, DUdng Xuan cdn la mdt ba ap cd ddi thd det chuyen nghiep: "Ve dia phan ba xa Sdn Dien, DUdng Xuan, Van Xuan, chia lam ba dp, moi dp 10 nha, mdi nha 15 thd det" va dac biet, day la ndi chua Nguyin Phuc Lan (1636 - 1648) chon dS.t phUdng due: "Cd phUdng due d bd nam sdng Phu Xuan, deu la ngUdi kieu ngu d ldn, cung biet due sung ddng vd vac, chao, noi, xanh, cdy den, cay nen, moi vat" (11) Nghe due d day da dUdc Dang Huy Tru" cam tac bai thd Diidng Xuan due ddng Dd la nhiing dieu kien cho chd DUdng Xuan (cung nhu cac chd ven do) ddi nhlm phuc vu nhu ciu cua cac vUdng phu, binh linh, thd thu cdng cung nhU dan chung sinh sd'ng ddng due d khu vUc cin kinh Chd Thien Lde d phia lUu Chinh Dinh ve bd Nam - ndi sdng HUdng re nhanh sdng Thien Lde (tdc sdng Nhu Y) Chd cd ten tuc la chd Ao Tdi, xung quanh khu vUc cd nha thuy quan va cdng xUdng ddng Chd Kim Long cd le ddi vad thdi ky Kim Long cdn la thu phu (12), sau thu phu chuyen xudng Phu Xuan, chd Kim Long trd chd ven dd Kim Long, Xuan Hda, Long Hd, Xudc Dii la cac lang n i m d thUdng lUu sdng Phd Xuan, dan cU kha tru 30 mat, cung la vung dUdc chon lam ndi dong phu de cua cong hau Nam 1806, cac chd da co dien mao kha sara ua't: "Chd Kim Long, quan xd chd rat kien cd Qudc hoc dudng vd Mieu Van Thanh thuoc dia phan xa Long Ho Cdch 142 tam, de'n chd Long Ho, hai ben chd Id quan xd rat dong due 210 tam de'n chd Khe Xudc, tuc goi chd Ben Nay, chd ddng vao luc chieu tdi, chung quanh cd quan xd" (13) Viec chuyen Van Mieu tit Ludng Quan ve Long Ho vao nam 1770 va xay dung Quoc hoc dudng cung da cd tac dong nhat dinh den qua trinh hinh va phat trien cua chd Long Ho va chd Xudc Du (14) Mat khac, tap Giap Ngo nien binh nam dd (1774), chd Xudc cung dUdc ghi danh d toa (6.B) (15) Khac v6i cac chd tren, chd Xuan Hoa khong dUdc sd sach de cap den nhUng thee tU lieu dia phUdng, ban Khoan Udc cua ldng lap nam Canh Thinh (1797) co noi den viec lap lai chd: "Vd dia gidi ta, tii tien gian khai khan deu nhd cdng ddc td tdng diing dat; dinh dUdng dd chd Phi todi may thu an lqc, nao ngd mot cudc nhieu nhildng Vay khien nen thi dd tan lUu (chd tan mdt), them nan mdt mua ddi kem xdy de'n Nay mitng thay phong cUdng binh dinh, khap ndi vui ve, yen on thay kho tang chon cu, at vay dd chd ddu xiia Do ddu lo triidc, chd cung toan sau " (16) Nhu vay, chd Xuan Hoa phai dUdc lap trudc nam 1774 la nam quan Trinh vao danh chiem Phd Xuan gay "mot cuoc nhilu nhUdng" Dieu de cung chdng td rang chd Xuan Hoa da ton tai vao thdi chua Nguyen nhu cac chd ven de ke tren tdc la vac khoang the ky XVII - XVIII Ngoai ra, d HUdng Tra cdn cd cac chd khac nhU: chd Bang Lang, chd Thai Dudng Rghien ciru Lich stir, so' 12.2010 - Chd Bang Lang: Td chd Xudc di thuyen theo sdng Hudng khoang km de'n nga ba Dd Tuan - ndi hai sdng Ta Trach va Hdu Trach hdp luu sdng HUdng, phia ben trai la chd Bang Lang, tuc danh chd Tuan Dudi thdi chua Nguyin, d day cd dat sd tuan de thu thue: "Tuan Tam Ky hang nam tien thue 132 quan" (17) Chd Bang Lang la chd dau ngudn, ndi ddng vai trd giao thUdng, trao dd'i cac san pham hang hda giua mien xudi va mien ngUdc PhUdng thdc trao dd'i hda vat vdi dan mien ndi dUdc Le Quy Ddn ghi lai nhu sau: "Ngudn Td Trach di qua cdc phiidng xa An Ninh, Kim Ngoc, Diidng Lang, la dan thiidng Tii day ma len diu la nui riing ldn, di hai ngdy diidng de'n sach Lang NUdc cua ngiidi Man diidi, roi de'n sach Ha Van, phUdng Hd Lqc, phubng Ma Ra, doc diidng cdc ldi budn dem cdc thd muoi, mam, trdu, dd nong cu, la ddi lay cdc thii may sat, mdy trang, sap ong, mat ong Ngudn Hiiu Trach di qua phiidng An Binh la md md tien nhdn ho Nguyen d day Phubng Cay Bong trd len diu la nui riing ldn , ldi budn khdng de'n dUdc, chi den mua bdn d xii Bai Dinh Cay Bong thdi Cdc dan Man ciing thudng de'n day ddi chdc hda vat, cung nhii d ngudn Td Trach Dai khdi ddn Man luc thUdng le tiet hay diing trdu ldn ciing Id la, ddng, cdc vat dy bdn chay lam" (18) Ngoai cac loai lam san, chd Tuan cdn ndi tie'ng vdi che Tuan, mit nai cua lang Kim Ngoc, Bde Mdn , lai budn thUdng chu yeu mua cac ldai mang ve xudi - Chd Thai DUdng: thudc dia phan lang Thai Dudng Ha, la chd Thuan An, each cda Eo khoang gan km ve phia Nam (19) Do b vao vi the xung yeu, gan cda bien va la ndi sdng HUdng dd' pha Tam Giang, lang Thai DUdng da trd nga ba giao diem cua cac ludng giao thdng thUdng mai theo dUdng bien vae cda Ec hay theo dd doc Tie thong cha long Thira Thien r?ue tii hai phia nam bic pha Tam Giang tu hoi ve day trudc ngUdc song HUdng len vung kinh ky va ngUdc lai Do la yeu to' khach quan thuan ldi dUa de'n sU ddi cua chd lang Thai DUdng nham dap dng nhu ciu cda cU dan chu yeu lay ngU nghiep lam ke' sinh nhai Dau the ky XIX, chd Thai DUdng da la mot chd ldn, dong ca sdm chieu, quan xa tru mat (20), dd chic han la he qua cua thdi ky hoat ddng thUdng mai nhdn nhip vao theky XVII - XVIII Cha ldng d huyen Quang Dien Huyen Quang Dien vdi ddng sdng Bd udh khdc d phan lUu da hai lan dUdc cac chua Nguyen chon lam dat ddng thu phd: Phudc Yen (1626 - 1636) va Bac Vong (1712 - 1738) (21) Hai thu phd each khoang chdng km, doc theo phan luu sdng Bd, nim gida vung ddng bing dUdc xem la mau md nhat cua Thda Thien Hue, nhu Dudng Van An da tdng ca ngdi: " ddng noi xanh tiidi, xdm thon trii mat, chq no cdu kia, ngiibi sang vat quy deu toa lqc d hai bb nam bac" (22) Tuy chi ton tai thdi gian ngln so vdi cac thd phu khac d Thda Thien Hue' nhung day v i n la ndi ddng ly sd cua chua, tdi thieu phai cd cac cdng trinh phuc vu cho chinh quyen va quan ddi bao ve vUdng phu, ndi cU tru cua chua, cac than vUdng, quan lai cao cap va di nhien phai cd cac chd The nhUng, cac tai lieu dia chi thdi Nguyen deu khdng de cap de'n sU ten tai cua cac chd d Phudc Yen (23) va Bac Vong, cd le luc bay gid chi cd cac chd can phu nhU: Thanh Ke, Hudng Can, Van Xa, Ha Lang Phu Phudc Yen n i m giiia hai chd Thanh Ke va HUdng Cin Di thuyen theo sdng Bd xud'ng nga ba Hong Phudc, vi tri nhu sau: "950 tam, ben trdi td day di xud'ng deu cd ddn cii vd ddt khd, ben phdi cd chq Thanh LUdng, ten cu la chq Thanh Ke, chq ddng 31 vao budi triia 900 tam (gin km), ben trdi cd phu cu PhUdc Yen 1525 tam (hdn km), hai ben deu cd dan cU vd ddt khd, ben phdi cd chd Huang Cdn, chq ddng vao budi sdng" (24) - Chq Thanh Ke: vao thdi chua Nguyen thudc xa Thanh Ke, td'ng Ha Lang Qua doan trich: "chq Thanh Lu'dng, ten cu la chd Thanh Ke" chdng td r i n g chd da cd td kha lau trUdc nam 1806 Ben canh dd, chd Thanh Ke chi each phd Phudc Yen khoang chdng km (nhUng d phia dd'i ngan) va sU ton tai cua be'n dd Phudc Yen dUa ngang qua dia phan xa Thanh LUdng (25) da cho thay chd Thanh Ke khdng chi la ndi trad ddi, mua ban giQa cU dan Thanh Ke vdi cac lang lan can ma cdn la ndi cung cap chu yeu cac mat hang phuc vu cho nhu ciu cudc sd'ng cda chua Nguyen va cac ting ldp quan lai, binh linh d phd Phudc Yen Qua dd, chdng tdi cho ring, cd the chd Thanh Ke da hien dien vao khoang d i u the ky XVII - Chd Hiidng Cdn: thudc xa HUdng Cin, td'ng Ddng Lam Xet ve mat vi tri, chd HUdng Cin n i m gin tram Linh Giang be'n tram quan nhat cda mien O Chau vao giiia the ky XVI: "Tram Linh Giang gan xd U Cdn, huyen Dan Dien Ben ndch Id nga ba sdng, trUdc mat la dong song trdi ddi nhii vat Td Trd Ke dap thuyen de'n rat tien, d Diem TrUdng cung cd dudng thuy thdng sang Long tien soi bdng niidc, cb xi phdp phdi ben hang quan, mao rang rd chinh te, khach khiia ddng nhu tray hdi" (26) O can ke vdi mdt dia the' thuan tien nhu tren, thdng sudt ve dUdng thuy, la ndi ddng chan cua mdt sd'lUdng ldn cac quan, khach tai cac hang quan gin tram - chinh la dieu kien cd ban cho sU ddi sdm cua chd HUdng Cin vao khoang cudi the ky XVI d i u the' ky XVII Ben canh dd, viec Phudc Yen dUdc chon lam thd phd 32 chic han da co tac dong nhat dinh den qua trinh hinh va phat trien cua ngoi chd each phu khoang hdn km Rghien ciiu Lich sfr so" 12.2010 Quang Dien va cac chd: Dai Lde, Ke Mdn, Vinh XUdng, Hudng Trien (Thanh HUdng) thudc dia hat huyen HUdng Tra la nhiing Giong nhu Phudc Yen, thu phd Bac chd n i m tren tuye'n dUdng bd td be'n Vinh Vong (nim gan nga ba Quai Vac) ciing co Tri ngang qua pha Tam Giang re theo cac chd can phu: theo hUdng tay bic (tdc la nhanh dUdng hudng Bic de'n chd HUdng di ngUdc dong song Bo), each phu khoang Trien giap dau dia gidi dinh Quang Tri chdng km co chd Ha Lang ben bd phai va Dang chd y la tren dUdng dai 14.608 chd Van Xa d bd dd'i ngan (27) Su ton tai t i m (gin 31 km), mdi xa deu cd met cua ben Van Xa dUa ngang qua dia phan chd va chd nao cung cd quan xa ddng due, xa Ha Lang hay ben Bac Vong dua kha to ldn, khach di dudng cd the nghi lai ngang qua dia phan xa Van Xa (28) da sau mdt doan dudng td kinh ve de'n phin nao noi len dUdc sU giao lUu, trao ddi ben Vinh Tri dai 5954 tam (12.5 km) (31) cac hang hoa, vat pham giua cU dan cac Qua dd, chdng td ring, cac chd da dUdc lang vdi nhau, nhat la thd phd Bac hinh td trUdc va den thdi diem nam Vong dUdc xay dUng, cac chd nam gii3 1806 dang d giai doan phat trien vai tre la ndi cung dng cac loai vat pham Mdt nhiing nhan td' khien chung phuc vu ddi sd'ng cung phd Tren cd sd dd, ddi kha sdm va cd mat dd day dd la: giao chung tdi nhan dinh hai chd Ha Lang va thdng thuan tien Song song vdi tuye'n dUdng bd neu tren, tai be'n chd HUdng Van Xa da xuat hien td d i u the ky XVIII Trien (tdc chd Thanh HUdng) cd dd doc di Treng dia hat huyen Quang Dien, luc theo sdng Lau dd vao pha Tam Giang bay gid cdn cd mdt sd'chd sau: de'n cda bien Thuan An rdi ngUdc sdng - Chd Sa Doi: Chd thudc dia phan xa Linh Giang dUa ngang qua phd' Thanh Ha Sa Ddi, tdng An Thanh (29) Mac du Sa Ddi den ben chd Bao Vinh, tuc goi la dd Ke nim ben canh lang Thanh Trung - trung Hudng rdi de'n be'n phia Bic ngoai tam Hda Chau nhUng O chdu kinh Khdng nhiing vay, cac chd can luc chi dUdc Dudng Van An liet ke cdn n i m tren tuye'n dUdng thuy v i n chuyen danh sach lang xa, khdng de cap de'n hang hda td cac chd d vung Quang Tri (ndi d cac muc khac, cd le lang Sa Ddi thdi ky tie'ng la chd phien Cam Lo) vdi dac san ho chua cd gi ndi bat Tuy nhien, den thdi tieu, d i u rai theo cac sdng Hieu, sdng chua Nguyen, hai tap ban do: An Thach Han, sdng Lau di ngang qua day Nam td chi 16 thu" Nho sinh trung trUdc len phd" cang Thanh Ha, Bao thdc Do Ba ve cud'i the' ky XVII va Giap Vinh va cac chd d kinh Su thuan Ngo nien binh nam cua Doan quan cdng tien ve giao thdng giup cho cac chd d vung Bui The' Dat ve nam 1774, phin ban dat sau lung la bien, trUdc mat la sdng dd vung Thda Thien deu cd ghi dia danh Sa hoac d i m pha d l dang hdn viec Ddi thi (30), chdng td luc bay gid Sa Ddi la lUu thdng hang hda, trd d i u md'i mdt chd ldn Dieu cho phep chdng ta phan phd'i ngudn hang thuy, hai san ddng xac dinh tUdng dd'i thdi diem ddi cua chd thdi thu hut cac mat hang nong - lam san, Sa Ddi la vad nda d i u the'ky XVII thUc pham va thu cdng nghiep quy tu ve - Chd Lanh Tuyen: cdng vdi chd Thanh day de phuc vu cho san xua't va tieu dung Cdng, chd The Chi thudc dia hat huyen cua cU dan Qua dd, chdng tdi cho ring, cac 33 M thdng cha lang Thira Thien rjue' chd hinh vao thdi chua Nguyin, cc the la trdng giai doan thinh cua phd cang Thanh Ha tdc la vao the ky XVII XVIII - Chd Co Bi: thuoc xa Co Bi, tdng Dong Lam, ndi cc den Minh Uy la ngoi cd mieu khoa chat dau ngudn Sdn Bd va dd ciing chinh la dac diem ve dia the cua chd Cd Bi chd b vung sdn cUdc, dau ngudn Chd nam d phia ben phai cua dUdng len ndi, ddng vao budi sang, la ndi ngUdi mien xudi dUa cac san pham cda vung ddng bang, viing bien len de trao ddi, mua ban cac loai lam san Cac loai lam san dUdc dUa ve chd Cd Bi bang cac phUdng thdc nhU: "Hang nam quan dem muoi gao phdt cho cdc sdeh (gom 17 sach ddn Man thUdng va Man hq), doi lay san vat, dem bdn sinh ldi" (32); hoac la dan thUdng d chd Co Bi mang cac san pham nhu m&m, muoi, gao, ca khd, vat dung ngUdc len cac viing, thac, di khoang 4275 tam (9 km) thi den thac Trai, ben phai cd ddi cat rdng, thudc phan thu ngudn Sdn Bd, dan mien ndi thUdng den mua ban tai day va d day cdn cd ddi thd rdng va dan lam nghe dan go cU tru (33), dan thUdng sau trao ddi cac loai hda vat vdi dan mien nui va nhQng ngudi thd rdng thi mang ve ban d chd; hoac cung cd the dan mien ndi tU dem lam san xud'ng ban d chd Co Bi vi theo ghi chep cua Le Quang Dinh, d chd Co Bi cd dat ddn thu thue' dan mien ndi (34) Hoat ddng mua ban d ngdi chd dau ngudn phin nao dUdc phan anh qua nhiing ghi chep cua Le Quy Ddn: "Hp Nguyen trUdc sai Le Minh Ddc lam quan trdng nom cdc sach dan man, trUng thu thue le, cdc ddn mien xudi mudn len ddu ngudn mUu sd'ng, cd trinh dpi trUdng thi cho di, hen ky ve phdi de'n nop thue Xa Hien Si d hq lUu cd sd tuan, ngUdi budn len ngudn thi mdi thuyen thu 30 dong; ngiibi budn xudi ngudn thi thu vat chd d thuyen bd, sue gd kien kien thi moi 10 tam thu tien, sue gd cay thi mdi 10 cay thu tien; diibng len nui cd lb due liidi cay, ngiibi budn bdn til day ra, mang cdi to thi 100 cdi phai tien thue quan tien, cdi nho thi 100 cdi phai tien thue tien" (35) NhU vay, san vat ma dan mien xudi mang ve chd yeu la: sdc gd, ludi cay va "thu vat chd ve d thuyen bd" cd le la cac loai cay may, gai, gid, cdi Qua nhdng hoat ddng mua ban, trao ddi hang hda ciing nhu viec trUng thu thue dau ngudn neu tren da the hien rd vai trd trung gian, lUu chuyen hang hda giQa mien xudi va mien ngUdc cua chd Co Bi ddng thdi cho thay hoat ddng mua ban d day cung kha manh va nhdn nhip td thdi chua Nguyen Chd ldng a huyen Phu Vang Su phat trien cda nen kinh te hang hda vdi trung tam phd' cang Thanh Ha - chd Dinh da cd tac ddng nha't dinh den sU hinh va tiep tuc phat trien cda mang ludi chd d khu vUc xung quanh Ben canh cac chd: Lai An, Mau Tai, Lai Thi, The' Lai vd'n da ton tai td the ky XVI cdn cd sU xua't hien cda chd Hdng Phudc toa lac tai nga ba giao thuy giiia sdng HUdng va sdng Bd (36); chd Bao Vinh - nen tang cho sU hinh phd chd Bao Vinh sam ua't vao dau the ky XIX Doc theo nhanh sdng Thien Lde, di khoang 4km, d ben bd trai cd chd DUdng Mong - DUdng Mong vd'n la ndi ddng t r i sd cda huyen Phd Vang dudi thdi chua Nguyin (37); d phia dd'i ngan cd chd Da Le tuc danh chd Horn Got giQ vai trd la chd dau md'i cac mat hang ndn la va got tre (38) Xudi ddng di tiep khoang km den chd Sam - ngdi chd dUdc ghi danh tap Giap Ngo nien binh nam dd rdi den chd cau ngdi Thanh Toan nam ben bd phai each chd Sam 2,5km (39) 34 Rghien cum Lich sir, so' 12.2010 Song Thien Lde xudi ve nam g i n nhu song song vdi dong chay cua pha Tam Giang, lan luat hdp vdi cac song: An Cuu, Dai Giang, Phu Bai, Nong pha Ha Trung Den cuo'i pha, bd ben phai co chd Cac Doi va bd ben trai co cac chd d vung dam pha, ven bien phia nam cua huyen Phu Vang: chd phUdng Phu Luy, chd My Toan (My Ldi), chd Diem TrUdng, cac chd deu thuoc tong Diem TrUdng - Chd Cao Doi: Cao Doi la mot thung lung nho dUdc bad boc bdi cac day ndi d ba phia bic, tay, nam; ngoai trd mat phia dong giap viing dim pha H i Trung rong ldn bien qua cda Tu Hien Vai dia the niy, Cao Doi co ba dang dia hinh: sau lung v i hai ben l i ndi - ndi co nguon Phu Au (tdc bao Du Moc) nam d phia tay dUdng re den sach Cao Doi; dong bing d giQa v i trUdc mat l i vung dam pha co cU d i n Thien Loai sinh song Nhu vay, theo tdng loai dia hinh m i cU dan Cao Doi sinh song bing nhieu nghe nghiep khac nhau, nhu cau giao lUu, trao doi cac san pham nong - lam ngU - thd cong de dam bao cuoc song ducc dat mot each tat yeu dan den sU ddi cda cha Tu lieu chinh sd dau tien de cap de'n cha Cao Ddi l i Hoang Viet nhdt thdng du dia chi (1806): "U cdu song Cao Ddi di xuong 31 tam (65m), ben cdu phia ddng cd chq cu" (40) Dieu dd chQng td rang, cha Cao Ddi da ton tai td trUdc dd k h i lau Tuang truyen ring: Ong Nguyin V i n Chan l i ngudi dau tien ddng l i p cha Ong cdng mdt sd' ngudi khac diing nen nhdng tup leu tranh dan sa de l i m tu diem mua b i n thUdng Trong vdi chd" Chcfn chi man thd bai ' V i n te nhQng ngUdi cd cdng cd doan: "Ky phdi: Nguyin Van vi, bd hq ngu phiidng chu ngdn ky tdc dang dang hvtu vi vd danh trung trung hiiu danh vd vi Tam thap loai dang chung, vd tii dm hon, cd hon, dong lai phdi hudng" Gia pha ho Nguyin d ling Cao Ddi cho biet: dng Nguyin V i n Chdn l i ddi thd ba sau n g i i khai canh, tQ ddi thd ba de'n da 17 ddi, tdc l i khoang tren dudi 400 n i m (41) Vio giQa the ky XVI, DUdng Van An d i ghi chep ten ling Cao Ddi thudc huyen Tu Vinh Can cd vio cac ngudn tU lieu tren, chdng tdi cho rang cha Cao Ddi dUdc t h i n h l i p vio dau the ky XVII - Chq phubng Phu Luy: Cha n i y nam each cda bien Tu Dung khoang chdng km Cda Tu Dung v i cda Eo l i hai cda bien cd vi the quan ve mat chinh t r i - kinh te Mua Ddng n i m Canh T h i n (1560), Nguyin Hoing cho dat ddn cda bien giQ mien duyen hai Chinh thdi gian (1555 - 1776) d i xuat hien them cic ling, phudng mdi gan cda bien Tu Dung nhU: My Toin, My A, An Bing, Ddn Che, H i Uc, Phu Luy (Tri Luy) (42) Trong thdi ky nen kinh te hing hda d Dang Trong phat trien, cac thUdng thuyen Trung Qudc, t i u budn cua nhieu nUdc phuang Tiy, cic thuyen chd cd'ng phim td cic tinh, thuyen gao t d Ddng Nai, Gia Dinh v i cac thuyen budn khac de'n Phu Xuan Thanh Ha bang hai cda: cda Eo v i cda Tu Dung nhung chd yeu l i vio cda Tu Dung (43) Do vay, n h i nUdc cho t i n g cudng hoat ddng cda ddn cda bien v i cat d i t them din phu luy, dua de'n sU ddi cda dan vi hinh chinh: phudng Phu Luy (nay l i thon Phu An - xa Vinh Hien) N i m ludng lUu thdng hing hda ldn, nai day dUdc Pierre Poivre goi l i cang vdi ri't nhieu t i u thuyen neo d i u de binh linh kiem tra v i thu thue, dd l i dieu kien ca ban cho sU ddi cua cha ddn, nai dan thuang v i l i i budn cic thuyen cd the mua ban, trao ddi Hoang Viet nhdt r)e thong cho lang Thira Thien t}ue thong dii dia chi cho biet: "ChqphUdng Phu Luy dong vao budi sdng, d day co ddn ciia bien de kiem soat thuyin be budn bdn qua lqi 1775 tam, den ddn ciia Bien (Tii Dung), d day co ddn de kiem soat thuyen budn vao ra" (44) Sri hien dien cua don canh chd (co le thiet lap cung vdi chef) de kiem soat thuyen be buon ban chdng to hoat dong giao dich d day rat sim uat - Chq Diem Phung vd chq My Toan Chd Diem Phung hai lang Diem TrUdng va Phung Chanh dong tao lap Day la hai lang nam ke can va co moi quan he mat thiet vdi nhau, dan gian van lUu truyen cau: "Cha Diem, me Phung" Td giQa the ky XVI, Diem TrUdng va Phung Chanh da dUdc biet den vdi cac nganh nghe nhU: danh ca, xe van ddng thuyen, det chieu cdi va dac biet la nghe lam mud'i (45) Cudc sd'ng on dinh, an nghiep tao cd sd sinh nhu cau trao dd'i san pham TUdng truyen ring, chd dUdc hinh dUa vao cai the cua vung ruong mud'i, nam d ndi tiep giap giQa hai lang (46) Vi tri phan nao dUdc Le Quy Ddn khai quat nhu sau: "Phd Hd Trung rdng ldn khdng thay bb, ddn cU d vong quanh bdn be, xd Diem TrUbng d giiia phd" Vdi dia the' dd, chd Diem Phung sau thiet lap da trd chd vung, chd td'ng cua tdng Diem TrUdng Dieu dUdc chdng thUc thdng qua: Ddn keu ve viec lang Diem Phung ddi tien cdng sda chd vd ly cua phudng My Toan nam 1757 Ndi dung cda van ban nhu sau: "Chiic sac phubng My Toan ndi phu huyen Phu Vang vd toan the phudng than ddn rang: Do phubng chung tdi va ldng Diem Phung Id lan ly Vao nhirng nam trUdc phudng chung tdi vd cdc ldng tiep can khdng cd chd thiidng budn bdn tai chq Diem Phung, (ho) khdng lay phubng chiing tdi tien ddt chd, tudng cung Id dn diic Nen kid ldng Diem Phung ldp dinh chd thi phiidng 35 chung tdi vd cdc ldng deu chiu phan tranh ldp dinh (chd) de ngoi budn bdn Con nhii ldng Diem Phung cdu phudc thi phiidng chung tdi cung cd di tien le cung Bat ngd ndm Giap Tudt (1754), ldng Diem Phung lam khd phudng chung tdi, khien cho khdng ciing thuan thdo Qua nam At Hdi (1755) phUdng chung tdi lap chd mdi tai dia phan phiidng chung tdi, da nap quan thue de sinh sd'ng Tii de'n phiidng chung tdi tuyet khdng buon bdn tai chd Diem Phung De'n ldng Diem Phung ldp dinh chd, the md ddi phubng chung tdi sd' tranh vd tien cdng, that Id bde bach md phubng chung tdi da cd chd da cd thue Ngiia mong quy quan cao minh rdng soi xet, dam xin lenh phd cho, de tuyet sii ly de khoi bi lang Diem Phung lam khd sd ep truy ddi quay nhieu Cung than Canh Hung nam thii 18 (1757), ngdy 27 thdng 10 than" (47) Ndi dung cua van ban tren cung cap cho chung ta kha nhieu thdng tin lien quan de'n hai chd Diem Phung va My Toan ThQ nhat, chd My Tcan dUdc thiet lap vao nam At Hdi 1755 Thd hai, trUdc nam 1755, dan lang My Toan va cac lang lan can khdng cd chd nen thUdng budn ban tai chd Diem Phung Dieu chdng td r i n g chd Diem Phung da dUdc lap sdm, cd le vao khoang nda cudi the ky XVI, ddi sd'ng cda dan Diem TrUdng, Phung Chanh d'n dinh va vung dat duyen hai tiep nhan them nhieu cU dan den sinh cd lap nghiep NhU vay, sang thdi chua Nguyen, mang ludi chd lang d Thda Thien Hue" da dUdc hinh deu khlp ba huyen HUdng Tra, Quang Dien, Phu Vang vdi sU hien dien cda cac loai chd d ca ba vung mien nui, ddng bing, dim pha - ven bien Cac chd thUdng toa lac tren lUu vUc cac sdng: 36 song Huong, song Bo, song Lau, song Cao Doi va cac phu lUu cua chung hoac doc vung dam pha, ven bien Nhd vay, dieu kien giao thong dUdng bo nhieu kho khan, thong qua cac tuyen doc, ngang, cac nguon hang dUdc luan chuyen den nhiing ndi can den, bd sung, ho trd cac mat hang can thiet cho thi trUdng Rghien ciiu Lich sir, so' 12.2010 dia phudng, tad nen mot sU lien ket chat che cac thi trUdng phan tan nhd vai trd thu hut, dieu tiet ngudn hang ndi, ngoai thUdng cua phd cang Thanh Ha - Chd Dinh, dap dng nhu cau cho vung dd phu Dang Trong va ddi sd'ng cua cac giai tang nhan dan vung Thda Thien dang cang on dinh, phat trien CHU THICH (1), (2), (3), (4), (7), (9), (11), (17), (18), (32), (35), (42) Le Quy Don, Phu bien tap luc, Khoa hoc xa hoi nhan van • Vien Su hoc dich, Nxb Vdn hda Thdng tin, 2007, tr 145, 97-100, 416-428, 274 & 414, 146, 427, 418, 274, 149, 265, 265, 98 (5), (13), (20), (24), (27), (31), (33), (34), (40), (44) Le Quang Dinh, Hoang Viet nhdt thdng die dia chi, Phan Dang dich chu giai, Nxb Thuan Hda - Trung tam Vdn hda ngon ngd Ddng Tay, 2005, tr 203, 195&204, 198, 215, 213-215, 199, 214, 214, 212, 194 (6) Theo ddn thinh nguyen cua dan lang viet ndm Bao Thai thii (1726) cd doan: "Chua ThUOng Vuong sau ddi phu ve Kim Long ben cho phdp tien hien chung ta kien thiet khu chp ndi giap gidi hai xa Thanh Ha va Dia Linh" Dan theo Do Bang, Phd cdng viing Thuan Quang theky XVII - XVIII, Nxb Thuan Hda, Hue, 1996, tr 106 (14) Qudc hoc dUdng la ndi cac Nho sinh Dang Trong den hoc Theo nhu ghi chep ciia Le Quy Ddn bai tua sach Phu bien tap luc thi luc bay gid (1776) cd "vai trdm ngUdi hoc": "Ngay te Dinh, tdi th&n den Hoc cung xem li, hoc trb den hoc co vdi tram ngiCbi " Le Quy Don Phu bien tap luc, sdd, tr 15 Le ta't nhien, nhiing Nho sinh se tro hoc b khu vUc xung quanh, chu yeu la Long Ho vd Xudc Du, lam gia tang them dan sd' phi nong nghiep Dieu dUdc phan anh mdt phan qua sU kien vua Gia Long sau len ngoi da cd chii trUdng xay dung lai chua Thien Mu (do bi do' nat), vua giao cho Ddng Ddc Sieu (1750 - 1810) luc dang lam quan d bo Le vdn Id ngUdi d Bong Sdn, tinh Binh Dinh, thdi tre tro hoc d xa Xudc Du, nhan lay vd ban thd' nen lam nha day, nhd lai vd phac hoa sd theo quy md cu de tai kien chua (15) Hong Diic ban do, Tu sach vien khao cd' Bo Qudc gia Giao due, Sai Gdn, 1962, tr.145 (8) Cac chd dUdc xac dinh tren hai cd sd: (16) Le Vdn Thuyen (chu bien): Vdn ban Hdn thii nha't la cdn cii vao vi tri toa lac, thd hai Id cac Ndm ldng xd d Hue giiia theky XVII den ddu theky chd ndy (trd chd Xuan Hda va DUdng Xuan) deu XLX, tap 1, Nxb Thudn Hda, Hue, 1996, tr 49-50 dUdc Hoang Viet nhdt thdng die dia chi de cap den (19) Eo la ten tuc cua ldng Hda Duan (Phu phan viet ve cac dUdng thuy, bo Thuan - Phu Vang), lang b ben ciia bien, dan (10) Le Duy Sdn, Ve nhiing phu de d Hue thai lang Thai DUdng Ha vd Hda Duan qua lai vdi cdc vua Nguyin, Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sd, sd 4- bang Ciia Eo Ndm 1813, dd'i ten Id ciia 2004, tr 20-30, 21 Thuftn An Tuy nhien, thang mUdi ndm 1897, eo (12) Su hinh cua hai yeu to va thi lam bien bi lap mnt cdn bao kem theo vdi sdng cho Kim Long trd nen phon thinh va dUdc Giao si thdn cung luc a'y md eo bien mdi Eo bien mdi chinh la cua Thudn An hien nay, each chd Alexandre De Rhodes goi la Ke Hue Ijg mong chq lang Thira Thien Yjue 37 Thai Dudng khoang chiing hdn 1km ve phia bac (38) xd Hue, hau het cac lang que deu cd nghe (21) Phudc Yen thuoc xa Quang Tho, Bac ldm non Da le, khdng biet tit luc nao, vao luc gid sang, chd Da Le trd ndi tap trung mua Vong thuoc xa Quang Phu - huyen Quang Dien ban non va vat lieu lam non td cac ldng Dien Dai, (22), (26), (45) Diidng Van An, chdu can luc, Van Thanh - Phan Dang dich vd chu giai, Nxb Chinh Xuan O, Sam, Dudng Mong, Chiet Bi, Xuan Hda, Dong Di, Tay Ho Lang Da Le cdn noi tie'ng vdi tri Qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2009, tr 26, 92, 37-38 & 64 nghe lam got truyen thd'ng den thdi Tu DUc dUdc (23) lang Phudc Yen hien cd chd Phiidc Dang Huy TrU lam thd ca ngdi vdi nhan de: Chiem Yen, nam d ben sdng Bo The nhiing, phan thUOng Da Le (tdc: Chupng thd got Da Le) trich din ve doan diidng thuy (cl phia diidi), chung (39) Ciu ngdi Thanh Todn bic qua mUdng ta thay ring, mdc du cd di qua dia phan Phudc din nUdc tif sdng NhU Y vdo tudi cho canh ddng Yen nhUng khdng cd de cap den chd Dieu lang, dUdc bd Tran Thi Dao cung tien xay diing chiing to chd Phudc Yen chi mdi lap ve sau ndm 1776 Ba Le Thi Nganh (78 tudi) ndi ring: (25), (28) Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyen Dai "Nghe ngUdi xUa kelai thi trUdc cd cay cdu ngdi Nam nhat thd'ng chi - Thiea Thien phu, tap thUOng, nay, ddn ldng d bd ben mudn sang chp phdi di Nha vdn hoa - Bd qudc gia giao due, 1961, tr 110, qua cdu tre hoac loi bo" Ket hop vdi thdng tin cua 110-111 Hoang Viet nhdt thd'ng du dia chi cd de cdp den cac (29) Sa Ddi vdn cd ten Id Kim Ddi, nhien chd tren [tr 207], chung tdi xac dinh tUdng dd'i thdi kieng huy cha cua chua Nguyen Hoang la An gian ddi cua chd cau ngdi Thanh Todn la vao Thanh hiu Nguyin Kim nen ddt Id Sa Ddi, den theky XVIII quan Trinh vdo chiem ddng Phu Xuan thi ddt (41) Nhdng tu lieu dia phUdng nhU: bai vdn te, lai ten cu Kim Doi (30) Trong An Nam tie chi Id thu chd Sa Dei gia pha, nien hieu dinh lang de dng Nguyin Hong, nim d toa (7, C) vd day la chd nha't dUdc 82 tuoi cung cap ghi danh (tr 93) &c Giap Ngo nien binh nam (43) Cac thuyen budn chd cd'ng pham phan ldn nim b toa (8, D) (tr 145) tit mien Nam Ve ciia bien Tu Dung, Pierre (36) xa Thanh Phudc vao nien hieu Canh Poivre cd di den Dang Trong ndm 1749 viet: "Ngdy Hung 27 (1766) cd ddt sd dd cheo ngang qua xa xUa cd ngdy nUdc sdu vd cdc chiec thuyen tdng cua An Thanh Theo van ban Han Ndm dUdc nhd Trung Qudc vdo dd khdng he hdn gi day Id cdng nghien cdu Tran Dai Vinh sUu tam thi: "Tuye'n ngUpc len chon cung dinh gan hon cd vd tien hon ngang xd Hong Phudc ve An Thanh, Thuy Ban cdcd de cho vd so'thuyen be vdo hang nam ngUpc muc thue nam Dinh Hoi (1767) la llq 7t 30d, hai len Hue ddng bieu pham vat tie cdc tinh ve kinh ndm sau, tdng len de'n 29q 2t 30d" [Trin Dai Vinh,dd" [BAVH, 1920 tr 14] Tu lieu Hdn Ndm mdt so'lang xa Thiea Thien Hue, (46) Tai day, ngUdi ta ngan vung dat man ven tap IX, tr 8) Sii hinh chinh thdc ben dam pha nhiing khoanh ldn nhd khac nhau, c6 le lien quan de'n vi£c mua ban, thdng thUdng cho nUdc man tran vao, qua trinh bd'c hdi cua nUdc cua cu dan cac lang An Thanh, Thuy Ban vd'n de lai nhdng rupng mud'i tring xda khdng cd chd vdi chd Hong Phudc (47) Tran Dai Vinh Tu lieu Hdn Ndm mdt so (37) Trong tap An Nam tie chi Id thu, b toa lang xa Thiea Thien Hue, tap VI, Sd Khoa hoc, dd (6.D) cd ghi: Phu Vinh huyen tri Dudng Mong Cdng nghe vd Moi trUdng Thda Thien Hue, 1995, xa (tr 145) tr 37-38