American english file 5 student book 2nd edition full kho tài liệu học tiếng anh

SECOND EDITION American ENGLISH FILE Online Practice Christina Latham-Koenig Clive Oxenden OXFORD American ENGLISH FILE Christina Latham-Koenig Clive Oxenden Paul Seligson and Clive Oxenden are the original co-authors of English File and English File OXFORD U N IV E R SIT Y PRESS Contents Grammar Vocabulary Pronunciation A What motivates you? discourse markers ( ): connectors work word stress and rhythm B Who ami? have personality; family rhythm and intonation 12 H COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH Family secrets, On the street 14 A Whose language is it? pronouns language terminology sound-spelling relationships 18 B Once upon a time the past: narrative tenses, used to, and would word building: abstract nouns word stress with suffixes 22 REVIEW AND CHECK & 24 A Don't get mad, get even! get phrases with get words and phrases of French origin 28 B History goes to the movies discourse markers (2): adverbs and adverbial expressions history and warfare stress in word families 32 ■ < COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH & Fact or fiction?, On the street 34 A Breaking the silence speculation and deduction sounds and the human voice consonant clusters 38 B Lost in translation adding emphasis ( ): inversion describing books words with “silent" syllables 42 REVIEW AND CHECK & distancing time linking unreal uses of past tenses money eaand ear 44 A 48 B Do you have Affluenza? 52 Are there 31 hours in a day? COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH & Women and money, On the street Contents Grammar Vocabulary Pronunciation verb + object + infinitive or gerund compound adjectives intonation in polite requests conditional sentences phone language; adjectives + prepositions sounds and spelling: ///, /tf/,/3/,/d3/ 54 A Help yourself 58 B 62 REVIEW AND CHECK & Can't live without it Grammar Vocabulary Pronunciation 64 A Who's in control? permission, obligation, and necessity word formation: prefixes intonation in exclam ations 68 B Just any old bed? verbs of the senses place and movement extra stress on important words 72 M i COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH & Art and artists, On the street 74 A Trick or treatment? gerunds and infinitives health and medicine; similes word stress 78 B A moving experience expressing future plans and arrangements travel and tourism homophones 82 REVIEW AND CHECK & 84 A Pets and pests ellipsis and substitution the natural world weak and strong pronunciation of auxiliary verbs and to 88 B A recipe for disaster nouns: compound and possessive forms preparing food -ed adjective endings and linking 92 COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH & Cooking around the world, On the street 10 94 A The promised land? adding emphasis (2): cle ft sentences words that are often confused intonation in cleft sentences 98 B Sports on trial comparison word building: adjectives, nouns, and verbs homographs 102 REVIEW AND CHECK & 10 104 Writing 118 Communication 123 Listening 158 Vocabulary Bank 138 Grammar Bank 168 Sound Bank I owe my s u c c e s s to having listened respectfully to the very best advice, and then going away and doing the exact opposite G discourse m arkers (1): co nn ectors V work P word s tre s s and rhythm 1A What motivates you? G.K Chesterton, English poet and novelist R E A D IN G & S P E A K IN G a Think o f a person you consider to be successful What makes you think they are successful? What, in your view, are the reasons for their success? b Read the article and match the headings with the paragraphs There is one heading you don’t need A A fierce spirit B Being my own person c Read the article again and write the initials (e.g., AP) o f the person next to the questions below W ho ? □ found it hard to manage on their own □ was motivated by the same desire until they became successful □ thinks that a conflict helped them become stronger I i was made fun o f by a member o f their family □ is grateful for something their parents did wrong C Learning from my m istakes D Needing to show them they were wrong HD asked a parent for advice □ learned an important lesson from a parent E The courage to go out and seek my fortune M was treated in the same way at school and at work I didn’t get where I am today without Successful people talk about their inspiration and motivation From The Times c Ann Patchett, US novelist Revenge is a terrific motivating force for young creative people and it certainly kept me going right through to the publication of my first novel I learned to read late, and as a result the nuns at my school in Tennessee had me marked down as being somewhere between slow and stupid They taught me for 12 years and even after I'd caught up and gotten smarter, I was still thought of as dumb “They’ll be sorry when they discover I’m a great writer," I'd say to myself “In retirement, the single thing they'll be most proud of will be that they had me as a student." And so it continued right through into the workplace where, in my first teaching job after leaving graduate school, the male head of the department would come to me whenever the secretarial staff were off “Type this up for me, will you, Ann?’ he’d say habitually “One day,” I would think, gritting my teeth, “One day ” dum b /cl,\m/ adj GEO sm art NAmE stupid graduate school noun NArnE U S college for post-graduate studies I E Marcus Wareing, UK chef There must have been something unique or, at least, different about me as a boy, because I recall it would sometimes amuse my brother and his friends to throw cans at me Why? Because of the clothes I wore, which they didn’t like, or because I wouldn’t whatever it was that they wanted me to, or just because it was fun But being different is fine It was my father who encouraged in me the notion that I and I alone am responsible for my own life, for what I and don't do, for my opinions and beliefs, and it’s proved to be a great source of strength I'm often asked if I read and take notice of critics Which ones? Those who love the work? Who hate it? Or are indifferent? As a director, as in life, you have to know your own mind and be prepared to stick to your guns One of my instructors at Southport Catering College knew Anton Edelmann, the chef at the Savoy, and recommended me to him I was very nervous about leaving my comfort zone and coming to London I was a loner who’d never made friends because I was always working, and I was happy enough being alone and busy But I did come to London, and even though it was a very tough environment, I worked like a real trouper and was very quick to learn The hardest part was being away from my family and having to deal with other people while having no management or interpersonal skills whatsoever So I called my dad every day, to fill him in on the good and bad, and ask him how he would deal with this or that Southport the Savoy a tow n in northwest England one o f London’s most prestigious hotels d Talk in small groups L E X IS IN C O N T E X T From reading the text, what impression you get o f the four people's personalities? e Look at the highlighted phrases and guess the meaning o f the ones you don’t know from the context Then match them with the definitions 1-7 Which o f them you most identify with? Why? m o (informal) to refuse to change your mind about sth even when other people are trying to persuade you that you are wrong in one way to know what you want or like What or who motivates you ? • in your work or studies (colloquial) the working or living environment in which we fed safe and unthreatened rnrz> to be determined to continue to sth in a difficult or unpleasant situation _ 'n (on) _ ramro to tell sb about what has happened • to improve your English • to improve other skills, e.g., sports, music, other activities (give examples) nmE» (with sb) to reach the same level or standard as sb who is better or more advanced f Choose five more words or phrases from the text that you think are useful, g Read the information about looking up idioms in a dictionary Looking up idioms in a dictionary You can usually find the definition o f an idiom under one o f its “full” words (nouns, verbs, adverbs or adjectives, but NOT prepositions and articles), in a section marked, for example, nrrtv So the definition o f stick to your guns will probably be given under stick or guns A After some very common verbs, e.g., be, get and adjectives, e.g., good, bad, the idioms are usually under the entries for the next “full” word Phrasal verbs are always after the main verb, e.g., get back and get over would be under get h Now look at the following idioms with mind W hat you think they mean? Check with a dictionary EE Paulo Coelho, Brazilian writer The family is a microcosm of society It’s where your spirit and beliefs are first tested My mother and father wanted only the best for me and my sister, but had very rigid ideas of what that “best” should be For me to become a lawyer or even an engineer would have satisfied them, but a writer? Never I was a determined and rebellious kid, though, and having failed to change my mind by conventional methods, they looked for more dramatic and extreme ones In a sense, though, I thank them for that I wouldn’t have gotten where I am without fighting to live the life I wanted for myself I tong since forgave them We all make mistakes, parents included sp e a k your m ind mind your own b u sin e ss c ro s s your mind be o f tw o m inds ab o u t sth G RA M M A R discourse markers (1): connectors a Without looking back at the text, with a partner try to remember how these sentences continue Don’t worry if you can’t remember the exact words Ann Patchett: “I learned to read late, and as a result John Malkovich: “It would sometimes amuse my brother and his friends to throw cans at me Why? Because o f ” M arcus W areing: “But I did come to London, and even though , I worked like a real trouper and was very quick to learn.” M arcus W areing: “So I called my dad every day, to ” b Compare your answers with the text, c W hich o f the bold connectors in a introduces ? a result as a result a reason a purpose a contrast d V" p.138 Grammar Bank 1A Learn more about connectors, and practice them e 12))) Listen to the sentences When the speakers pause, write down how you think the sentences might continue f 13))) Now listen to the whole sentences Are they similar to what you wrote? ı 4>)) S O N G The Anthem Online Practice 1A S P E A K IN G & L IS T E N IN G a A survey by Chiumento, a human resources consulting firm, established the ten factors that make people happy at work W ith a partner, try to agree which are the two most important and the two least important factors Working where the grass is always greener What m akes people happy at work? □ Being part o f a successful team IZ] Doing something rewarding, θ Doing varied work □ Earning a competitive salary C] Doing enjoyable work □ Feeling that you are making a difference □ Having a good boss or manager □ Having a good work-life balance EH Having friendly, supportive co-workers □ Having your achievements recognized Source: Chiumento's Happiness at Work Index b The survey also established some other factors related to being happy at work With your partner, discuss whether you think the following are probably true or false according to the research, and say why Statistically there are more happy people at work than unhappy people Employees o f bigger companies or organizations are happier than those who work for smaller companies Men are generally happier than women with their work Full-time workers are happier than part-time workers People with higher positions in a company are happier than the people below them The longer you stay in one job, the happier you become Workers over 55 are the happiest c 15))) Now listen to a radio program about the survey and check your answers to a and b Were you right? d Look at the photos and read the short article about innocent drinks Does it look like a company you would like to work for? Why (not)? In a Sunday Times survey, innocent drinks w a s found to be one o f th e co m p an ies w ith th e h a p p ie st e m plo yees T h is London-b ased co m p a n y w a s s e t up by th re e co lle g e stu d e n ts in 9 and sta rte d o ff m akin g sm o o th ie s, a drink m ade w ith fru it ju ice and yogurt It now e m p lo ys over 0 people, and h a s added ve g e ta b le p o ts to its pro d u cts T h e co m p a n y c a lls its e lf “in n o ce n t” b e ca u se it only u s e s pure fre sh ingredients P art o f its m arketing s tra te g y is to use delivery v a n s w hich are d e co te d to look like c o w s or g r a s s y fie ld s Th e co m p a n y a lso prides its e lf on b ein g “a happy p la ce to w ork” and “people-orientated/’ w ith a relaxed w orking environm ent, w hich in clu d es h avin g a g r a s s floo r in th e office! * V y e In general, does she agree that there is a happy and relaxed working atmosphere at innocent drinks? Does she mention any downsides? f skills and qualifications beingfired and being laid o ff getting a raise and getting promoted g ood job prospects and good opportunities fo r advancement 16))) Now listen to the second part o f the program where Becka Walton, who works for innocent drinks, is interviewed Answer the questions Listen again, pausing after each o f Becka’s answers Answer questions -6 with a partner being out o f work and being o ff work P R O N U N C IA TIO N word stress and rhythm a Underline the stressed syllable in the bold words I managed to get a challenging and motivating job I don't have any qualifications or experience There's no job security and I could be laid off I’ve had a very rewarding career in publishing The job has a competitive salary and excellent benefits It's a stimulating work environment with good opportunities for advancement The employees don't enjoy the work, since it’s very monotonous After she retired, she did volunteer work at her local hospital What made Becka apply for a job at the company? What example does she give o f how the company creates a team environment? What examples does she give o f the relaxed atmosphere? What does she say about staff turnover? Does she agree that a competitive salary is not an important factor in determining job satisfaction? What does Becka say about the company's product? g Now listen again with the audioscript on page 123 Is there anything you found difficult to understand? Why? Listening to English in the media Try to listen to as much English as you can outside class in a format you can listen to repeatedly, e.g., a website, a podcast, a video clip, or a DVD A good way o f getting the most out of it is: • first listen and try to get used to the speaker(s) and get a general idea o f what they are talking about b c Listen again and focus on the rhythm o f the sentences Which words are not stressed in the sentences? Practice saying the sentences with good stress and rhythm S P E A K IN G a Think about two jobs you could talk about Use the questions below to help you Add any other information that you think is relevant Use the words and phrases in Vocabulary Bank W ork p to help you • then listen again, pausing and checking that you understand the main points • listen again with an audioscript or English subtitles, if they are available, to help you figure out what you didn’t understand (maybe because o f the speaker’s accent or speed, or use o f vocabulary) A job you would love to What you think the advantages o f the job would be? What makes you think you might be good at it? Do you know' anyone who does it? Can you think o f any drawbacks? A job you would hate to What you think the downsides o f the job would be? Do you know anyone who does it? Have you ever done anything similar? Can you think o f any positive aspects of the job? h Do Becka’s answers confirm that you would / wouldn’t like to work for innocent drinks? Why (not)? V O C A B U L A R Y work a Match the two halves o f the expressions used in the interview short-term work-life work b A balance B salary 18))) Listen and check b 19))) Listen to two people doing the task W hat pros and cons they mention? W hat two “noises” they use to give themselves time to think? c Work in groups o f three Take turns describing the jobs you would love to staff C turnover D contracts competitive E environment d Now the same for the jobs you would hate to 17))) Listen and check With a partner, say what you e Decide which o f the jobs described you think is the most attractive think the expressions mean c > - p.158 Vocabulary Bank Work d With a partner, explain the difference between a demanding job and a challenging job wages and salary a profession and a career W RITIN G > - p 104 Writing A jo b application Analyze an email in response to a job advertisement and write a cover letter Online Practice 1A I've learned th at you can te ll a lot about a person by the way he / she handles th e se three things: a rainy d ay lost luggage, and tangled Christm as tree lights G have V personality; family P rhythm and intonation IB Maya Angelou, American author Who am I? R E A D IN G & S P E A K IN G G RAM M AR have a Look at the adjectives that describe personality below With a partner, say if you consider them to be positive or negative qualities, and why Would you use any o f them to describe yourself? a Match sentences -8 with A -H cautious conscientious curious easygoing independent logical loyal mature quiet rebellious self-sufficient sensitive b With a partner, read the questionnaire on page and each circle the answer that best describes you Try to guess the meaning o f any unfamiliar words or expressions A I think it's because he doesn’t have any brothers or sisters B He often has lunch with us, but he never pays C He’s got to make an effort to be more open-minded D He has a real tendency to argue with people in authority E He has been working at the same job for 15 years F He hasn’t been to a party in year's G He has to write everything down otherwise he forgets things H He has his blood pressure checked every week c >• Com m unication W ho a m I? p.118 Find out what personality type you and your partner have and read the descriptions How accurate you think the description o f your personality is? L E X I S IN C O N T E X T Collocation Collocation is the way words combine to provide natural-sounding speech and writing, e.g., we say a rough itinerary, not an approximate itinerary Noticing and recording words that go together will improve the accuracy and fluency of your speaking and writing d Complete the questions with a verb from the list in the right form b With a partner, look at sentences A -H and answer the questions In which sentences is have a) a main verb b) an auxiliary verb? What implications does this have for making questions and negatives? All these collocations appear in W h alsy o u r personality type? catch face ge t go with hurt keep make plan tell Do you usually your vacation a long time in advance, or at the last minute? What you if you’re reading a text in English and you stuck on a particular word? Do you always sure that you have your cell phone with you when you leave the house? When you’re shopping for clothes, you usually buy the first thing that your eye, or you look at a lot o f things before you make a decision? When you have to make a decision, you usually your gut feeling, or you ask other people for advice? Do you tend t o problems head on, or you try to avoid conflict? In what situations you think it's better to a white lie in order not to people's feelings? When you reply to a friend's email, you usually write a lot o r it short? e Ask and answer the questions with a partner f Choose five more words or phrases from the questionnaire that you think are useful for you He's not very sociable My dad’s so absentminded! My brother-in-law’s not very ambitious He’s kind o f a hypochondriac My nephew is a little egocentric He's incredibly intolerant Chris is so rebellious! I think our boss is kind o f stingy c >• p.139 Grammar Bank IB Learn more about have, and practice it d With a partner, for each o f the sentences below say if it’s true for you or not and why • I can’t stand having my picture taken, and I’d hate to have my portrait painted • 1have lots o f friends online (some o f whom I’ve never met), but I only have a few close friends that I see regularly face-to-face • I’ve never bought a CD from a store I download all my music from the Internet • I’m very competitive Whenever play a sport or game always have to win • I’ve got to find a way to exercise more I’m really out o f shape • I have a few possessions that are really important to me and that I would hate to lose • I’ve been learning English for so long that it’s getting difficult to motivate myself WHAT’S YOUR PERSONALITY TYPE? PLANNER OR SPONTANEOUS HEADS OR HEARTS A re you ? a a p e rfe c tio n is t w h o h a te s le a v in g th in g s u n fin ish e d b so m e o n e w h o h a te s b e in g under p re s su re and te n d s to o ver-prepare c a little d iso rg a n ize d and fo rg e tfu l d so m e o n e w h o p u ts t h in g s o f f u n til th e la s t m inute Im a gin e y o u had th e c h o ic e b e tw e e n tw o a p a rtm e n ts to Im agine you have b o u gh t a piece o f furniture th a t requires a sse m b ly (e.g., a wardrobe or a cabinet) W hich o f th e se are you m ore likely to do? a C h e c k th a t you h ave all th e ite m s and th e to o ls you ne ed b e fo re yo u sta rt b C arefully read th e in stru ctio n s and follow them to th e letter, c Q uickly read th ro u gh th e in stru c tio n s to g e t th e b a sic idea o f w h a t you h ave to d S t a r t a s s e m b lin g it rig h t aw ay C h e c k th e in stru c tio n s o n ly if you g e t s tu c k B e fo re you go on v a c a tio n , w h ic h o f th e s e y o u do? a P la n e ve ry d e tail o f your vaca tio n b P u t to g e th e r a rough itinerary, b u t m a ke su re you leave y o u rs e lf p le n ty o f fre e tim e c G e t an idea o f w h a t k in d s o f th in g s you c a n do, b u t n o t m a ke a d e cisio n u ntil you g e t there, d B o o k th e v a c a tio n a t th e la s t m in u te and p lan hardly a n y th in g in a d v a n c e FACTS OR IDEAS > • Com m unication What can you see? p.118 W hich o p tio n b e s t d e s c rib e s w h a t y o u w ro te dow n? a b c d It's b a sic a lly a list o f w h a t a p p e a rs in th e p icture It te lls th e s to ry o f w h a t’s h a p p e n in g in th e p icture, It trie s to e xp la in w h a t th e p ictu re m e a n s, It’s a lot o f id e a s th a t th e p ictu re m a d e you th in k of You need to give a friend directions to your house Do you ? a b c d w rite dow n a list o f d e ta ile d d ire ctio n s se n d a lin k to a w e b site th a t p ro v id e s d ire ctio n s g iv e rough d ire ctio n s draw a sim p le m ap sh o w in g o n ly th e b a s ic d ire ctio n s When you go shopping a t th e superm arket, you ? a b c d a lw a y s go dow n th e sa m e a is le s in th e sa m e order c a re fu lly c h e c k p ric e s and co m p a re p ro d u c ts b u y w h a te v e r c a t c h e s your e ye g o aro u n d a d iffe re n t w a y e a c h tim e, a c c o rd in g to w h a t y o u w a n t to buy If an a rg u m e n t s t a r t s w h e n you a re w ith frie n d s, you ? a fa c e it h e ad on and s a y w h a t you th in k b t r y to find a so lu tio n y o u rse lf c t r y to ke e p e ve ryo n e h a p p y d a n y th in g to avo id h u rtin g p e o p le ’s fe e lin g s ren t W ould you ? a w rite dow n w h a t yo u r id eal a p a rtm e n t w o u ld be like and th e n se e w h ich o n e w a s th e m o s t sim ilar b m a ke a lis t o f th e p ro s a n d c o n s o f e a c h one c ju s t g o w ith your g u t fe e lin g d c o n sid e r c a re fu lly how e a c h a p a rtm e n t w ould a ffe c t o th e r m e m b e rs o f yo u r fa m ily Im agine a frien d o f y o u rs s ta r te d g o in g o u t w ith so m e o n e new, a n d th e y a s k e d y o u fo r yo u r opinion If y o u re a lly d id n 't like th e p e rso n , w o u ld you ? a te ll th e m e x a c tly w h a t you th o u g h t b be h o n e st, b u t a s t a c t fu l a s p o ssib le c try to avo id a n sw e rin g th e q u e stio n d ire ctly d te ll a “w h ite lie” EXTROVERT OR INTROVERT 10 Yo u are o u t w ith a gro u p o f frie n d s Do you ? a b c d s a y hard ly a n y th in g s a y a little le s s th a n m o s t pe o p le t a lk a lot n e arly a ll th e ta lk in g 11 W hen you m e e t a new g ro u p o f p eople, you ? a t r y to s t a y w ith pe o p le you a lre a d y know b h ave to th in k hard a b o u t how to ke e p th e c o n v e rsa tio n g o in g c t r y to g e t to know a s m a n y p e o p le a s p o ssib le d ju s t tr y to e n jo y y o u rse lf 12 If th e ph o n e rin g s w h ile y o u are in th e m id d le o f so m e th in g , you ? a b c d ign o re it and c o n tin u e w ith w h a t you're doing a n sw e r it q u ickly, b u t s a y you'll c a ll b a ck h ave a c o n ve rsa tio n , b u t m a ke su re you ke e p it sh o rt w e lco m e th e in terru p tio n and enjoy a n ice lo n g c h a t Online Practice IB 9B GRAMMAR BANK nouns: compound and possessive forms apostrophe s a S h o u ld I m ake chicken soupp / soup o f chicken fo r d in n e r to n ig h t? I en jo y s p e n d in g tim e w ith my friend’s children / myfriends’ children D id n 't I m e e t you at Jenny’s / at fenny’s house o n e night? T h e h e ro d ies a t the end o f the movie / the movie’s end S h e 's the wife o f myfriend who lives in Brazil / myfriend who lives in Brazil’s wife I w a n t to in tro d u c e y o u to Jake H e ’s a colleague o f my sister’s / a my sister’s colleague W h e n you go to th e s u p e rm a rk e t, c a n y o u b u y m e P ossessive fo rm s e x p re ss th e id ea o f “h a v in g ” (in a very g en eral sense) w h ic h ex ists b e tw e e n tw o n o u n s W e n o rm a lly u se a possessiv e (+ ’s) w h e n so m e th in g b elo n g s to a p a rtic u la r p e rso n o r th in g , e.g., a p e rs o n , a n an im al, an o rg a n iz a tio n , a g ro u p o f p eo p le, o r a place • W ith places we c a n a lso say, e.g., S a ro n g is one o f the mostfamous a milk bottle j a bottle o f milk? T h e photo o f the house / house’s photo m ad e m e w a n t to b u y it I'm lo o k in g fo r a dogs collar / dog collar th a t w o u ld fit a large ro ttw e ile r W e b o u g h t a b e a u tifu l table o f glass / glass table fo r th e living ro o m 10 M ach u Picchu is Peru’s most popular tourist attraction / restaurants in Bali using o f (instead of apostrophe s) you re m e m b e r th e n a m e o f th e m ovie? M y b r o th e r lives a t th e e n d of th e stre e t T h e p ro b le m s of o ld age a re m an y a n d varied H elen is th e s is te r of m y c o u sin in R o m e I to ld you ab o u t Jim is a frie n d of m y b ro th e r's (/) i f b o t h a r e p o s s ib le I b o rro w e d my f a t h e r ’s car I accidentally ste p p e d o n the cat’s tail T h e company’s m ain o ffice is in N e w Y ork T h e government’s decision to raise taxes h as n o t b e e n well received Sarong is o n e o f B a l i ’s m o st fam o u s re sta u n ts It's Chris’s b o o k I t’s m y friends’ w edding T h a t's th e children’s ro o m T h e b lo n d e girl is Alex a n d Maria’s d a u g h te r W e h ad d in n er a t T o m ’s last night If a n a m e (o r s in g u la r n o u n ) fin ish es in s, w e e ith e r a d d is, e.g., Chris’s book, o r p u t a n a p o s tro p h e a t th e e n d o f th e w o rd , e.g., Chris’ book W ith p lu l n o u n s w e p u t th e a p o s tro p h e a fte r th e s, e.g., friends’ W ith irre g u la r p lu rals w h ic h d o n 't e n d in s (people, children, men, etc.) w e a d d is • If th e re are tw o p eo p le, w e a d d t h e 's to th e se c o n d nam e W h e n 's re fe rs to “th e h o u se o f ” o r “th e s to re o f,” w e o fte n o m it the w o rd house o r store C ir c le t h e r i g h t p h r a s e C h e c k the most popular tourist attraction in Peru 11 T h e r e 's a glass ofjuice / a juice glass o n th e tab le D id you leave it th ere? b W h a t d iff e re n c e , i f any, is t h e r e b e tw e e n t h e tw o p h r a s e s in th e s e n te n c e ( s ) y o u h a v e c h e c k e d ? C an W e n o rm a lly u se a n o f p h rase , n o t is, w ith th in g s o r a b s tra c t n o u n s, esp ecially w h e n o n e th in g is p a rt o f an o th e r W e u se o f to e x p re ss p o sse ssio n w ith a lo n g p h se , e.g., N O T m y c o u sin in R o m e I to ld you a h o u f s s is te r W ith friend, we o fte n say a friend o f + n a m e / n o u n + 's c C o m b i n e a w o r d f r o m e a c h l is t t o m a k e c o m p o u n d o r p o s s e s s i v e n o u n s t o fill in t h e b la n k s , a d d i n g ’s o r ’ w h e re n e c e ssa ry Alice and Yen bottle c a ts children dessert garage government marketing ocean female bedroom bowls door intuition manager menu opener program view wedding compound nouns I n e e d th e can opener D o y o u k n o w w h ere it is? I b o u g h t a h uge flowerpot in a garden center n e a r m y h o u se M y b ro th e r is a company director a n d m y sister is ;ı history teacher I o p e n e d th e car door, g o t in , a n d p u t o n m y seat belt T h e re w a s a milk bottle o n th e ta b le a n d tw o e m p ty soda cans W e use c o m p o u n d n o u n s, n o t possessive fo rm s, to refer to p eo p le o r thin g s in te rm s o f w h a t they a re for, w h a t they a re m ad e o f w h a t w ork they do, o r w h at k ind th ey are T h e seco n d n o u n is th e m ain th in g o r p erso n , a n d c a n b e sin g u lar o r plural T h e first n o u n gives m o re in fo rm a tio n a b o u t the second n o u n It is usually singular, u n less it has n o sin g u lar fo rm , e.g Jeans store can opener = a n o p e n e r fo r cans, history teacher = a teach er o f history A C o m p o u n d n o u n s a re usually tw o se p a te w o rd s, b u t they a re o ccasio n ally jo in ed to g e th e r a s o n e w o rd , e.g., sunglasses, bathroom o r h y p h e n a te d , e.g., house-hunter, fortune-teller W ith co n tain ers, a c o m p o u n d n o u n (a milk bottle) focuses o n the c o n ta in er (usually em pty), w hereas the c o n tain er + a possessive noun (a bottle o f milk) focuses o n the c o n te n ts (th e c o n tain er is usually full) • O th e r c o m m o n exam ples are a milk carton / a glass o f juice, ajam jar / a jar o f jam, a tuna can / a can o f tuna, a matchbox j a box o f matches, etc alw ays leave th e lig h t o n in th e children’s bedroom — m y y o u n g e st c h ild is a little a fra id o f th e d ark I c a n 't fin d t h e _I t's u su ally in th is draw er, b u t it's n o t th ere now I t 's n e x t w eek a n d I d o n 't have a n y th in g to w ear yet I'm in th e m o o d fo r so m e th in g sw eet C o u ld I se e th e , please? W h e n I a sk ed C la ire h o w s h e k n e w I h a d recen tly b ro k e n u p w ith m y g irlfrien d , sh e said it w a s ju st h e r C a n I in tro d u c e you to Jenny K im , o u r ? S h e 's b e e n w ith o u r c o m p a n y fo r six y ears D o n 't fo rg e t to lo ck t h e w h e n you g o o u t W e w o u ld like a ro o m w ith a ( n ) , i f th a t ’s p ossible F rau d a n d ab u se h a s b e e n d isco v ered in t h e p ro v id in g relief fu n d s to s to rm victim s M ake su re you fill t h e w ith w a te r every day < p Online Practice 155 10A adding emphasis (2): cleft sentences W h e n we w an t to fo cu s a tte n tio n o n o r em phasize o n e p a rt o f a sentence, w e can d o this by ad d in g ce rtain w ords o r p h rases to the b eginning o f th e sentence T h is is so m eth n es called a “cleft sentence.” a T h e last tim e I saw m y b r o th e r w a s a t h is th b irth d a y p a rty More emphatic sentence beginning with I W hat I d o n 't like th e w e a th e r h e re I ju st w a n t to travel 1o nly to u c h e d it! beginning with W h a t w a s m y fa th e r w h o to ld m e n o t to m a rry h im I h a te a b o u t S u n d ay s is k n o w in g you have to w o rk th e n e x t day T h e w h y w a n t y o u to c o m e early is so th a t w e c a n have so m e tim e o n o u r o w n b e fo re th e o th e rs arriv e A fte r you've s e n t in y o u r resu m e, w h a t next is th a t you g e t called fo r an interview It's n o t m y fau lt you c a n ’t fin d th e m ! d id w a s o rg a n iz e y o u r d esk a little T h e w h ere w e 're g o in g to have lu n ch is a k in d o f a r tis t's cafe n e a r th e th ea ter h a p p e n e d w a s th a t I lo st th e p iece o f p a p e r w ith m y flig h t d etails o n it It w a s w h o to ld A ngela a b o u t th e party I'm te rrib ly so rry I d id n 't k n o w y o u h a d n 't invited her or A l l n e e d a coffee h a p p e n s i s What I need is a coffee What I don’t like here is the w eather All I want is to travel All I did was to u ch it / W hat h a p p e n e d w a s You take a te s t a n d th e n you have a n in terv iew What happens is (that) you take a te st a n d th e n you have a n interview W e le ft o u r p a s s p o rts a t h o m e What happened was (th a t) w e left o u r p a s s p o rts a t h o m e beginning with T h e p e r s o n w h o , T h e p l a c e T h e f i r s t / l a s t t i m e , T h e r e a s o n w h y , etc I sp o k e to th e m an ag er W e stay ed in a fiv e-star h o tel w h e r e , The person (who / that) I spoke to was th e m anager The place where we stayed was a five-star hotel I last saw h im o n S atu rd ay The reason (why / that) I bought it was th a t / b e c a u se it w a s cheap It was a boy in my class who w on It was last Friday when w e h ad the m eeting T h e y c h a rg e d u s e x tra fo r th e b re a d It was the bread (that) they ch a rg e d u s e x tra for W e c a n m ake so m e k in d s o f se n te n c e s m o re e m p h a tic by b e g in n in g w ith What (= th e th in g ) o r All (= th e o n ly th in g ) + clause + be, and th e n th e p a rt o f th e s e n te n c e w e w a n t to e m p h asize T o e m p h a s iz e a n e v en t o r seq u en c e o f ev en ts, w e c a n b e g in w ith What happens is (that) What happened was (that) W e c a n also m ake p a r t o f a s e n te n c e m o re e m p h a tic by b e g in n in g w ith an e x p re s s io n like The person who , The place where , Thefirst / last time that , The reason why , etc + clause + be, w ith th e e m p h a s iz e d p a rt o f the s e n te n c e a t th e end W e c a n also u se It is / was + th e e m p h a siz e d p a rt o f th e se n te n c e + a relative clause. A If th e e m p h a siz e d p a rt is a p ro n o u n , w e n o rm a lly u se th e object p ro n o u n a fte r It is / was, e.g., It was me who paid the bill N O T It was I who pm tH htT n ih I only bold w o rd n e e d a sm all p iece o f p a p e r ALL All I need is a sm all p iece o f p ap er _h e ch eated o n her th e p riz e W e h ad th e m e e tin g la st Friday R e w r ite t h e s e n te n c e s w i t h th e REASON The last time I saw him was o n beginning with I t A b o y in m y class w o n th e p riz e b She left h e r h u sb a n d b e c au se he ch eated o n her S aturday I b o u g h t it b e c a u se it w a s c h eap C o m p l e t e t h e s e n te n c e s w i t h o n e w o rd W e s to p p e d in a n ab so lu tely b e a u tifu l place fo r lu n ch PLACE _w a s a b so lu tely b e a u tifu l W e g o t s tu c k in a n e n o rm o u s tra ffic jam HAPPENED _w e g o t s tu c k in an e n o rm o u s tra ffic jam T h ey d id n ’t apologize fo r arriv in g late, w hich really annoyed m e WHAT _th ey d id n 't a p o lo g iz e fo r a rriv in g late A g irl fro m m y to w n w o n th e silv er m ed al IT w o n the silver m edal I only said th a t I d id n 't like h e r d ress ALL _th a t I d id n 't like h e r d ress like m y A u n t E m ily b e s t o f all m y relatives PERSON is m y A u n t E m ily You pick u p y o u r tick ets a t th e b o x office HAPPENS _y o u p ick u p y o u r tick ets a t th e b o x office R ig h t n o w y o u n e e d to s it d o w n a n d p u t y o u r feet u p WHAT to s it d o w n a n d p u t y o u r fe e t up 10 first m e t S e ren a a t a c o n fe re n ce in T aiw an TIME _a t a c o n fe re n c e in T aiw an 156 < p 10B GRAMMAR BANK comparison modifiers with a s a s a M y new- b ro a d b a n d se rv e r is tw ice a s fast th e o ld o n e twice asfast as M y s is te r's almost as tall as m e / almost as tall as l am S h e 's just as bossy n o w as w h e n sh e w a s a child T h e ir h o u s e is nearly as big as y o u rs H is la te st m o v ie is n 't half as good as h is p rev io u s o n e O u r new' a p a rtm e n t is twice as big as o u r o ld one T h e v a c a tio n c o st three times as much as I’d ex p ected O u r te a m is te rrib le — th e m o re im p o rta n t th e gam e, w o rse w e play T h a t w a s far th e b e s t m eal I have ev er h a d in any r e s ta u n t H e ’s ju s t g o o d a player as h e u s e d to be W e o fte n u s e th e m o d ifie rs almost, just, a n d nearly, a n d half twice, three times, etc w ith as as • A fte r as as w e c a n e ith e r u se a s u b je c t p ro n o u n + a u x ilia ry verb, o r an o b je c t p ro n o u n , e.g., She drives asfast as I O R She drives asfast as me Y oga is lo t e a sie r th a n I e x p e c te d it to be T h is m o rn in g I w a s a lm o st late fo r w o rk as w as y esterday A T w ice can o n ly b e u se d b e fo re a s m s N O T Ourn em ipartment is hH cr G e n e rally s p e ak in g , th e e a rlie r y o u b o o k th e flig h t, th e c h e a p e r is btgger-thcmxmr o h lo n r H o w ev er three times,four times, etc can b e u se d w ith as as o r w ith a c o m p a rativ e adjective o r ad v erb , e.g., The vacation cost three times more than I ’d expected F o rtu n a te ly , o u r n ew b o ss is fa r laid -b ack a b o u t p u n c tu a lity th a n o u r p rev io u s one D a n ’s slice is little b ig g er th a n m in e — th a t’s n o t fair! modifiers with comparative adjectives or adverbs T h e play w a s m u ch b e tte r th a n I’d ex p ected H e ’s driving a lo t m o re carefully since he g o t points o n his license T h e H a w aiian coffee is fa r m o re expensive th a n th e C o lo m b ia n one S h e e a rn s m u c h m o re m o n ey th a n I W o m en to d ay have m any m o re o p p o rtu n itie s th a n they u sed to S h e ’s a little b e tte r th a n sh e w a s yesterday T h e la te r tra in is slig h tly c h e a p e r th a n th e ea rlie r one C o u ld you tw o talk a b it m o re quietly, please? I’m try in g to c o n c e n tra te A W ould you like som e m o re coffee? B Just a litde m ore, please W e o n ly have a few m o re m in u te s b e fo re th e show' sta rts T h e tax i d riv e r drove fa s te r a n d faster It’s getting m o re a n d m ore d ifficult to m ake en d s m eet now adays W e use much, a lot, o r far + com parative adjective o r adverb fo r a big difference W h e n w e u se more + n o u n f o r b ig d iffe re n c es, w e u s e much Ifar / a lot more + a n u n c o u n ta b le n o u n a n d many / far / a lot more + a plu ral c o u n ta b le n o u n W e u se slightly o r a little + com parative adjective o r adverb fo r a sm all difference W h e n w e u s e more + n o u n fo r sm all d iffe re n c es, w e u se a little / slightly / a little bit more + a n u n c o u n ta b le n o u n a n d a few o r slightly + a plu ral c o u n ta b le n o u n W e so m e tim e s r e p e a t a c o m p a rativ e ad jectiv e o r a d v e rb fo r e m p h asis W h e n th e co m p arativ e is fo rm ed w ith more, the adjective / adverb is only u sed a fte r th e seco n d more (N O T Ifs-getting more difficult and monffeffitttit) modifiers with superlatives It w a s by far the nicest o f all th e h o te ls w e stay ed at T h a t w a s easily the best fish I’ve h a d in a lo n g tim e I’m almost the oldest in my class A d d o n e w o r d t o m a k e th e s e n te n c e c o rre c t H e ’s e asily m o s t ta le n te d player to play o n o u r te a m in th e p a s t five years b C irc le th e r ig h t w o r d o r p h r a s e C h e c k ( / ) i f b o t h a r e p o s s ib le T h a t h o te l is much more expensive Ifa r more expensive th a n o u rs %A T h e re are tw ice as m an y c ars o n th e ro a d than / as th ere u s e d to be I th in k o u r k itch en is slightly bigger / a little bigger th a n y o u rs I th in k h e r n ew m ovie w as byfar / by much h e r b e s t one A W h e n d o y o u n e e d it by? B The sooner better I The sooner the better T h e ir c o n d o c o st twice as much as / twice more than o urs T h e h a rd e r I try, the worse I 11 worse I t’s g e ttin g easier and easier / every time easier to d o all y o u r s h o p p in g o n lin e W e n e e d a few more / a little more days to tra in fo r th e fu n ru n T h e re w e re many more / much more p eo p le in th e P ilates class th a n w e h a d ex p ected < p.100 • W e o fte n u s e by far / easily, a n d nearly / almost to m o d ify su p erlativ e ad jectiv es o r a dverbs th e t h e + comparatives The more dangerous a s p o rt (is), the more exciting it is to w atch The bigger th e c a r (is), the more expensive it is to ru n The faster 1sp e a k in E n g lish , the more mistakes I m ake A W h e n d o you w a n t m e to d o it? B The sooner the better W e c a n u se c o m p a rativ es w ith the the to say th a t th in g s ch an g e o r v ary to g eth er • W h e n th e verb in th e first p a rt is b e , it c a n b e le ft o u t, e.g., The more dangerous a sport (is), the more some people seem to be attracted to it • W e o fte n u s e m o re + n o u n in th is s tru c tu re , e.g., The more coffee you drink, the less wellyou sleep • W h e n the s e co n d c o m p a rativ e is better, a re d u c e d s tr u c tu r e c a n b e used, e.g., the bigger the better, etc a n d a lso in s e t p h s e s like the more the merrier Online Practice 157 VOCABULARY BANK Work ADJECTIVES DESCRIBING A JOB M a tc h s e n t e n c e s - w i t h A - F M y jo b is v e ry challenging A E v e ry th in g ta k e s a lo n g tim e a n d i t's b o rin g I’m a c a s h ie r in a s u p e rm a rk e t I re a lly e n jo y m y jo b , b u t it c a n b e a little B I have to d o exactly th e sa m e th in g ev ery day m onotonous / repetitive I’m a n e le m e n ta ry s c h o o l te a c h e r I t h in k w o rk in g w ith y o u n g c h ild r e n is v e ry rewarding C It m a k e s m e h a p p y b e c a u s e I t h in k it's u s e fu l a n d im p o r ta n t D It te s ts m y a b ilitie s in a w a y t h a t k e e p s m e in te re s te d w o r k in a s m a ll g r a p h ic d e s ig n c o m p a n y , a n d I th in k motivating s u r g e o n is v e ry demanding m y jo b is re a lly B e in g a I w o rk a t a n a c c o u n tin g f ir m M y jo b is in c re d ib ly tedious E I t’s v e ry h ig h p r e s s u r e , r e q u ir e s a lo t o f sk ill, a n d y o u h a v e t o w o r k lo n g h o u rs F T h e k in d o f w o rk I d o a n d th e p e o p le I w o rk w ith m ak e m e w a n t to w o rk h a rd e r / d o b etter NOUNS THAT ARE OFTEN CONFUSED C o m p l e t e t h e n o u n c o lu m n w i t h t h e b e s t w o r d f r o m e a c h g r o u p S o m e t i m e s y o u n e e d t o u s e a w o r d tw ic e , career / position / profession M y s is te r h a s a p p lie d f o r th e N u r s in g is a r e w a r d in g Noun o f h e a d o f h u m a n r e s o u r c e s a t a m u ltin a tio n a l c o m p a n y b a s e d in S e o u l , b u t o n e t h a t is n o t u su a lly v e ry h ig h ly p a id I t's d iffic u lt f o r a w o m a n to h a v e a s u c c e s s fu l wage / salary / bonus / perks The (informal The money) is n ’t a n d b r in g u p y o u n g c h ild re n a t th e s a m e tim e , fa n ta s tic — a b o u t ,0 0 d o lla r s a y e a r — b u t th e w o r k is re w a rd in g I’m a w a ite r a n d I g e t p a id every F riday T h e h o u rly isn ’t v ery h ig h b u t I c a n e a r n a lo t f r o m tip s i f I d o m y jo b well T h e c o m p a n y m a d e a h u g e p r o f it th is y e a r a n d s o all th e e m p lo y e e s w e r e g iv e n a O n e o f th e (formal benefits) o f th is jo b is t h a t I g e t fre e h e a lth in s u r a n c e , staff / employer / employees T he com pany has a I w o u ld n 't d e s c r ib e o f n e a rly 0 th e fa c to ry o w n e r a s a v e ry g e n e ro u s I t's a g r e a t h o te l a n d th e is v e ry frie n d ly , skills / training / qualifications 11 A ll th e m a n a g e rs w e r e s e n t o n a th re e -w e e k H e le ft s c h o o l w ith o u t a n y 13 T h e r e a re c e r ta in c o u rs e a t all H e fa ile d all h is te s ts y o u n e e d t o b e a w e b d e s ig n e r F o r e x am p le, y o u n e e d to b e a b le to u se w o rd s effectively COLLOCATIONS C o m p l e t e t h e p h r a s e s w i t h t h e m is s in g w o r d s I'm a manager I'm in ch _ of the sales department I have to d _ with some very difficult clients I'm also res _ for publicity I'm o work at the moment I'm on maternity leave I'm part of a t I always work with other people I have the opp to travel, which is something I appreciate I have good opportunities for ad in this job I think I can go far I'm hoping to get pr to senior manager next year Can you remember the words on this page? Test yourself or a partner - < p.7 158 I'm hoping to get a r I think my salary is very low It's a temp _ job — I'm only on a short-t _ contract, sol have no job sec I was f from my last job My boss didn't like the way I worked Now I'm self-employed I r _ my own business and I'm much happier I only work p _ -t , from l 0:00 to 2:00, and in the afternoon I'm taking a continuing education course I was laid o _ There were too many workers and the company was losing money I've been o _ of work for three months now, and my job p aren't great I've been doing some vol _ work at the local community center It's un , but at least I'm getting some more work exp _ Family VOCABULARY BANK 21ST CENTURY FAMILIES IN THE US R e a d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t s t c e n t u r y f a m ilie s in t h e U S W h a t d o t h e bold e x p r e s s io n s m e a n ? W i t h a p a r t n e r , sa y i f t h e s a m e is t r u e i n y o u r c o u n tr y The nuclear family is Members o f extended families n o n o lo n g e r th e n o r m B e c a u s e o f lo n g e r live c lo se to d iv o rc e a n d p e o p le r e m a rr y in g , m a n y c h ild r e n live w ith e a c h o t h e r in th e s a m e to w n , b u t a r e v e ry o f te n stepparents a n d h a v e half-brothers o r half-sisters, o r stepbrothers a n d stepsisters out a r o u n d O n e in fo u r fam ilies is a single-parent fam ily a relatives D u e t o th e fa c t th a t p e o p le a re liv in g lo n g e r, m a n y A c c o rd in g grow up to d a y th e c o u n tr y o r e v e n a b ro a d , s o m a n y p e o p le r e ly se e th e ir great-grandparents, o r great-great-grandparents m o r e c h ild re n h a v e to a re c e n t survey, o v er p e rc e n t o f single p a re n ts are w o m e n A s a re su lt m a n y c h ild r e n spread w ith o u t ev en father figure DESCRIBING FAMILIES C ir c le t h e r i g h t w o r d o r e x p r e s s io n f r o m t h e p a ir o n t h e r i g h t C h e c k ( / ) t h e s e n te n c e s w h e r e b o t h o p t i o n s a r e p o s s ib le He h is m o th e r T h e y h a v e e x a c tly th e s a m e s e n s e o f h u m o r Jack is a S h e 's re la tiv e H e 's m y f a t h e r ’s s e c o n d c o u s in c h ild S h e h a s n o b r o th e r s o r s is te rs M y s is te r a n d I a re v e ry m u c h T h e y a re a v e ry W e 're b o th c h e e rfu l a n d h a rd -w o rk in g fam ily T h e y e n jo y s p e n d in g tim e to g e th e r A fte r th e ir p a re n ts d ie d , th e re ly m e t H is m o th e r d ie d w h e n h e w a s y o u n g H e w a s M y f a th e r w a s a fa rm e r, s o I M y n ie c e h a s b y h is fa th e r in th e c o u n tr y , s u r r o u n d e d b y a n im a ls a lo t re c e n tly S h e 's n o w a lm o s t a s ta ll a s I a m 1 h a v e a v e ry g o o d w ith m y c o u s in s W e s e e a lo t o f e a c h o th e r 11 It’s g o in g to b e a sm all w ed d in g O n ly a few frie n d s a n d 12 M y have b e e n invited o rig in a lly c a m e f r o m P e ru takes after / looks like far / distant a single / an only alike / like close / near brothers and sisters / siblings educated / brought up grew / grew up grown / grown up relation / relationship relations / relatives ancestors / descendants FAMILY IDIOMS M a tc h t h e i d io m s - w i t h t h e i r m e a n i n g s A - H the black sheep o f th e fam ily fa th e r d o e s n 't see eye to eye w ith my b ro th e r M y s is te r is A h a v in g v e ry d if f e r e n t o p in io n s o n th e m a tte r B m a k in g th e d e c isio n s a n d tellin g th e o th e r s p o u s e w h a t to d o My a b o u t politics C n o t ta lk in g t o e a c h o t h e r not on speaking terms W e u su a lly h ave a fam ily get-together o n N e w Y e a r's M y s is te r-in -la w wears the pants in th a t fam ily! R ed h a ir runs in the family M o s t fa m ilie s have a skeleton in the closet D S o m e th in g h a p p e n e d in th e p a s t t h a t th e y w o u ld p r e f e r to k e e p s e c re t M y a u n t a n d I a re H e 's y o u r b r o th e r ! H o w c a n y o u say th a t a b o u t your own flesh and blood? Day E Y ou a re re la te d to e a c h o th e r F d if f e r e n t f r o m th e r e s t o f t h e fa m ily w h o d o n ’t a p p ro v e o f th e p e rs o n G se v e l p e o p le in th e fa m ily h a v e it H W e all m e e t a t s o m e o n e ’s h o u s e f o r a m eal Can you remember the words on this page? Test yourself or a partner < p ll Online Practice 159 V O C A B U LA R Y BA N K get E X P R E S S IO N S W ITH GET a C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a n e x p r e s s io n f r o m t h e lis t g e t even g e t th e chan ce g e t a hold o f g e t in trouble g e t out o f the w ay ge t rid of g e t the im pression g e t the joke g e t to know g e t b ack at I y o u ’re a little a n n o y e d w ith m e H a v e I d o n e s o m e th in g w r o n g ? W h e n A lice f o u n d o u t h e r s is te r b ro k e h e r la p to p , s h e d e c id e d t o a n d b r e a k h e r s is te r ’s cell p h o n e S in c e w e s to p p e d w o rk in g t o g e th e r w e h a rd ly e v e r to se e e a c h o th e r I d i d n 't la u g h b e c a u s e I d i d n 't "Well, I’ve m anaged to g e t rid o f the annoying double vision e ffe c t on your TV.” W h e n y o u h im , I t h in k y o u ’ll re a lly lik e h im n e e d t o s p e a k to M a rin a u rg e n tly , b u t I ju s t c a n ’t h e r I w a n t t o t h a t a w fu l p a in tin g , b u t I c a n ’t b e c a u s e i t w a s a w e d d in g p r e s e n t f r o m m y m o th e r-in -la w I’m g o in g t o m y b ro th e r fo r telling m y p a re n ts I g o t h o m e late N e x t tim e h e a sk s to b o rro w m y b ik e, I w o n ’t len d it to him H e ’s g o in g t o w i t h h is w if e i f s h e f in d s o u t th a t h e 's b e e n e m a ilin g h is e x -g irlfrie n d 10 b I tr ie d to w a lk p a s t h im , b u t h e w o u l d n 't H e ju s t s to o d th e r e , b lo c k in g m y way W i t h a p a r t n e r , sa y w h a t y o u t h i n k t h e e x p r e s s io n s m e a n ID IO M S W ITH GET a M a t c h t h e s e n te n c e h a lv e s Get real! Get a life! I’m not getting anywhere w i t h th is c ro s s w o r d S h e re a lly gets on my nerves S h e re a lly n e e d s to get her act together T h e y g e t along really well W h e n I b o u g h t th is co m p u ter, I got the short end of the stick M y b o y f rie n d ju s t n e v e r gets the message S h e a lw a y s gets her own way b A I t ’s ju s t to o d iff ic u lt f o r m e B T h e y s e e m t o h a v e e x a c tly th e s a m e t a s te s a n d in te re s ts C H e r test is in tw o w eeks a n d sh e h a s n 't even s ta rte d studying D I paid over $ ,0 0 fo r it, b u t it isn’t even w o rth $200 E E verything a b o u t h e r irritates m e, h e r voice, h e r sm ile — everything! F H e ju s t d o e s w h a te v e r s h e te lls h i m to G I keep d ro p p in g h in ts a b o u t his a w fu l c o o k in g b u t h e pays n o atten tio n H T h e r e ’s n o w a y y o u c a n a ff o r d th a t car! I Y o u 're a n d y o u ’re s till liv in g w ith y o u r p a re n ts ! W i t h a p a r t n e r , sa y w h a t y o u t h i n k t h e id io m s m e a n P H R A S A L V E R B S W ITH G ET M a t c h t h e p h r a s a l v e r b s w i t h t h e i r m e a n in g s get together f o r d i n n e r n e x t w e e k e n d ? I h o p e m y b r o th e r gets over h is b r e a k u p s o o n H e 's v e ry d e p re s s e d I'v e tr ie d to ta lk a b o u t it, b u t I ju s t c a n ’t get through to h im H o w d id y o u get into jo u rn a lis m ? T h e b e s t w a y t o get around t h e c ity is b y ta x i — th e y ’re v e ry c h e a p h e re S h e 's c h e a te d o n te s ts s e v e l tim e s , b u t sh e alw ay s gets away with it M y w if e is o u t o f w o rk , s o w e 'll ju s t h a v e to get by o n le ss m o n ey S h e gets ahead by ta k in g c re d it fo r o th e r p e o p le ’s w o rk T h is te r r ib le w e a th e r is re a lly getting m e down I w a n t to get out o f g o in g t o A n n 's p a rty C a n y o u t h in k o f a g o o d e x c u se ? 11 T h a n k s f o r y o u r e m a il I'll get back to y o u a s s o o n a s p o ssib le D o y o u w a n t t o tr y t o Can you remember the expressions on this page? Test yourself or a partner 160 < p A re c o v e r f r o m B s t a r t a c a r e e r o r p r o fe s s io n C m o v e f r o m p la c e to p lace D m a k e s o m e o n e u n d e r s ta n d E m a n a g e w ith w h a t y o u h av e F a d v a n c e in w o rk o r s o c ie ty G d e p re s s H w r ite o r s p e a k t o sb a g a in la te r avoid a re s p o n s ib ility o r o b lig atio n J m e e t so c ia lly K d o s o m e th in g w r o n g w ith o u t g e ttin g c a u g h t o r p u n is h e d Sounds and the human voice V O C A B U LA R Y BA N K — SO U N D S T H E HU M AN V O IC E a a M a tc h t h e v e r b s a n d d e f i n i ti o n s 16))) A ll t h e w o r d s in t h e lis t c a n b e b o t h n o u n s a n d r e g u l a r v e r b s , a n d t h e y d e s c r i b e s o u n d s M a n y o f t h e w o r d s a re g ig g le groan mumble scream sob stutter whisper yell o n o m a t o p o e i c , (i.e , t h e y s o u n d lik e t h e s o u n d t h e y d e s c r ib e ) L is te n t o t h e s o u n d s a n d t h e w o r d s to m a k e a lo u d , h ig h c ry b e c a u s e y o u a r e h u r t, f r ig h te n e d , o r e x c ite d bang buzz c lick crash cre ak crunch drip hiss honk hum ttle roar scree ch slam slurp sn iff snore splash tap tic k whistle b N o w c o m p l e te t h e Sounds (atsb) t o s h o u t lo u d ly , e.g., b e c a u s e y o u a re a n g ry c o lu m n w i t h a w o r d f r o m t h e lis t ( a t sth) t o la u g h in a silly w ay Sounds (to sb) to s p e a k very q u ietly so th a t T h is c lo c k h a s a v e ry lo u d D o n 't o th e r p e o p le c a n 't h e a r w h a t y o u a re saying ! G e t a tis s u e a n d b lo w y o u r n o se T o d o w n lo a d th e n e w s o f tw a r e ju s t “d o w n lo a d ” ico n T h e re w a s a in a w a y t h a t is n o t c le a r to m a k e a lo n g d e e p s o u n d and I knew so m eb o d y had I lay th e re h e a rin g th e s e e it a n y w h e re o f a fly, b u t I c o u ld n 't I h a te p e o p le w h o a y e llo w lig h t b e c a u s e y o u a re in p a in o r a n n o y e d ? It s o u n d e d lik e a g u n I h e a r d a f lo o r b o a r d c o m e in to th e r o o m to s p e a k w ith d iffic u lty , o f te n r e p e a tin g s o u n d s o r w o rd s t o c ry n o isily , ta k in g s u d d e n s h a r p b r e a th s t o ta k e in a n d t h e n le t o u t a lo n g a t m e w h e n I slo w d o w n a t W h e n I’m n e rv o u s I o f te n D o n 't t o s p e a k o r say s th in a q u ie t v o ice o n th e a s h e ju m p e d in to th e s w im m in g pool D id y o u h e a r t h a t sigh d e e p b r e a th th a t c a n b e h e a rd , e.g., t o s h o w t h a t y o u a re d is a p p o in te d m y f in g e rs o n th e ta b le y o u r so u p ! E a t it quietly 11 T h e s n a k e r e a r e d its h e a d a n d gave a n a n g ry 12 P le a s e t u r n th e fa u c e t o f f p r o p e r ly o th e r w is e i t ’ll 13 W e c o u ld h e a r th e o f th e c ro w d in th e b a s e b a ll s ta d iu m f r o m o u r h o te l b A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s u s i n g o n e o f th e v e rb s above W h a t d o p e o p le d o ? • w h e n th e y a re n e rv o u s S o m e o f th e p la y e rs w e n t o n p la y in g b e c a u s e th e y h a d n ’t h e a r d th e • w h e n th e y a r e te r r if ie d 15 I d o n 't r e m e m b e r th e w o r d s o f th e s o n g , b u t I can th e tu n e • w h e n th e y a r e n o t s u p p o s e d t o b e m a k in g P le a se d o n ’t h e a rd th e c r is p sn o w th e d o o r C lo s e it gently o f t h e i r fe e t w a lk in g t h r o u g h th e 18 c a n ’t s h a r e a r o o m w i t h y o u i f y o u a b le t o sle e p — I w o n ’t b e E v e ry tim e a b u s o r t r u c k g o e s by, th e w in d o w s I h e a r d th e o f b r a k e s a s th e d r iv e r tr ie d to s to p a n d t h e n a lo u d • w h e n th e y lo se th e i r te m p e r a n y n o ise • w h e n th e y s p e a k w ith o u t o p e n in g th e ir m o u th e n o u g h • w h e n th e y a r e reliev e d • w h e n th e y a re d is a p p o in te d • w h e n th e y a re d e e p ly s a d d e n e d Can you remember the words on this page? Test yourself or a partner < p Online Practice 161 time V O C A B U LA R Y BA N K V E R B S W ITH TIME C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e r i g h t v e r b f r o m t h e lis t give have kill make up for run out of I a lot o f time p la y in g save spare spend take up w aste take (x2) g a m e s o n m y c o m p u te r in s te a d o f s tu d y in g I f y o u ta k e th e h ig h w a y , y o u 'l l time — i t's m u c h q u ic k e r t h a n th e lo c a l r o a d s I had T h e r e ’s n o I sat h u r ry , s o your time th r e e h o u r s t o w a it f o r m y flig h t, so th e r e d o in g sudoku p u z z le s t o time W h e n m y m o th e r w a s y o u n g s h e n e v e r h a d t h e c h a n c e t o tra v e l N o w s h e ’s r e tir e d a n d w a n ts t o lost time — s h e h a s b o o k e d a t r i p a r o u n d th e w o rld T h e n o v e l is 0 p a g e s lo n g a n d I’m a slo w re a d e r I t’s g o in g t o me I'd b e tt e r g o h o m e n o w I f I 'm la te a g a in , m y d a d I w o u ld a long time to w i l l me a hard time f in is h it lik e t o g o c a m p in g w ith m y f rie n d s th is w e e k e n d , b u t m y fin a l te s ts a re n e x t w e e k , s o I c a n 't the My 10 11 time c h i l d r e n all my time — I n e v e r s e e m t o g e t t o r e a d a b o o k o r w a tc h a m ovie! N e w Y o rk ’s s u c h a fa n ta s tic city ! Y o u 're g o in g t o _the L e t’s n o t s p e n d t o o lo n g a t t h e m u s e u m o r w e ’l l _ time o f your life th e re time W e h a v e t o g e t th e tr a in back at 10 :3 a n d t h e r e a re lo ts o f o t h e r th in g s I w a n t t o see P R E P O S IT IO N A L P H R A S E S W ITH TIME C o m p l e t e t h e p r e p o s i t i o n s c o l u m n w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n f r o m t h e list, a t (x2) b e fo re by for from in o ff on to Prepositions time my time I’m re a lly p u n c tu a l, s o I h a te it w h e n o t h e r p e o p le a r e n ’t I’ve n e v e r h e a rd o f th a t sin g e r H e m u s t h a v e b e e n the time w e I m is s e d g o t to o u r h o te l, it w a s n e a rly m id n ig h t the time H e ’s b e e n w o r k in g t o o h a rd re c e n tly H e n e e d s s o m e time I f w e d o n ’t ta k e a ta x i, w e w o n ’t g e t t o th e a i r p o r t time th e flig h t I d o n ’t e a t o u t v e ry o f te n , b u t I d o g e t ta k e o u t time time H e s u f f e r s f r o m b a c k p a in , a n d it m a k e s h i m a little ir r ita b le times th e b ir th o f m y firs t c h ild 1w a s o n a p la n e E X P R E S S IO N S W ITH TIME Match sentences 1-10 with A-} with time to spare T h e r e f e re e ’s lo o k in g a t h is w a tc h A B u t in th e e n d I g o t t o th e a i r p o r t H e h a rd ly s p o k e to m e a t lu n c h the whole time ta lk in g o n h is cell p h o n e C Time’s up T h e te s t is over D I’m a little short on time E I’ve got time on my hands sin c e re tire d F I'll h a v e to m a k e d o w ith th is o n e for the time being G I t's o n ly a question o f time H It m u s t h a v e b e e n ta k e n a long time ago I There isn’t much time left J T h i s time next week I'll b e ly in g o n t h e b e a c h I’m r e a lly lo o k in g f o r w a r d t o m y v a c a tio n I’m s o rry , I c a n 't h e lp y o u th is w e e k I c a n ’t a ff o r d a n e w c o m p u te r S h e 's s u re to fin d a jo b e v e n tu a lly I t h in k I n e e d t o ta k e u p a h o b b y S to p w r itin g , p le a se I re a lly th o u g h t I w a s g o in g t o b e late 10 B H e spent Y ou lo o k v e ry y o u n g in t h a t p h o to Can you remember the expressions on this page? Test yourself or a partner < p V O C A B U LA R Y BA N K Money N O U N S FO R M O N EY O R PA YM EN TS M O N EY IN T O D A Y ’S S O C IE T Y a W it h a p a r t n e r , s a y w h a t y o u t h i n k t h e M a tc h t h e w o r d s a n d d e f in itio n s W e live in a consumer society, bold p h rase s m ean w h ic h is d o m in a te d b y s p e n d in g m o n e y a n d b u y in g m a te ria l p o s s e s s io n s budget charge down pa y ment donation fare fees fine grant ins ta llm ent loan lump sum overdraft savings will standard ofHving h a s r is e n a lo t o v e r th e la s t te n y e a rs P e o p le ’s income h a s g o n e u p , b u t inflation is h ig h , s o th e cost ofHving h a s a ls o rise n H o u se prices are rising, a n d m any y o u n g p eo p le can’t afford to b u y a hom e P e o p le w h o have m o rtg a g e s o r lo a n s h a v e t o p ay h ig h interest rates A lot o f p e o p le a re in debt cist , a n d have p ro b le m s p ay in g th e ir mortgages S o m e p e o p le m ak e m o n e y b y b u y in g a n d sellin g shares o f stock o n th e stock market O u r currency is u n s ta b le a n d exchange rates f lu c tu a te a lo t The th e m o n e y th a t is a v a ila b le t o a p e r s o n o r o r g a n iz a tio n a s u m o f m o n ey th a t is given b y th e g o v e rn m e n t o r a n o th e r o rg an iz atio n to b e u sed fo r b W h ic h a s p e c t s o f t h e s e n t e n c e s a b o v e a r e t r u e in y o u r c o u n tr y ? a p a rtic u la r p u rp o se , e.g., e d u catio n m o n e y t h a t a b a n k A D JE C T IV E S R E LA T E D TO M O N EY le n d s a n d s o m e b o d y b o r ro w s L o o k a t t h e Oxford L earn er’s Thesaurus e n t r i e s f o r rich a n d p o o r a n a m o u n t o f m o n e y M a tc h t h e s y n o n y m s t o t h e i r d e f i n i ti o n s y o u p ay f o r p r o fe s s io n a l a d v ic e o r s e rv ic e s , e.g., to a la w y e r o r rich a r c h ite c t / _ h av in g a lo t o f m o n ey , p ro p e rty , o r v alu ab le p o ssessio n s adj rich, affluent, loaded, wealthy, well-off (ratherform al) ric h a n d w ith a g o o d s ta n d a rd o f living th e m o n e y y o u pay The~ Western countries are better equipped to fa ce the problems ofglobal warming t o tra v e l b y b u s , p la n e , ta x i, etc (o fte n u se d in negative sen ten ces) rich: His parents are not very - th e a m o u n t o f m o n e y sb a s k s f o r g o o d s [n o t b e fo re n o u n ] (very informal) very rich : Let her pay She’s ~ a n d s e rv ic e s , etc poor adj poor, broke, hard up, penniless m o n e y t h a t y o u h a v in g v e ry little m o n e y ; n o t h a v in g e n o u g h m o n e y f o r b a s ic n e e d s k e e p in th e b a n k a n d d o n 't s p e n d (literary) having n o m oney, very p o o r: She arrived in 1978 as a virtually ~refugee m o n e y t h a t y o u give (informal) hav in g v e ry little m oney, esp ecially f o r a s h o rt p e rio d o f tim e: t o a n o r g a n iz a tio n s u c h a s After he lost hisfo b he was so - he couldn't afford to eat out at all a c h a rity in o r d e r t o h e lp th e m [ n o t b e fo r e n o u n ] (informal) hav in g n o m o n ey : I ’m always - by the end o f the month a s u m o f m o n e y th a t m u s t b e p a id a s p u n is h m e n t fo r b r e a k in g a la w o r a r u le o n e o f a n u m b e r o f p a y m e n ts t h a t a re p a id re g u la rly ID IO M S R E LA T E D TO M O N EY a u n t il s th h a s b e e n p a id fo r M a tc h s e n t e n c e s - w i t h A - H M a r ia h a s a te n - b e d r o o m h o u s e 11 a s u m o f m o n e y ja c k ’s b ro k e a g a in th a t is g iv e n a s t h e f ir s t p a r t T h e d i n n e r sp e c ia l is o n ly $ 9 o f a la r g e r p a y m e n t H e r in c o m e d o e s n 't c o v e r h e r e x p e n se s 12 a le g a l d o c u m e n t O u r c o m p a n y lo s t m o n e y th is y ear th a t say s w h a t is to h a p p e n to s b ’s m o n e y a n d p r o p e r t y a fte r D o y o u th in k M a rk w ill lend m e th e m oney? th e y d ie D a n h a s b o u g h t tw o s p o r t s cars T h e y h a v e a lu x u rio u s life sty le w h ic h 13 th e a m o u n t o f th e y c a n ’t re a lly a ffo rd m o n e y t h a t y o u o w e to a b a n k w h e n y o u h a v e s p e n t m o re th a n is in y o u r b a n k a c c o u n t a n a m o u n t o f m o n e y th a t is p a id a t o n e tim e a n d n o t o n s e p a r a te o c c a s io n s b W i t h a p a r t n e r sa y w h a t y o u t h i n k t h e money than sense B N o w ay H e 's re a lly tight-fisted C W e 're in the red (opp in the black) D It m u s t h a v e cost a fortune E T h a t s o u n d s lik e a good deal F I ’m n o t s u r p r is e d H e spends money like water G T h ey 're living beyond their means H S h e can’t make ends meet A H e h a s m o re bold id io m s m e a n Can you remember the words and expressions on this page? Test yourself or a partner < p Online Practice 163 Place and movement a VOCABULARY BANK C o m p l e t e t h e c o l u m n o n t h e r i g h t w i t h o n e o f t h e w o r d s S o m e t i m e s t h e r e is m o r e t h a n o n e p o s s ib ility above / over a S h e lives in a n a p a r t m e n t a s to re , b In a fe w m in u te s w e 'll b e fly in g c T h e p la n e fle w H o C h i M in h C ity , th e clo u d s below / under a W e k e p t a n eye o p e n f o r s p e e d c a m e s a s w e d ro v e b S h e lives o n th e f lo o r t h e b rid g e , us c T h e r e ’s a w a s te p a p e r b a s k e t th e ta b le A b e n e a t h (formal) = b elo w , e.g., He considered suchjobs beneath him off / away a I fell m y b ik e a n d c u t m y k n e e , b S h e w a lk e d f r o m m e a n d d i d n 't lo o k b a c k , c T h e th ie f n w ith h e r c a m e in / inside / into a W e d e c id e d t o e a t b e c a u s e it w a s c o ld o n th e te rra c e , b H e p o u r e d s o m e ju ic e h is g lass a n d d r a n k it c P le a se k e e p th is d o c u m e n t a sa fe p lace on / on top / on top o f / onto a D o n ’t leav e th e to w e l th e flo o r P ick it u p b I’m g o in g t o p u t y o u r b o o k s c T h e to d d le r c lim b e d th e s h e lf so th e y ’re n o t in th e w ay th e c h a ir a n d t h e n s to o d u p d I t ’s a c h o c o la te c a k e w ith c re a m A u p o n (formal) = o n , e.g., The child sat upon hisfa th e r ’s knee outside / out / out o f a T ak e y o u r h a n d s b L e t’s m e e t y o u r p o c k e ts , th e m o v ie th e a te r c H e t o o k h is w a lle t a n d gave th e d r iv e r a tw e n ty - d o lla r b ill across / through a W e w a lk e d a v e ry d e n s e f o r e s t u n t il w e c a m e o u t in to a c le a rin g , b H e w a s w a lk in g c W e c a n go th e r o a d o n a c ro s s w a lk w h e n h e w a s h it b y a car t h e p a rk t o g e t t o K a te ’s h o u s e I t’s a s h o r tc u t along / past / around a H e w a lk e d b If you go c S h e d ro v e th e c o r r i d o r u n til h e re a c h e d th e d o o r t h e s u p e rm a rk e t, t h e c h u r c h is o n y o u r left th e tra ffic c irc le tw ic e b e c a u s e s h e w a s n ’t s u re w h ic h e x it t o tak e to / toward a Jan e h a s g o n e b If y o u w a lk th e h a ir s a lo n th e b e a c h , y o u ’ll see th e h a ir salo n o n th e r ig h t a fte r a b o u t 0 feet 10 in / at a I c a lle d D a v id a t h o m e , b u t th e y to ld m e h e w a s b T h e r e a r e s o m e s o fa s a n d a r m c h a ir s th e n e w s p a p e r c T u r n le ft b th e c a fe , s o w e c a n re la x a n d re a d th e lig h ts , a n d y o u ’ll se e it o n y o u r r ig h t Test yourselfwith the words on the page by covering the right-hand column and trying to remember the missing words in the sentences