GS TS PHAM NGOC HO - GS TS LE DINH QUANG GIAO TRiNH B0NG u p hoc m Oi TRIfONG Ldp BllN KHf OUYEN NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC V I $ T NAM Cong ty Co phan sach Dai hoc - Day nghe - Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam giff quyen cong bo tac pham 161 - 2009/CXB/31 - 208/GD Ma so: 7K798Y9 - DAI h i n o i (/a n Giao trinh Dong lire hoc moi trudng ldp bien quyen duoc bien soan lam tai lieu hoc tap cho hoc vien cao hoc va nghien cuu sinh thuoc chuyen nganh moi trudng khong khf d Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Tu nhien, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi; dong thdi cung la tai lieu tham khao bo fch giang day va nghien curu khoa hoc cua giang vien d cac trudng dai hoc co lien quan tdi llnh vuc mdi trudng tren pham vi ca nude Noi dung giao trinh duoc trinh bay hai phan: Phan I Co so ly thuyet cua ldp bien quyen, gom chuong Chuong trinh bay cac khai niem, dinh nghia va cau true cua ldp bien, dac diem cua ldp bien khf quyen vung vi thap; vai tro va tac dong cua cac hien tuong thdi tiet, nhung dac trung bien dong cua ldp bien anh hudng den cac hoat dong kinh te - xa hoi va moi trudng; tac dong ngupc lai cac hoat dong cua ngudi gay da va dang lam gia tang mtic o nhiem mdi trudng khong khf Chuong II trinh bay phuong phap md phong burc tranh di£n bien phite tap cua ldp bien bang cach mo ta toan - vat ly day, he phuong trinh nhiet dong lire mo ta trudng toe do, ap suat, nhiet do, am v.v dupe phan tfch chi tiet ve kha nang khep km cung nhu cach giai bang cac phuong phap sd tri, thu nguyen va thong ke Trong chuong III de cap den viec tham sd hoa cac dac trung co ban cua ldp bien theo cac thong tin Synop - cao khong, tieu chuan phuc vu cho cac mo hinh du bao chmh ap va ta ap cua ldp bien khf quyen Phan II O nhitm khong va mo hinh hoa qua trinh lan truyen chat o nhifim ldp bien quyen, la phan ting dung co sd ly thuyet roi dong luc hoc va thong ke cua ldp bien vao giai quyet cac bai toan cu the co y nghia thuc iitn , dupe trinh bay ba chuong Chuong IV trinh bay v l o nhiim khong va cac phuong phap nghien cuu qua trinh lan truyen chat o nhiim ldp bien khf quyen, dac biet la Top khong khf sat dat Do la phuong phap thuc nghiem, phuong phap mo hinh hoa toan hoc va phuong phap thong ke vat ly ChuongV trinh bay mot so mo hinh tfnh toan va du bao qua trinh lan truyen chat o nhiim ldp bien khf quyen da va dang duoc sir dung rong rai d nude ngoai cung nhu d nude Chuong VI de cap den cac ky nang thuc hanh viec xac dinh cac tham so dau vao cua cac mo hinh bang cach tham so hoa cac yeu td khf tuong, dia hinh, cac tham so khuech tan rdi cua ldp bien urng vdi dieu kien khf hau nhiet ddi gio mua d Viet Nam, kern theo chuong trinh tfnh toan tren may tfnh de minh hoa Giao trinh duoc bien soan lan dau nen khong tranh khoi cac khiem khuyet, cac tac gia rat mong ban doc dong gop y kien d! lan tai ban sau giao trinh dupe cap nhat, bo sung va hoan thien hon Moi y kien xin gui ve Cong ty Cd phan sach Dai hoc - Day nghe, Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam, 25 Han Thuyen - Ha Noi C ac tac gia DANH M U C CA C KV H IE U C O BAN a, = - Fa/x P u*: quy mo doi vdi do cua dai lugng a A « 2,39.10~5 cal/erg: duang lugng nhiet cua cong b2: dong nang trung binh cua roi B() = H/LE: ty sd Boien C D, CH: he so khuech tan va truyen nhiet Cp « 0,24 cal/g.do - nhiet dung dang ap cua khong khf Cv ~ 0,17 cal/g.do: nhiet dung dang tfch cua khong khf d = y j v f f : day ldp bien tang Ekman e(T): siic truong cua hai nude bao hoa d nhiet T e0 w 0,lm bar: siic trudng cua hai nude bao hoa T = 273° E: nang lugng xung dong roi f: tham sd Coriolit F: dong buc xa nhiet Fa: dong thang dung cua ldp xao tron vo hudng a g « 9,81 cm/s2: gia toe trgng trudng G: toe gid dia chuyen h: cao ldp bien hanh tinh cua khf quyen h„: cao gd ghe cua mat dem hs: cao ldp sat dat cua khf quyen hv = v/u„: quy md day cua ldp ma sat nhdt H: dong nhiet thang dung d gan mat dem i: vecta dan vi, hudng theo true x I: Tham sd vo khu nguyen phan tang am Is: gia tri cua I khf quyen bao hoa j : vecta dan vi hudng theo true y k: vecta dan vi hudng theo true z kD, kH, kM, kQ: cac he sd trao doi roi, nhiet, xung roi va nang lugng 1: quy mo roi (hay quang dudng di chuyen) L, L \ L', L ,: ky hieu khac cua quy mo dai Monin - Obukhov L ~ 600cal/g: tiem nhiet ngung ket M: toe trung binh ngung ket am mot don vi khoi luong khong khf P: ap suat P0 = l.OOOmbar: ap suat tieu chuan Pr: so Prandt (ddi vdi khong khf Pr « 0,72) q: am rieng q, = -E /xp u : quy mo ddi vdi am q0: gia tri hieu dung cua q d muc nham qh: gia tri q d gidi han tren cua ldp bien hanh tinh qm: am rieng circ dai (bao hoa) q,: gia tri trung binh cua q d ranh gidi khf quyen va mat dem Q: dong trung binh cua nang luong rdi theo chieu thang dung Qt : dong trung binh cua bat dong nhat ve nhiet theo phuong thang durrig r0: am tuong ddi cua khong khf d gan mat dem R » 2,87.106erg/g.do: hang so rieng cua khong khf kho Rf, R f\ Rji cac so Richardson R ikp: gia tri tieu chuan cua so Richardson Rj R w= 4,615.106 erg/g.do: hang so rieng cua hoi nude Rc = G.d/v: so Richardson cua ldp bien Ekman day d Rd) = u,.h(/v: so Richardson ddi vdi be mat cd nham trung binh h() R0 = G/lfl.z,,: so Rossby S = (3.5.0/lfl.G: tham so ngoai cua tang ket Sc = v/Xd: s° Smidt (ddi vdi khong khf Sc = 0,72) t: thdi gian T: nhiet tuyet ddi T* = -H /x C p.p.u»: quy mo nhiet T„ = 273° Ts: nhiet trung binh cua mat dem Tb: nhiet ao u, = u; u2 = v; u3 = w: phan toe theo cac true x, y, z u,: toe ma sat V = i.u + j.v: vecto ngang toe gio trung binh V : toe gio trung binh tren mire co dinh nao Ug: phan toe gio dia chuyen theo true x Vg: phan toe gio dia chuyen theo true y Wh: toe thang dung trung binh tren mat gidi han ldp bien hanh tinh Z0: tham so nham a: goc giua sue cang ma sat d be mat va gid quyen tu a D = k ^ , ^ : ty sd cua he sd trao doi roi doi vdi h6n hep thu dong va doi vdi xung roi a H = kH/k M: ty sd he sd trao doi roi doi vdi nhiet va doi vdi xung roi P = g/T: tham sd cua luc nang ya ~ 1CT2 do/m: gradien doan nhiet kho 8q = qh - q0; 5e = 0h - 90: chenh lech am rieng va nhiet the' vi 8q0 = q0 - qs; 5e0 = 90 - 9S : chenh lech am rieng va nhiet the' vi d gan mat dem s: toe hao tan trung binh cua nang llicng roi sh, ew: toe hao tan nang luong roi tuong ung vdi mach dong nam ngang va thang dirng cua td'c C, = z/L: cao vo thir nguyen (trong ldp sat dat) 9: nhiet the' vi 90: gia tri ciia d muc nham h : gia tri d cao h 9S : gia tri trung binh d ranh gidi quyen va mat dem X * 0,4: hang so Karman X*: he so ma sat dia chuyen X - u„/lfl: quy m o day lop bien A = G/lfl: quy m o dai, duoc xac lap tu tham sd ngoai p = XfL: tham so tang ket Monin v « 0,3cmVs: he sd dong nang luc dinh cua khong khf £, = Z/L: cao vo thu nguyen (trong ldp bien hanh tinh) p ~ 1,3.10 3g/cm : mat khong khf 5t , 5u, 5v, w : lech chuan cua nhiet va cac phan toe gio x = i.xx + j.xy : vecto ngang cua urng suat tiep tuyen cua luc ma sat cp: vi dia ly Xd ~ 0,17 cm 2/s; Xh ~ nhiet hoc cm 2/s: he sd khuech tan phan tu dong hoc va \\i: ham dac trung cong thuc tong quat Karman co « 7,29.10_5s_1: toe goc quay cua Trai Dat Khu vUc He so Mua xuan Mua Mua thu Mua dong Hue a 6.12.10”3 6.16.10-3 2,23.10 1,23.10^2 b 3.15.10-6 1.19.10-6 1.42.10”6 5,37.10-6 a 5,03.10“3 2,60.10~3 2,24.1 O’ 1,53.10-2 TP Ho Chi Minh Danh gia sai so: n n Sai so binh phuong trung binh: —'Y ,§ = —Y 'fax - b x - y ) tmh theo n m n - ti ‘ ’ eae he so a va b, ket qua duoc trinh bay d bang 6.3 Bang 6.3 Mua Mua xuan Mua Mua thu Mua dong Ha Noi 0,003565 0,001983 0,002795 0,002474 Hue 0,001455 0,000930 0,002060 0,003657 TP Ho Chi Minh 0,000160 0,000040 0,000023 0,000503 Khu Tu bang 6.3 cho thay, sai so dao dong khoang tit 10“2 - 1CT5, dieu cho thay su kha phu hop cua dudng cong ly thuyet vdi dudng cong thuc nghiem Xac djnh he so roi thang durng theo cong thirc thuc nghiem Profin thang dung cua he so khuech tan roi bieu thi theo quy luat luy thua cd dang: (6.15) v Z y K, - he so khuech tan roi d cao lm duoc xac dinh bang cong thirc thirc nghiem co dang sau: K, = , 104.AU + 1,38 AT (AU)' AU = U2- U05 : hieu toe gio d muc va 0,5m AT = T05 - T2 : hieu nhiet khong tai muc 0,5 va 2m 134 (6 16) Doi voi khf quyen d trang thai can bang phiem dinh thi m = 0,75; ung vcfi dieu kien khong can bang (trang thai sieu doan nhiet), gia trj m = 0,9 (xem ghi chu d cong thuc (2.98)) Khi do, theo cong thuc (6.15) se xac dinh duoc Kz d cao Z bat ky Chuong trinh tfnh toan cac tham so khf tuong va khuech tan roi ldp bien khf quyen duoc mo phong bang so khoi trinh bay d phan phu luc [15] CAU HOI ON TAP CHUONG VI r f C a sa vat ly va tuong doi voi bai toan phat tan tap chat lop bien quyen Xay dung duong cong profin cua toe gid ldp bien theo mo • r \ r r •> hinh luy thua ung voi chi so tang ket nhiet bat on dinh cua Berliand, ' ' ' ' biet rang toe gid o cao lm bang l,5m/s Ung dung ket qua o cau de xac dinh nham Zo va toe dong lire V* r •> r r r Trinh bay cac quy luat bien doi cua he sd khuech tan roi ngang Ky theo thoi gian Y nghia cua dinh luat parabon va dinh luat 5/3 r f \ r ung dung thuc te doi voi bai toan lan truyen chat o nhiem Trinh bay phuong phap xac dinh cac he so ty le dinh luat parabon va 5/3 Trinh bay cac cong thuc bieu thi mdi quan he giua kfch thuoc f f r f f khuech tan roi ngang Ko vdi cac he sd khuech tan roi suy rong cua Sutton Cy, Cz va cac he sd phat tan roi Gauss a y , a z Neu img dung cua cac cong thuc 135 PHU LUC T H U Y E T MINH C H U O N G TR IN H TINH TO AN CAC TH A M SO KHI T U O N G V A KHUEC H TAN ROI OOI VOI MO HINH TIN H LAN TR U YEN CHAT O NHIEM TR O N G MOI TRUCJNG LOP BIEN KHI QUYEN [15] Chuong trinh tfnh toan cac tham so doi vdi bai toan lan truyen chat o nhi^m ldp bien khf quyen duoc trinh bay vdi cac modun tfnh toan khac nham xac dinh gia tri cu the cua cac tham sd mo hinh bao gom : he sd roi ngang Ky; kfch thudc roi ngang K0; he sd khuech tan roi suy rong cua Sutton: Cy, C,; he sd roi thing dung Kz; profin gio; nham be mat Z() va he sd tang ket n) Chi/dng trinh chinh Tfnh he so roi ngang (Ky) theo phi/ang phap thong ke hien dai Khoi chittng trinh chinh Hinh Sd khoi cua chtfdng trinh tinh toan 136 G iao dien cua chuong trinh tinh nhu tren hinh File E d it V ie w Calculatingv i o o l s W in w s © A b o u t Meteorology Modelling Hinh Giao dien cua chUdng trinh tinh C huan bj dur lieu dau vao So lieu dau vao dugc to chtic file van ban voi dinh dang sau: File so lieu dugc dinh dang theo m iu AAMMYYYY va co phan md rong chon (*.smt, *.txt, * *), AA la ten cac ky tu chon, MM la ten thang, va YYYY la nam (Vi du: LB011999.smt, TN042000.smt v.v ) - File so lieu roi: Sd lieu gio tai muc quan trSc mat dat tinh theo thang vdi dp quan trSc la hoac dp - File so lieu cao khong: Lay sd lieu dac cao khong cua tram d muc la: H - 1.000, T - 1.000; H - 850, T - 850; va H - 700, T - 700 doi vdi tirng tram - File so lieu thuc nghiem: Lay gia tri quan triic tai muc quan trac cua tram quan tr&c mat dat 137 Cac file so lieu duoc chuan bi san se duoc chuong trinh doc ghi va tfnh toan qua cac he phuong trinh va ghi mot file van ban (*.dmt hoac *.txt) hoac file thi ( *.bmp) nham so sanh ket qua tfnh toan vdi gia tri quan trac (neu co) Qua trinh tfnh toan Vao trinh don [Calculating hoac bam true tiep tren cong cu Trudc het, phai nhap ten file ket qua va file so lieu va cac thong so can thiet khac (ban co the khong can nhd ten file ket qua) va ket qua tmh toan se the hien file ket qua qua khung nhin File ke't qua co the chinh sua va luu sang vdi mot ten file khac nhu nhung file thong thudng EQ M eteorology File rr Edit - In lx l M odelling View j Calculating Tools Windows V | Vertical Diffusion and Wind l^ j! Wind in emprical formulae Horizontal Diffusion Help F4 m F3 F2 Pollution Modelling sample A Hinh Modun tinh toan Co lira chon tfnh toan: 2.1 Tinh he so roi Bieu mau cua modun tfnh toan duoc the hien qua hinh sau: So lieu dac theo gia tri quan trac cd lira chon la dp va S op (quan trac/ngay) Hudng gio duoc tfnh vdi cac goc (5°; 10°; 15°; 20°; 22,5°) cd thu: nguyen la ung vdi bang gio 16 hudng 138 Ml h a Statistically calculating diffusion coefficients meteorology uaia rues: Browse j Result File: f7 Regression function Option: J -H in t: - — - Observation (obs): 4▼ Wind Direction (): 20 ▼ Statically calculating the diffusion coefficents such as: Horizonal, Magnitude and Sutton's diffusion coefficents (Ky,Ko, ) - Meteorology Modelling | X Cancel Hinh Bieu mau cua modun tinh toan he so roi 2.2 Tinh gid tri Z va n (n = - m) cong thuc bien doi toe gio theo quy luat luy thiia va loga Ban nhap vao mire quan tr&c va mire gio can tmh (co the lasonguyen hoac so thuc) HDD 55J Empirically Calculating wind components Meteorology Data Files: ~ “ - \ Browse -Option: Low level (m): ▼ High level (m): 10 ▼ Calculated level (m): 2.5 T Result File: Hint: - - -Calculating the parameters in velocity wind formulae from surface stations' observed data (such as Zo and m ) - Meteorology Modelling: Run X Cancel Hinh Bieu mau cua modun tinh toan phan toe gio theo cong thufc thi/c nghiem 139 2.3 Tinh gia tri K, va profin gio theo mo hinh l&p bien k h i quyen File so lieu chua ket qua quan tr^c cao khong cua tram (xem file so lieu cao khong) Tram STT Ky hieu Kinh Vi Bang Coc 48855 100°34' 13°44' Thanh Ho Chi Minh 48900 106°40' 10°49' Oa Nang 48455 i08°ir 16°02' Nhap gia tri Z() (do nham be mat) va toa cua tram quan trdc cao khong (Bieu mSu cua modun duoc the hien tren hinh |®| Calculating veitical profile of wind and diffusion H U B Meteorology Data Files: Browse Zo (m): Year (0.01 G) ▼ Result File: Upper-air station: Station Latitude: |1 3.44 Longtitude: 100.34 Station Latitude: i1049 Longtitude: 106.40 Station Latitude: Longtitude: 108.11 Meteorology Modelling d /? Run % Cancel Hinh Bieu mau cua modun tfnh toan profin gio va he so roi thang dufng mo hinh ldp bien quyen Hien thi ket qua Sau tfnh toan xong, ta co the xem ket qua tinh toan thong qua trinh don |yiew (duoi dang so lieu hoac thi) tren menu chinh cua chuong trinh Ngoai ra, chuong trinh chung toi thiet lap them mot modun tfnh thir nghiem vdi so lieu cu the cho mo hinh lan truyen chat o nhidm phuc vu cho cong tac nghien cuu va du bao 140 -TnJxl S M eteorology Modelling file £dit View Calculating Iools Windows Help e | m yp IW h i a | i ] C: \Long\M eteoPr o\Ket Qua\LB0 1 9 dmt *** ! Do c a o MO HINH LOP BIEN KHI QUYEN * * * Thang / 9 ! O 16 32 47 63 79 95 110 12 142 l I I f S Q n E Roi ! 0.00 13 5.24 8.70 12 15.93 19.51 23 6.38 60 Gio ! E 0.00 44 62 0.73 0.82 89 95 1.01 1.06 11 ! 00 37 0.51 62 69 0.75 80 83 85 87 Eta ! Sigma 00 10 19 29 38 47 1.56 64 73 1.81 ! 00 - 16 -0.32 - 48 - 63 -0.78 - 93 -1.0 -1.2 -1.3 _ _ _ _ ^ Hinh Hien thi file ket qua a Meteorology Modelling File Edit View Calculating *n Tools Windows Help " T ^ T ir f^B erliand's atmospheric dispersion model n ~ r* i Modelling Non-technical parameters: “ Wind speed at 1m ([m/s)): 1.3 Technical parameters: —— TT" -Gaseous waste emission (Q(mg/s)): 12500 Wind speed at 1Om ([m/s]):]1.80 The height of Chimney (H[m)): 30J Air temperature (TJk[0CJ): 19.0 The diameter of Chimney (PN): Vertical diffusion Kz[m]): fo 444 The speed of flue-waste (Wo [m/s]): 2.1 Horizontal diffusion (Kfi[m)): jo 471 Atmospheric condition: — (• instability (n=0.14) C Stability (n-0.21) - Cantor for on,T.fopical 1.2 Gaseous waste temperature (Tr [0C]): 130 Output file: OutputOl.dmt w