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Bài viết tìm hiểu tình hình ruộng đất phương Nà Lữ nửa đầu thế kỷ XIX, cung cấp cái nhìn khoa học hơn về tình hình kinh tế, xã hội cũng như những chính sách của các vua triều Nguyễn đối với vùng trung tâm tỉnh Cao Bằng nói chung và khu vực Nà Lữ nói riêng.
TiXH niNH UUOIVG DAT NA L C (HOA AN - CAO BANG) Nl/A DAIJ THK KY XIX QUA Tl/ LIKIJ DIA BA NGUYfeN THI H A I ' N i LQ n i m vung sinh thai trdng Ida nUdc cua cac dan tdc ngdn ngQ Tay - Thai nen ngUdi den tu cU d day tQ sdm Trong lich sd, Na LQ l i trung tam kinh td, chinh tri, v i n hda, quan sU cua Cao Bing - mdt tinh bien gidi thudc "ndi phen d i u thQ tU vd phUdng Bic" nUdc ta (1) Ngay tQ the ky IX, Cao Bien da cho xay diing t h i n h Na LQ, dUa ndi day trd c i n cQ quan sQ quan trpng cda nha Dudng de chd'ng lai quan Nam Chidu Td dd cho den cudi the ky XVII, Na LQ ludn ddng vai trd l i trung tam kinh td, chinh tri, vin hda cua Cao Bing Die bipt, vao cudi the ky XVI dau the ky XVII, Na LQ da trd kinh dd cua n h i Mac v i b i t dau dUdc ddi phudng (2) PhUdng Na LQ dUdc tri tQ dd cho den nda cud! the ky XIX thi chuyen xa Tim hieu tinh hinh rudng da't phudng Na LQ nda d i u the ky XIX se giup chung ta cd cai nhin khoa hpc hdn ve tinh hinh kinh te', xa hdi cung nhU nhQng chinh sach cua cac vua dau trieu Nguyen ddi vdi vung trung tam tinh Cao Bing ndi chung v i khu vUc Na LQ ndi rieng Tinh hinh chung Khac vdi tai lieu dia ba cua Binh Dinh, Ha Ddng, Ha Ndi, dia ba cua phudng Na LQ chi neu tdng rudng da't cdng tU dien thd cac hang ma khdng de cap den di't vien tri ' Th.S Dai hgc Su pham Thai Nguyen hay than td, phat tU Thiic td, da't than td phat tu (tQc l i rudng di't cdng d i n h cho vipc thd cung den vua Le) da tdn tai d phUdng Na LQ mudn nha't l i n i m 1813 Bia Den Vua Le lap n i m Gia Long 12 (1813) da ghi rd vd chdng Hoang Trung Cin cung d i t bac, 10 m i u rudng vio den Sau dng ba mi't, dUdc tdn l i m h i u mai maj, dUdc cung vio ngiy sinh, gid (3) NhUng sd rudng n i y cung khdng dUde phan anh dia ba Minh Mpnh n i m 1840 Dieu dd chQng td ring, dia ba N i LQ dQdc l i p chi ke khai rudng da't phai nop thud cho n h i nQdc Sd' rudng cda den dUdc chia cho mdt sd hd ciy d y , h i n g n i m phai nop san pham de td chQc cung le d den nen khdng phai nop thud Thdi Gia Long, tdng dien tich dien thd cac hang l i 382 m i u 13 thUdc ti'c, dd tU dien l i 344 m i u sio ti'c (90,3%), thd trach (quan thd) l i 37 m l u sio 13 thUdc ti'c (9,7%), khdng cd quan didn N i m 1840, Minh Mpnh cho lap lai sd rudng di't d cac tinh mien nui phia Bic nhieu n i m chidn tranh loan lac, nhan dan phieu tan, rudng di't bd hoang nhieu Theo dd, tdng sd cdng tU dien thd li 385 miu 13 thUdc ti'c, ting so vdi dia ba Gia Long (1805) l i miu, hoin toan khai hoang, thudc loai tU dien Die bipt, luc n i y phudng Na LQ da xui't hipn cdng dien Tinh hinh ru6ng dat d Ra LOr 31 nhung khdng dang ke, chi chiem 0,4% tdng dipn tich rudng di't nhan, nhi't l i d nhQng vung xa trung tam, dieu kipn di lai khd khin N i LQ l i mdt cinh ddng cd, hinh tQ sdm, lai la ndi cd dieu kien thuan ldi cho canh tac, nim d khu vUc trung tam kinh te - chinh tri lau ddi cua vung nen qua trinh tu hQu hda dien nhanh, manh cung phan nio phan anh sQ phat trien cua kinh te tQ hQu ci the (xin xem Bang 1) So sanh vdi qua trinh tU hQu hda d cac x i khac tdng H i Dim, chau Thach Lam cd cung dia ba Gia Long (1805) va Minh Menh 21 (1840), ta thi'y: Sd hQu tQ d tdng H i D i m chiem ty Ip ri't cao (95,23% vi 91,8%), dd cd nhidu xa, phudng da tu hQu g i n nhu h o i n toin, tieu bieu l i Gia Bing, Kim Giap, Phuc Cd, N i LQ Ty Ip n i y cao hdn nhidu so vdi trung binh cua d nUdc luc bi'y gid Theo Si hoq,n tu tri luc cua Nguyin Cdng Tiep thi luc dd, da't tU hQu chiem tren 80% dien tich canh t i c ca nUdc Nhu viy, CO sd kinh te cua cU dan N i LQ khdng phai l i rudng di't cdng m i chinh l i rudng di't thudc quydn sd hQu cua gia dinh Tu hQu p h i t trien manh thudng cho ph^p chung ta lien tudng ddn sU thinh cda kinh te h i n g hda Didu dd dung vdi cac l i n g xa d ddng bing, cdn d mien nui thi khdng ddn gian nhU the Rudng di't tU nhidu cd the mua ban, cd the cic gia dinh tu khai pha cac thung lung, bai bdi, canh t i c lau d i n bidn t h i n h sd hQu tU Rudng di't N i LQ hoin toin l i rudng hang (43%) v i hang (57%) Xdt ve mit dia hinh, phudng N i LQ cd ddi nui xen lln vdi ddng rudng, cd dien tich canh tic Idn, chiem 39,04% dipn tich tdng H i Dam Theo Ddng Khdnh dU dia chi, rudng di't huyen Thach Lam theo sd gd'c l i 7659 miu sio thudc ti'c (4) Trong khoang thdi gian tQ Gia Long cho den Ddng Khanh, sd lUdng rudng di't ting, giam khdng dang ke, dd chung tdi tam thdi coi dd l i sd lipu rudng di't chung cua d huypn Thach Lam thdi Nguyen Neu nhU viy, sd dien cua phUdng Na LQ chiem tdi 40,99% rugng di't cac hang ciia huypn Khdng chi cd sdng Bing, Na LQ cdn cd nhieu md nUdc ngim, dam bao nguon B a n g 1: I)dng t\i d i e n t h d c u a c a c x a , p h i f o ( n g t h u o c l o n g Gia Lon ; ( ) T§n x a , phudng TUdiln M inh M ^ n h (1840) Q u a n d en Tudien Quan d en So lUiJng Tyl« So lUdng Tyl$ So'lUqlng Tyl? So lU(?ng Tyl$ (miu.s&o (%) (mSu s i o (%) (miu.sio (%) (mfiu s i c (%) thudc t4'c) thudc ta'c) N4 LQ (5) Ha Dam thudc ti'c) thudc ti'c) 344.7.0.3 100 0 347.1.13.3 99,6 0.5.2.0 0,4 11,8 l U D i r a (6) 115.4.7.6 85,16 20.1.1.8 14,84 117.4.7.6 88,2 15.7.1.8 Kim Giap (7) 40.6.14.3 100 0 40.6.14.3 100 0 Xu4n An (8) 173.8.1.1 97,57 4.3.5.5 2,43 175.8.1.1 97,5 4.3.5.5 2,5 Vu Tuygn (9) 166.3.13.1 94,87 9.0.0.0 5,13 Gia Bfing (10) 28,6.12.4 100 0 28.6.12.4 100 0 8.5.0.0 100 0 115.6.0.1 68,7 52.6.3.2 31.3 825.4.3.8 91,8 PhvicCddl) Gil Sdn (12) Tdng 868S.S.8 95,23 29.1.1.8 4,77 Ngudn: Dia bg Gia Long (1805) Minh MM 21 (1840) 69.1.12.5 8,2 Rghi&i cdu Lich sd sg 6.2009 22 nUdc tudi cho mua vu nen rudng di't dUdc t i n dung triet de It cd rudng di't hoang hda Day l i dieu kien het sQc thuan ldi de phat trien kinh te ndng nghipp d Na LQ Tinh hinh phan bo' sd hdu tuT nhan Tong hdp dipn tich tU dien cua dia ba N i LQ d d hai thdi diem Gia Long (1805) va Minh Mpnh 21 (1840) theo each cdng dipn tich sd hQu cua tdng chd ta thi'y cd sU chenh lech so vdi sd lieu tdng q u i t ke khai dia ba Thdi Gia Long theo thd'ng ke dia ba la 344 miu sio ti'c nhUng cdng lai chi cd 341 m i u ti'c Thdi Minh Menh, dien tich thd'ng ke dia ba nhieu hdn sio Su chenh lech khdng dang ke dd cd the n h i m lln lip hoic chdp dia ba Vi the, chiing tdi giQ nguyen sU khac biet dd nhim tdn trpng tii lieu gdc, nhUng phan tich vd sd hQu tU nhan, chung tdi cin cQ vao sd lieu lipt ke theo tiing chu sd hQu (xem Bang 2) Sd chd cd mdc sd hQu dUdi m i u thdi Gia Long la 79, chiem 84,04% tdng sd chu v i sd hQu 59,06% dipn tich rudng da't; thdi Minh Menh giam xud'ng cdn 56 chu, chidm 72,73% tdng sd chd v i 38,83% di$n tich rudng di't Cd the coi day la bd p h i n ndng dan tu canh cua phudng N i LQ Sd ehu cd sd hQu td m i u trd l#n vio n i m 1805 cd 15 chd, chiem 15,96% tdng sd chd v i 40,94% dien tich rudng dit Den n i m 1840, sd chd dd t i n g len 21 ngUdi, chiem 27,27% tdng sd chd va 61,18% di^n tich canh tac Ndu nhU n i m 1805, phudng N i LQ chUa cd ehu sd hdu dat 20 mSu thi den n i m 1840 da cd chd dat tren 20 miu l i Bui Duy Doanh (28.5.0.0) v i D i m Vin Khoa (21.5.13.0) NhU viy, mdc dp t i p trung rudng di't cua N i LQ cang ting Vd cd ban, xu hudng n i y phu hdp vdi quy l u i t phat trien cda lich sd Neu li'y mdc sd hQu m i u l i m gidi han xic dinh chd rudng kha gia v i so sinh vdi cac dia phUdng khic, ke ca mdt sd huypn mien nui nhu huypn Quang Hda (Cao Bing) (13), Ngan Sdn (Bic Kan) (14) hay mpt sd tinh ddng bing nhU Thai Binh (15), H i Ddng (16) vio thdi diem Gia Long thi ty 1$ sdchd kha gia cda N i LQ l i thIp nhit Nhu viy, m i c du qua trinh tU hQu hda Bang 2: Quy mo sd hvtu rudng ti^ pbticfng N& LQ Minh Mf nh 21 (1840) Gia Long (1806) Quy mo sd hChi Di6n tich sd hihi So chu So luclng Tyl? (%) Dif n tich Ty (%) If So chu SolU(3ng DiSn tich sd huTu Ty (%) If Dif n tich Ty If (%) DiJ6il mau 4,26 2.7.0.0 0,79 1,30 0.9.0.0 0,26 - mSu 43 45,74 79.1.0.0 23,15 38 49,35 68.1.5.3 19,68 - mau 32 34,04 120.0.0.0 35,12 17 22,08 65.4.0.0 18.89 - 10 mau 8,51 47.5.10.0 13,92 16 20,78 117.6.10.0 33,98 10-20mlu 7,45 93.3.5.3 27,02 3,90 44.1.0.0 12,74 2,60 50.0.13.0 14,46 77 100 346.2.13.3 100 20-50mlu Tong cpng 94 100 341.7.0.3 100 /Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd LO, Gia Long vd Minh Mtnh 21/ Tinh htnh ruOng dat d Ra Liir S3 Bieu 1: Quy mo sd hijfu tvt nh&n phudng Na Luf 50.00% ~ _--TTT^ ô '.v^T ! -.-^:; 45.00% Jr^T ' 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15,00% 10.00% • - ' • / ' • - : • • , ' , ' , , : • - • ' / ' • • ^ • • - ' " - : • ' • y , : 5.00% 0.00% J Dutrl A m&u - miu - m5u - mSu B S O CHO "mOfJ GIA LONG • S O C H O • m O l MINH M^NH 10-20m5u 20 - 50 mSu I DT SO HLCU TTH&I GIA LONG I DT s O H O U TTHCI M I N H M $ N H Biiu 2: Ty 16 chu kh& gia \k sd hOu ruong dat cua ho d mot so dia phiYcTng theo thong k6 dia ba Gia Long Nd LO Q u d n g H6a HA OOng Thdi Blnh Ngan Sorn r S6 chu • Di$n tich rupng di't d N i LQ dien nhanh v i b i t d i u cd hi^n tUdng t$p trung rudng di't vio tay mpt so ngudi, tao nhQng chu sd hQu Idn nhung chUa manh, chd ydu v i n li sd hQu nhd, manh miin Ndu 80 sanh binh quan dipn tich cua mdi chd sd hQu cua N i LQ vdi mdt sd' dia phUdng khac tinh, ta cd bang sau (Bang 3) Nhin vio bang ta thi'y, N i LQ l i ndi cd binh q u i n sd hQu mpt chd thi'p nhi't sdxa dupe chpn d Cao Bing Die diem d cac tinh midn nui l i dan cU thUa thdt, di't dai rOng, nhi't l i cac thung lung ving Mdt chu sd hQu khdi lUdng rudng dat Idn cd the hg den sdm, khai pha dUdc nhieu rudng di't, hoic chii dd cd quyen liic Idn, lau ddi tai dia phUdng, cd tidn mua rugng di't xung quanh, cd nhieu nhan liic de khai hoang Vi the, cic xa mien nui heo lanh thudng xui't hipn chu sd hQu Idn, t h i m chi tdi hdn 50 m i u rudng nhu d huypn Quang Hda (Cao Bing), binh quan sd hQu mdt chu cd x i ri't cao, len tdi hdn 14 m i u nhQ x i Mdc Hoc Trong dd, chii Idn nhi't cda N i LQ n i m 1805 li Dim Dinh DUdng sd hQu 18m.8s v i chi cd chu sd hQu tren 15 mlu, binh quin sd hQu ciia mdt chd chi l i 3m.6s.dth.3t Con sd trgn Rghien ciiru Lich sd, s6 6.2009 34 Bang 3: Binh quan sd hvlu mot chu cua mot so xa, phiidng Cao B&ng nda dau the ky XIX (17) Gia L o n g (1805) Xa p h u d n g Dif n tich thuc So chu M i n h M e n h 21 (1840) Binh quan tinh sd hiJu Dien tich thUc So chii Binh quan tinh sd hiiu NaLa 341.7.0.3.0 94 3.6.5.3.0 346.2.13.3.0 77 4.4.14.5.8 Cach Linh 336.4.8.1.0 49 6.8.9.9.6 336.9.8.1.0 52 6.4.11.9.8 Ngil3ng Dong 343.9.14.5.0 62 5.5.7.2.5 379.2.4.7.7 107 5.5.12.1.0 Ngoc Q u a n 302.5.11.8.0 45 6.7.3.5.9 318.0.14.9.0 57 5.5.12.1.0 thi'p hdn so vdi tinh hinh chung cua cac xa mien niii d nUdc ta ndi rieng v i Cao Bing ndi chung Sang den thdi Minh Menh, du mdc dp t i p trung rudng di't cda Na LQ cd t i n g nhUng cung khdng cd nhieu thay ddi Neu chu cd mQc sd hQu cao nhi't d N i LQ mdi dat hdn 28 mau thi cac xa d Quang Hda da cd chu dat tren 70 m i u (18) Cd hipn tUdng tren bdi le N i LQ n i m vung trung tam tinh Cao Bing, sd' lUdng ngUdi sinh sdng ddng, lai l i ndi thudng xuyen cd bidn ddng ve dan cU, chinh tri, di't dai dUdc khai pha sdm, dd, khdng the tao mdt chu sd hQu Idn nhd khai hoang hoic cd the lUc Idn lau ddi Vi viy, mQc sd hQu cua cac chu khdng Idn, mang tinh dan trai, manh mun la die trUng cua rudng dat Na LQ nda d i u thd ky XIX Sd h d u r u o n g c u a c h u n d , p h u c a n h Vao dau thd ky XIX, viec phu nQ ddng ten chu sd hQu rudng da't l i hien tUdng k h i phd bidn, la ndt doc dao cua x i hdi Vipt Nam thdi trung dai (19) PhUdng N i LQ cung khdng n i m ngoii tinh trang chung i'y (Bang 4) TQ so' lieu thd'ng ke d bang cd the tha'y, sU bidn ddng manh me cua sd hQu nQ khoang thdi gian 1805 - 1840 Dau the ky XIX, tdng so' 94 chu sd hQu cd tdi 34 chu la nQ, chidm 36,17% s d c h d v i 29,05% dien tich rudng da't tU Trung binh mdi chu nQ sd hQu m i u sio thude, thi'p hdn mdc binh quan sd hQu cda toin phudng Trong dd, "d vung Bic Bd, ty Ip rudng di't cua chu nQ thudng thi'p hdn ty Ip sd chu nhUng d hai ty le n i y h l u nhU khdng vUdt qua 1/4" (20) NhU viy, ty Ip phan bd chu sd hQu nQ d Na LQ cao hdn cac vung khic, nhi't l i so vdi cae xa khac thudc Cao Bing Theo nghien cdu dia ba huypn Quang Hda (Cao Bing) cua PGS.TS Dim Thi Uyen thi sd chu nQ d day chi chiem 10,83% (21) Dieu dd cho thi'y d Na LQ, ngUdi phu nQ ddng vai trd khdng nhd kinh td gia dinh Sd rudng chd nQ ddng ten cd the l i cua hdi mdn dUdc bd mp ting; cd the mua bin, hoic khai hoang, hoic gda chdng NhUng den n i m 1840, sdchd nQ chi cdn mdt ngUdi l i Tdng Thi LQ, sd hQu mlu sio vdi tu each l i phu canh Sd chd sd hQu nQ giam nhieu nguyen n h i n : cd the dan sd ting, die bipt l i nam, rudng di't khai p h i h l u nhU khdng ting nen vipc chia di't cho gii cic gia dinh khdng dUdc tri nhU trUdc; hoic cd the ngUdi phu nQ d i chuyen giao quyen sd hQu cua minh cho chdng hoic trai l i p lai dia ba -I- Phu canh l i hipn tUdng phd bidn ciia ndng thdn Vipt Nam thd ky XIX Cd nhieu trUdng hdp, ngUdi d x i thdn niy nhiing lai cd rudng d mdt hoic vii xa thdn lan cin cung Tinh hinh ruOng dat d Ra Liir 25 Bang 4: Phan bo chu sd hufu tU dien phudng Na Luf Gia L o n g (1806) So c h u Di?n tich scl hQu (m&u.s^o thudc.ta'c) M i n h M $ n h 21 (1840) Di^n tich binh quan (mHu.B^o thudcta'c) So chu Di?n tich scl hQu (mlu.eao thuflcta'c) Di^n tich binh quan (mlu.s&o thu6c.t4'c) Tong so c h u 94 665.7.0.3 3.6.5.3 77 346.2.13.3 4.4.14.6 Chu scl hiiu nQ 34 99.2.10.0 2.9.3.0 2.6.0.0 2.6.0.0 P h v canh 49 179.4.3.5 3.6.9.3 16 79.3.0.0 4.9.8.5 (Nguon: Dia bg phu&ng Nd La, Gia Long vd Minh Menh 21] tdng, huypn hoic thudc tdng, huyen khic Sd chu phu canh cua N i LQ thdi Gia Long la 49, chiem 52,13% tdng sdchd v i 52,51% dien tich canh tic Die biet, sd chd sd hQu tren 10 m l u chi cd chd l i chinh canh NhU viy, diu the ky XIX, rudng di't dUde mua ban, trao ddi khdng ehl pham vi phUdng N i LQ, m i cdn md rdng pham vi tdng, tri'n Nim 1840, sd chd phu canh cQng giam dang ke, ehl cdn 16 ngUdi (20,78%), sd hQu 22,9% rudng di't Cic chd sd hQu Idn tren 20 mlu deu l i chinh canh Dieu dd cho thi'y, thdi Minh Mpnh, rudng di't d N i LQ tUdng ddi dn dinh, it cd sU trao ddi, mua ban hay ngUdi tQ ndi khic den xin khai hoang ciy cay Sd hdu ruong cua chdc sac Dia ba l i ngudn t i i lipu quy, khdng chi cho chung ta thi'y bQc tranh chung vd tinh hinh rudng di't m i cdn cung ci'p nhQng thdng tin quan trpng vd td chQc bd miy ling x i cung nhU vai trd kinh te' cua cac chQc sic ChQc sic bao gdm chQc dich va sic myc Chdc dich l i bd p h i n chdc sic quan ly l i n g x i n i m hp thd'ng td chQc h i n h chinh, dUdc n h i nUdc cdng nhin Sic muc l i bd p h i n tii quan cua ling xi bao gdm nhQng ngUdi dUdc d i n ling cd ra, dai dipn cho cdng ddng (22) Theo thd tuc h i n h chinh, cudi dia bao gid cung cd p h l n ghi ten v i diem cda nhQng chQc sic chiu trich nhipm dia ba Vi viy, chung ta biet dUde chinh ba chi lip xic ten va chQc vu cua mdt sd chdc sic phUdng N i LQ Vao thdi Gia Long, ddng dau phudng l i phudng trUdng (trong dQng d i u cac xa la xa trUdng), nhUng den nim 1840, dQng d i u N i LQ lai la ly trQdng TQ t h i n g n i m 1828, Minh Menh quy dinh viec d i t ly trQdng d Bic t h i n h "cho cac xa thdn cac phUdng deu d i t ly trUdng, dinh sd 50 ngUdi trd len thi d i t them Phd ly trudng, dinh so' 150 ngUdi trd len thi dit them Phd ly trUdng Deu li'y ngUdi vit liic d n can cho lim, Cai tdng cung dan ling ddng tQ b l u cd, phu huyen xdt ky lai, bim len tri'n de d p vin bing v i mpc trien cho Pham cdng vipc lang deu chju trach nhipm Lim viec dUdc nim, xdt gidi giang thi tau xin khen thudng, Ly trUdng se bd lim Phd tdng ngoai uy hay Cai tdng thi sai, Phd ly trUdng se bd Ly trudng NgUdi hen kdm tham d thi cich di, ngUdi blu cd cung phai tdi thi't sat" (23) NhU viy, thdi Minh Menh, chQc danh cua cac chQc dich ling xa da dUdc thdng nhi't d cac ddn vi hinh chi'nh ci'p cd sd, du dd la xa hay phUdng Dieu dd chQng td, Minh Menh da thuc hien chi'nh sach quan ly ling xi mang tinh thdng nhi't v i chit che tren pham vi d nUdc Phan cudi dia ba phUdng N i LQ lip nim Gia Long thQ 4, ngoai phUdng trUdng Nguyen Trpng Td v i sic muc l i Dam Dinh Van, cdn cd ba ngUdi khac cung ky ten diem chi m i khdng ghi rd chdc danh Hp cd the l i chdc sic, cd the chi l i nhQng ngUdi cd uy Rghito curu Ljch sd stf 6.2009 36 Bang 5: Sd h d u r u o n g dat cda chdc s^c phUdng Na Luf n&m 1805 Ten s i c muc Dim Dinh Van Phudng trudng Nguyen Trpng Td Pham Ding Quan Tdng Di§n tich sd hihi 3.0.0.0 13.4.0.0 1.1.0.0 24.1.0.0 Ty le (%) 12.45 55.60 4.56 100 [Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Gia Long 4] Bang 6: Sd hiifu r u n g dat cda chiic sdc phiidng N i Lvl n a m 1840 Ten Lf trudng Hoing Kim Cue Hudng muc Nguyen Duy Muu Cai tdng BQi Duy Doanh Tdng Di@n tich 7.1.0.0 5.2.0.0 28.5.0.0 40.8.0.0 Ty le (%) 17,40 12,75 69,85 100 [Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd La Minh Menh 21] tin vdi l i n g xa dUdc mdi de l i m chQng cho vipc l i p dia ba O day, chung tdi tam coi hp l i chQc sic cua phudng de budc d i u phan tich vai trd kinh te cua hp ling xi NhUng phan tich quydn liic kinh td giQa chdc dich- v i sic muc, chung tdi chi phan tich dUa tren sd lieu cda nhQng ngUdi ghi rd chQc danh n h i m dam bao tinh khoa hgc v i chin thiic cua tU lieu Cac chdc sic deu cd rudng di't tU, song mdc dp sd hQu khdng cao, chidm 5,3% sd chu v i 7,05% dipn tich rudng tU cua phudng Tuy nhien, t i e gia chUa cd dieu kipn khae sat toin bd dia ba cua chau Thach Lam cung nhU Cao Bing thdi Gia Long de thd'ng ke sd rudng eua hp d d c xa khac vdi tu each la phu canh Do dd, ket qua thd'ng ke, phan tich chi diia vio p h l n rudng di't m i hp sd hQu d phudng N i LQ (xin xem bang 5) NgUdi ed sd hQu cao nhi't l i Phudng trudng Nguyen Trpng Td, chidm 55,6% sd rudng thudc quyen sd hQu cda chdc sic Vdi mdc sd hQu len ddn 13 m l u sio, Nguyen Trpng Td dQng thd ba nhQng ngUdi cd rudng nhieu nhi't d N i LQ, song hai chd deu l i phu canh nen cd the coi dng l i ngUdi cd thd lUc kinh te manh nhi't phudng PhUdng trUdng l i ngUdi ddng d i u h i n g ngu chQc dich, chju trach nhipm chinh ve cac nghia vu cua phQdng vdi chinh quyen ci'p tren (tdng, chau ) Trong dd, sd hQu cua sic muc chi chidm 12,45% NhQ viy, d N i LQ vio nhQng nim cudi the ky XVIII d i u the ky XIX, chdc dich la nhQng ngUdi cd quyen lUc thiic sii ve chinh tri va kinh te Theo thdng ke dia ba Na LQ nim 1840, ngoii cac chQc ly trUdng, hUdng muc ci'p xa, phudng cdn cd chdc sic ci'p tdng li ngUdi dia phUdng Mdc dp sd hQu cda cac chdc dich nim 1840 t i n g len dang ke Cai tdng Bui Duy Doanh l i ngQdi cd mdc sd hQu cao nhi't vdi 28 m l u sio Day l i ngUdi vda cd thd liic vd chinh tri, vda cd tiem lUc ve kinh td, chi phoi manh me den l i n g xa Vd bd may d p phudng, sd rudng di't cua chdc dich v i sic muc cd sii chenh l$ch nhUng khdng dang ke So vdi thdi Gia Long n i m 1805, mdc sd Thih hinh ru^ng dat d Ra LOr 37 hQu cua ngudi dQng d i u bd m i y chQc dich d p phUdng v i n dUpc bao dam ci'p phUdng giam, mdc sd hQu cua s d h d u t h e o n h o m ho ngudi dQng d i u bd may tti quan ling xa ting Song, quyen liic cua chQc dich bp may Qua dia ba, chung ta cd the nghien cdu sau hdn ve vi'n dd ddng hp ling xa Bang 7: Tinh hinh sd hvtu cua cac nhom hq phiidng Na Lii Gia L o n g (1805) TT H9 So' chu Minh M§nh 21 (1840) So'chu Dipn tich sd hQu Dipn tich sd hQu Be 0 2.6.0.0 BCii 0 41.8.0.0 Chu 1.0.0.0 0 Cdng 6.6.0.0 0 Dim 15.7,0.0 59.6.13.0 Ding 3.3.0.0 2.6.0.0 Danh 20.1.0.0 0 Dio 4.5.0.0 12.5.0.0 Dd 14.8.10.0 3.5.0.0 10 DUdng 2.0.0.0 0 11 Giap 5.5.0.0 8.9.0.0 12 Hi 4.3.0.0 1.0.0.0 13 Hoing 8.4.0.0 18.6.10.0 14 Ling 3.4.0.0 3.3.0.0 15 Le 21.1.0.0 23.4.0.0 16 Ly 2.0.0.0 0 17 Nguyen 34.1.0.0 14 46.2.0.0 18 NhQ 3.2.0.0 0 19 Ndng 4.2.0.0 11.9.0.0 20 Ph^m 8.0.0.0 19.0.0.0 21 PhQng 3.3.0.0 0 22 Tdng 0 2.6.0.0 23 Trin 1.0.0.0 6.9.0.0 24 Vu 2.4.0.0 0 [Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Gia Long vd Minh Menh 21] Rghi&i curu Lich sd atf 6.2009 38 Bang 8: Tinh h i n h sd hQu cda cac n h o m ho Idn phiidng N i Ld Gia Long (1805) TT Minh Menh 21 (1840) Hp So'chu So' chu Dien tich Dien tich BQi 0 41.8.0.0 Danh 20.1.0.0 0 Dd 14.8.10.0 3.5.0.0 Dam 15.7.0.0 59.6.13.0 Hoing 8.4.0.0 18.6.10.0 Le 21.1.0.0 23.4.0.0 Nguyen 34.1.0.0 14 46.2.0.0 Ndng 4.2.0.0 11.9.0.0 Pham 8.0.0.0 19.0.0.0 [Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd Ui, Gia Long vd Minh Menh 21] Tuy nhien, chi vdi thdng tin dia ba thi chUa du de k h i n g dinh nhQng ngUdi mang hp gid'ng la cung chung huyet thd'ng Tren thtic te, cd nhieu ngUdi cung hp nhUng khdng he biet nhau, ke d liet ke den ten dem thQ hai Bdi le, ten dem cua mdi hg du dUdc quy dinh rd r i n g nhUng khdng h i n dUdc thiic hipn nghiem tuc, chau ddi sau cd the li'y ten dem khac, v i ten dem cua ddng hg khdng sd dung cho gii VI du trUdng hdp hp Nguyen: qua khao sat thiic te dia phUdng, d phudng Na LQ hdi thd ky XIX cd hp Nguyen rieng biet l i Nguyen Khanh, Nguyin Trpng, nhUng dia ba chi cd nhi't mdt chu sd hQu nam hp Nguyen Trgng, cdn lai l i Nguyen Vin, cac chu sd hQu nQ deu l i Nguyen Thi Den dia ba Minh Mpnh 21 (1840), khdng cd hg Nguyen dem Nguyen Trpng hay Nguyen Khanh nQa m i chi cd Nguyen Vin, Nguyen Duy Dieu dd chQng td ten dem cua ddng hp la khdng dn dinh, khdng the cin cd vio dd de xae dinh ddng hp Tuy nhien, d day chung tdi chi xet mpt phudng (xa) nen cd ban nhQng ngUdi cung ten hp, khdng phai phu canh cd the coi l i mdt hp De dam bao tinh khach quan cua tu lipu phan tich ve ddng hp, chung tdi xep nhQng ngUdi chinh canh, cd cung ten hg vio mdt nhdm, gpi chuiTg l i nhdm hp Nguyen, nhdm hp Pham, nhdm hp Dim, nhdm hp Bui Qua dieu tra thiic tdtai khu vUc phudng N i LQ, chi cd nhdm hp Nguyen v i hp D i m gdm cd hai hp, cdn lai l i mpt ddng hp Do dd, chung tdi li'y sd rudng cua nhQng ngudi chinh canh de phan tich ve sd hQu theo ddng hp Trong vdng 35 n i m , tinh hinh sd hQu rudng di't theo cac ddng hp cua N i LQ cd nhieu bidn ddng, phan anh sii bien dpng cua xa hdi, the hien qua vipc so sanh quy md sd hQu cua d c nhdm hp d ca hai thdi diem Cu the nhU sau: Theo dia ba n i m 1805, N i LQ cd t i t ca 26 nhdm hp nhUng dd cd 20 nhdm hp tnic tiep sinh sdng d phUdng N i LQ (chinh canh) vdi 45 chu chidm 47,87% tdng sdchii va 47,14% tdng rudng di't Sdchd cung nhU sd lUdng rudng di't cua chu chinh canh it Tinh hinh ruOng dat d Ra LCr 39 hdn so vdi chd phu canh Den n i m 1840, phudng N i LQ chi cdn 17 nhdm hp chinh canh, nhUng chiem 79,22% tdng sd chd v i 77,1% sd rudng, cao hdn nhidu so vdi phu canh NhU viy, chi vdng 35 nim, dan sd eua N i LQ t i n g nhanh v i bien ddng ve ddng hp cung tUdng ddi Idn Cd ddng hp vdn sinh sd'ng d N i LQ thdi Gia Long da chuyen di vio thdi Minh Menh, dd cd nhQng ddng hp Idn nhU hp Danh; ddng thdi cd hp chuyen den l i hp Bui, Bd, NhQ Su bidn ddng manh me i'y the hien rd nhi't qua cac ddng hp cd thd liic d N i LQ thUa thdt, d i t dai rdng nen rudng dat cac gia dinh khai hoang da trd tU hQu Qua trinh tU hQu d N i LQ cdn day la ndi cd giao thdng thuin tien, thUdng nghiep phat trien Tuy nhien, rudng di't N i LQ nda diu the ky XDC mang tinh chi't manh mun, dan trai, mdc dp sd hQu cua cac chu khdng Idn Ndu nhu thdi Gia Long, nhdm hg Nguyen, Le, Danh l i nhdm n i m tay nhieu rudng di't, cd the lUc vd kinh te thi 35 n i m sau, quyen liic kinh td i'y thudc ve nhdm hp Dim, Nguyen v i Bui Dieu dang ehu y d day l i ddng hp Danh vao n i m 1805 cd tdi chd, sd hQu 20 m l u sio thi den n i m 1840 khdng cdn mdt chu sd hQu nio d N i LQ Trong dd, ddng hp Bui mdi chuyen den sau thdi diem n i m 1805 lai nhanh chdng t i p trung rudng di't tay, sd hQu tdi 41 m i u sio vao nim 1840 Cung vdi dd l i sU Idn manh nhanh chdng ve tiem liic kinh te cua nhdm hp Dim, hp Hoing v i hp Pham Qua dia ba Na LQ cho thi'y, cd d u td chQc ling ban d i dn dinh D i n cQ sdng t i p trung tren mdt khu di't dUdc quy dinh cu the, tao ling ban Lang ban khdng chi cd mpt hp m i cd nhieu hp cung sinh sdng Quy md sd hQu rudng di't ciia cac nhdm hg d N i LQ khdng Idn So sanh giQa hai thdi diem (Gia Long v i Minh Mpnh 21), mQc sd hQu rudng da't cua cac nhdm hg cd sii bidn dgng rd rpt Mgt sd nhdm hg cd sd hQu Idn thdi Gia Long den Minh Mpnh lai mi't vai trd kinh te, ngUdc lai nhieu nhdm hp lai vUdn len n i m nhieu rudng di't tay Die bipt, cd ddng hp Idn sinh sd'ng d Na LQ thdi Gia Long nhUng de'n thdi diem Minh Menh lai khdng cdn nhU hp Danh, cd nhQng ddng hp mdi den sau thdi diem 1805 nhUng lai n i m tay nhieu rudng da't nhU hp Bui Do dd, d N i LQ khdng cd hien tUdng mdt ddng hp Idn cd the lUc ve kinh te liu ddi chi phdi sti phat trien cua dia phUdng thdi gian dai Dieu dd phan anh sii xio trdn ve dan cU v i mQc dp bien ddng xa hdi cua N i LQ Nhu vay, rudng di't N i LQ vao nda diu the ky XIX h l u hdt l i tU hQu, chiem hdn 99% Qui trinh tU hQu hda d N i LQ cd le dien td cudi thd ky XVI, n h i Mac dly manh chinh sich khai hoang v i phat trien ndn kinh te hing hda Rudng di't tu hQu d mien nui phat trien sinh tren hai cd sd chu ydu, mpt m i t l i tU hQu hda tren cd sd rudng di't mang danh nghla rudng cdng cua ban mudng trUdc dd; mdt m i t l i d mien nui, din cU Thdng qua dia ba Gia Long (1805) v i Minh Mpnh 21 (1840), chung ta thi'y chu phu canh suy giam rd ret ve ca sd lUdng chu v i rudng di't sd hQu Dieu dd chQng td cQ dan N i LQ d i d i n dn dinh vi gin chit vdi ddng rudng 40 Rghi&i cdu Lich sd sg 6.2009 CHU THICH (1), Nguyen Trdi todn tap, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, H& Noi, 1976, tr 240 (8) Dia bg xd Manh KH:DB 254, TTLTQG (2) Theo chiing toi, phudng Nk Lii bfit diu c6 tit n h i Mac len Cao Biing, chon N i Lii lim kinh PhUdng \k mpt ddn vi h i n h chinh c&'p cd sd cua thi, tUdng dUdng v6i xa h ving nong thon, c6 chiic n&ng to chiic vi quan ly cU dfin thj theo dia vUc Nhi Mac da ap dicing mo hinh to chflc kinh d Thing Long de to chtic kinh Ni Lvl xay dung chi'nh quyfe'n cat cii cl Cao Bing Sau nhi Mac bi danh bai hoin toin (nim 1677), trieu (finh Le - Trinh, tiep li cac vua diu trieu Nguyin vSn giiJ nguyen ddn vi phUdng dii cho Ni Lii khong li kinh thinh Trong thdi ky niy, Ni Lii da tiing bu6c nong th8n h6a, yeu to "thj" din bien mi't, phucing b day du^c coi li ci'p xa to chiic hinh chinh ciia dia phUdng vi de'n ddi Dong Khanh thi doi thinh xa Ni Lfl Xem them: Mong To Trin, Cao Bang thu hien li?t phuong danh, lUu trii tai Bao ting Cao B^ng, tr.ll8; Vifn Nghien ciiu Han Nom Ten Idng xd Viet Nam ddu the ky XIX (cdc tinh tii Nghe An trd ra), Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, H i Npi, 1981, tr 93; Ngo Diic Tho-Nguyen Vin Nguyen- Philip Papin Ddng Khdnh dia dU chi, t^p 1, Nxb The gidi, Hi Npi, 2003, tr 659 (9) Dia bg xa Gia Bang Gia Long 4, KH: DB.172; Dia bg xd Gia Bdng, Minh Menh 21, KH: DB 173, TTLTQG (3) Bia Den Vua Le, Ling Den, xi Hoing Tung, huyfn Hoa An, tinh Cao B^ng lip nim 1813 (4) Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Gia Long 4, KH DB.130; Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Minh Menh 21, KH: DB 131, TTLTQG (5) Dia bg xd Hd Dam, Gia Long 4, KH: DB180; Dia bg xd Hd Dam, Minh Menh 21, KH: DB 181, TTLTQG (6) Dia bg xd Kim Giap, Gia Long 4, KH: DB 141; Dia bg xa Kim Giap, Minh Menh 21, KH: 142, TTLTQG (7) Dia bg xd Xudn An, Gia Long 4, KH: DB 329; Dia bg xd Xudn An, Minh Menh 21, KH: DB 330, TTLTQG Tuyin, Gia Long 4, (10) Dia bg xd Phuc Co, Gia Long 4, KH: DB.200, TTLTQG (11) Dia bg xd Cd Scm, Minh Minh 21, KH: DB.165, TTLTQG (12) Ngo Diic Thp, Nguyin Vin Nguyen, Philip Papin: Ddng Khdnh dia dU chi, t i p 1, Nxb Th^ gidi, H i Npi, 2003, tr 665 (13) Dim Thi Uyen: Huyen Quang Hda (tinh Cao Bdng) tii thdnh Idp de'n givCa theky XIX, Luin an Tien si Lich sii, trUcIng D^i hpc Sii ph^m H i Npi, MS: 5.03.25, 2000, tr 57 (14) Nong Quoc Huy: Huy?n Ngdn Sdn, tinh Bac Kgn the ky XIX, Luin vin Thac si Lich sii, trudng Dai hpc Su pham Thai Nguyfin, MS: 60.22.54, 2008, tr 26 (15) Phan Huy Le, Nguyin Diic Nghinh, Vu Minh Giang, Vii Vin Quin, Phan PhUdng Thao: Dia bg Thdi Binh, Nxb Th6' gidi, H i NOi, 1997, tr 30 (16) Phan Huy Le, Vu Minh Giang, Vii Vfin Quan, Phan PhUdng Thao: Dia bg Hd Ddng, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi H i Npi, 1995, tr 26 (17) Trir Ni Lii, cic x i l^i diu thupc huy$n Quang Hoa, tinh Cao Bing Tic gia chpn nhQng x5 c6 tong rupng di't thi^c tUdng dUdng vdi Ni Lfl cl ca hai thdi diim S^ li^u tren duijc li'y til: Dim Thj Uyen, sdd, tr 58, 59, 69 (18) Dim Thi Uyen, sdd, tr 57, 70 (19) Phan PhUdng Thao: Chinh sach qudn diin nam 1839 d Binh Dinh qua tU li^u dia bg, Nxb Thg'Gidi, Hi Npi, 2004, tr 55 (20) Phan PhUdng Thao, sdd, tr 55 (21) Dim Thj Uyen, sdd, tr 60 (22) Phan Phudng Thao, sdd, tr 58 (23) Quoc sii quan trilu Nguyin: Dgi Nam thuc luc, t i p II, Nxb Giio due, Hi N^i, tr 754 ... xung quanh, cd nhieu nhan liic de khai hoang Vi the, cic xa mien nui heo lanh thudng xui't hipn chu sd hQu Idn, t h i m chi tdi hdn 50 m i u rudng nhu d huypn Quang Hda (Cao Bing), binh quan sd... ! -. -^ :; 45.00% Jr^T ' 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15,00% 10.00% • - ' • / ' • - : • • , ' , ' , , : • - • ' / ' • • ^ • • - ' " - : • ' • y , : 5.00% 0.00% J Dutrl A m&u - miu -. .. cho canh tac, nim d khu vUc trung tam kinh te - chinh tri lau ddi cua vung nen qua trinh tu hQu hda dien nhanh, manh cung phan nio phan anh sQ phat trien cua kinh te tQ hQu ci the (xin xem Bang