An investigation into conditional sentences in english novel “the red and the black” with their vietnamese equivalents

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY PHẠM THỊ LAN PHƯƠNG AN INVESTIGATION INTO CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN ENGLISH NOVEL “THE RED AND THE BLACK” WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (NGHIÊN CỨU CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN TRONG TÁC PHẨM VĂN HỌC “ĐỎ VÀ ĐEN” VÀ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Hanoi, 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY PHẠM THỊ LAN PHƯƠNG AN INVESTIGATION INTO CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN ENGLISH NOVEL “THE RED AND THE BLACK” WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (NGHIÊN CỨU CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN TRONG TÁC PHẨM VĂN HỌC “ĐỎ VÀ ĐEN” VÀ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Đăng Sửu Hanoi, 2018 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled An investigation into conditional sentences in English novel “The Red and The Black” with their Vietnamese equivalents submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2018 Pham Thi Lan Phuong Approved by SUPERVISOR Assoc Prof Dr NGUYỄN ĐĂNG SỬU Date:…………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A piece of work of this magnitude is never the effort of only an individual Surely, this thesis could not be either begun or completed without the help, inspiration and moral support of many people I would like to thank them all here This work owes its existence to my supervisor Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Đăng Sửu, the discussion with whom opened my eyes to the complexity of conditionals From him I have learned more than I could have ever done the work alone His guidance and positive criticism helped to give shape to this work I am grateful to him I would like to express my gratitude to all lecturers of the Faculty of Graduated Studies, Hanoi Open University for their help, concern and support during the time I am studying I would also like to send my thanks to all my classmates of NNA6.2 who willingly helped me to accomplish this thesis in many aspects Last but not least, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my family members who have constantly supported, inspired and encouraged me to complete the graduation paper Without their love and dedication, this academic work would not be translated into reality ABSTRACT This thesis discusses about the English conditional sentences in the novel “The Red and the Black” by Stendhal The research is conducted to examine the structures and usage of conditional sentences in English, find out all kinds of conditional sentences being employed in this novel and its Vietnamese equivalents, then discuss as well as suggest some implications related to translating English conditional sentences to Vietnamese teachers and learners The research is the mixed of qualitative and quantitative approaches The source of data is the novel “The Red and the Black” by Stendhal The main data are conditional sentences in the novel To support the main data, the research is supported by other data taken from internet and grammar books about conditional sentences In order to attain the purpose, the data is analyzed through descriptive and contrastive methods We have studied the basic types and most common forms of 153 conditional sentences in the novel, which prove to have a complex constitution, a wide variety of forms, exceptions and functions Semantically, the most frequent type is the first one which indicates the possibilities in the present or in the future There are some implications have been listed to help Vietnamese teachers and learners of English overcome the difficulties in using and translating English conditional sentences LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Classification of Mood ……………………………… ………….…….12 Figure 2: Classification of Tense .14 Figure 3: The Zero conditional with the same tense in both clauses ………… 20 Figure 4: The First conditional sentences (also called type1) .20 Figure 5: The Second conditional sentences (also called type2) .21 Figure 6: The Third conditional sentences (also called type3) .21 Figure 7: Types of English Conditional Sentences and their basic syntactic features 22 Figure 8: Type of mixed conditional sentences 23 Figure 9: The frequency of basic types of conditional sentences in the novel …….39 Figure 10: The appearance of modal verbs can, could, shall, may in conditional sentences 41 Figure 11: The appearance of modal verbs must, should, might in conditional sentences 42 TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality Acknowledgements Abstract List of figures CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study ……………………………………………………… 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study .1 1.3 Research questions ……………………………………………………… 1.4 Methods of the study .2 1.5 Scope of the study …………………………………………………………… 1.6 Significance of the study .2 1.7 Design of the study …………………………………………………………….3 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of previous studies 2.1.1 Previous researches overseas .4 2.1.2 Previous researches in Vietnam… .5 2.2 Review of theoretical background .5 2.2.1 English sentence …………………………………………………………… 2.2.1.1 Definition ………………………………………………………………… 2.2.1.2 Types of English sentence ………………………………………………… 2.2.2 Mood ……………………………………………… ……………………… 2.2.2.1 Concept of Mood ………………….……………………………………… 2.2.2.2 Types of Mood ……………………….…………………………………… 2.2.3 Tense ……………………………………………………………………… 12 2.2.3.1 Concept of tense ………………………….……………………………….12 2.2.3.2 Types of tense …………………………………………………………… 12 2.2.4 The English conditional sentence 14 2.2.4.1 Definition of conditional sentence ……………………………………… 14 2.2.4.2 A semantic overview of conditional sentence ………………………….…15 2.2.4.3 Different classification of conditional sentence ……………………….….19 2.3 Summary of the chapter .23 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research governing orientations 24 3.1.1 Research questions 24 3.1.2 Research setting 24 3.1.3 Research approaches …………………………………………………….….24 3.1.4 Principles for intended data collection and data analysis ………………… 25 3.2 Research methods ………………………………………………………….…25 3.2.1 Major methods vs supporting methods …………………………………… 25 3.2.2 Data collection techniques ……………………………………………….…26 3.2.3 Data analysis techniques ……………………………………………………26 3.3 Summary of the chapter …………………………………………………… 27 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 The structural and semantic features of conditional sentences in the novel and its Vietnamese equivalents …………………………………………………28 4.1.1 The structural features of conditional sentences in the novel ………….… 28 4.1.2 The basic types of conditional sentences in the novel …………………… 29 4.1.2.1 The zero conditional sentences 29 4.1.2.2 The first conditional sentences 30 4.1.2.3 The second conditional sentences 33 4.1.2.4 The third conditional sentences………………………………………… 36 4.1.2.5 The mixed conditional sentences 38 4.2 The features of modal verbs in the conditional sentences in the novel …… 40 4.2.1 The first conditional sentence with modal verbs ………… …… ……… 40 4.2.2 The second conditional sentences with modal verbs … ………………… 40 4.2.3 Third conditional sentences with modal verbs …………………………… 41 4.3 Suggestions for translating conditional sentences in the novel ……………….42 4.3.1 Supplying learners with adequate knowledge of types of English conditional sentences and their Vietnamese equivalents …………………………………… 42 4.3.1.1 Unreal conditionals in the present ……………………………………… 42 4.3.1.2 Unreal conditionals in the past ………… ……………………………….43 4.3.1.3 Mixed conditionals ……………………… …………………………… 43 4.3.1.4 Conditional inversions ……………………………….………………… 44 4.3.2 Supplying learners with adequate knowledge of pragmatic functions …… 45 4.3.3 Supplying with adequate knowledge of situational contexts ……………… 48 4.4 Summary of the chapter ………………………………………………………49 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Recapitulation……… 50 5.2 Concluding remarks 50 5.3 Limitations of the current research 51 5.4 Recommendations for further research …………………………………….…51 REFERENCES APPENDICES CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Nowadays, English has been spoken all over the world as an international language No one can deny that English plays an important role in social life It is widely used in every field of life such as science, technology, foreign trade, tourism, business, education and so on In Vietnam, it is now a great demand to learn English for the process of integrating into regional and international economic and diplomatic development Moreover, English enables us to communicate with people from different countries and understand more about their tradition and culture However, to many Vietnamese learners who have been learning English for a long time, English grammar still seems to be a puzzle Among a number of complex problems, conditional sentences are really a challenge They are difficult because of their complicated structures with two clauses: subordinate clause or if-clause and main clause In addition, there are many variations which may cause confusion The meanings of conditional sentences are subtle; therefore in order to understand them, we need to be sensitive enough Moreover, any conditional sentence is a combination of tense and a range of auxiliaries which require learners to grasp before being able to understand and use it For the above reasons, the main aim of this paper is to examine the structures and semantic functions of conditional sentences in English and Vietnamese in the novel “The Red and the Black” by Stendhal The author will find out all kinds of conditional sentences being employed in this novel and its Vietnamese equivalents and then discuss as well as suggest some implications related to translating English conditional sentences to Vietnamese learners The writer hopes this will be a useful references for both teachers of English and learners 1.2 Aims and objectives of the research * Aims of the research The study is expected to offer an overview of English conditional sentences by means of descriptive and contrastive methods through the novel “The Red and the Black” by Stendhal and then to provide Vietnamese learners with the deeper understanding of English conditional sentences and some ways to help them overcome the difficulties in translating them * Objectives of the research In order to achieve the aims, the author has set a number of objectives to be I’ll reproach her with her infidelity làm ta nóng tiết lên, ta đem lỗi (page 96) mà nhiếc móc (page 261) 27 I shall be dishonoured here and in 27 Tơi chẳng danh diện Besancon if he appears among my Bơ đăng xơng, ơng ta có mặt clergy (page 105) đồn tu sĩ tơi (page 218) 28 I will go and fetch the mitre if your 28 Để lấy mũ Đức Cha cho lordship allow (page 110) phép (page 225) 29 If you still love me, don’t say 29 Nếu bà u tơi, xin bà đừng tiết anything (page 117) lộ (page 237) 30 If you leave the house, be sure to go 30 Nếu rời khỏi nhà này, and live in Verrieres (page 126) phải Verie (page 251) 31 If you can’t find the words ready 31 Nếu khơng tìm made, have the patience to compose tiếng có sẵn, chịu khó chắp chữ them letter by letter (page 127) cho thành tiếng (page 252) 32 I forgive you if you don’t love me 32 Tơi tha thứ cho anymore (page 128) không yêu (page 254) 33 If I don’t kill my wife, but instead 33 Nếu ta không giết vợ ta, mà lại làm drive her from the house in ignominy, she has her aunt in Besancon who will hand over her fortune to her directly (page 132) 34 If he doesn’t read these ridiculous compliments anywhere, he invents them, in which case, more fool him (page 138) cho sỉ nhục đuổi đi, có bà cô Bơđăngxông, bà ta đem tất gia tài mà sang tay cho (page 260) 34 Những câu tán tụng lố bịch kia, không đọc đâu, tự nghĩ ra, lại tệ hại (page 270) 35 If you prefer a Mr Julien to me, I’m 35 Nếu coi anh chàng ready to go and spend a winter with my Juyliêng tơi, tơi sẵn sàng lên aunt (page 140) nhà bà cô vụ mùa đông (page 272) 36 Woe betide you if you stand out 36 Vô phúc cho anh lỗi lạc khác from the herd (page 156) người (page 296) 37 If I leave you, If I cease to watch 37 Nếu tơi rời bỏ mình, nói hết over you, to be constantly there between với chồng, tự hại hại you and your husband, you’ll tell him ông (page 242) all, you’ll ruin yourself (page 120) 38 If I stay, you’ll think me the cause of 38 Nếu tơi lại, cho tơi your son’s death, and you’ll die of grief nguyên nhân chết mình, (page 121) chết đau đớn (page 242) 39 If you like, I’ll punish myself for 39 Nếu đồng ý, tơi tự trừng wrongdoing by leaving you for a week phạt lỗi cách xa (page 121) tám ngày (page 242) 40 Just think that I won’t be able to 40 Mình nghĩ tơi come back if you say anything (page quay trở lại nói hở 121) 41 I shall tell my husband if you aren’t there constantly to order me with your eyes to keep silent (page 121) 42 If heaven strikes me through my children, it’ll be no use my trying to live solely in order to love you, trying not to (page 242) 41 Tơi nói với nhà tơi, khơng có ln ln để đưa mắt lệnh cho tơi phải nín lặng (page 242) 42 Nếu trời nhằm lũ tơi mà trừng phạt tơi, dù tơi có tìm cách sống để u mình, không trông thấy see that my crime is what’s killing them tội ác tơi giết chúng nó, (page 122) 43 If there’s an anonymous letter, it comes from that hateful creature (page 126) 44 If you no longer love me, as I fear, how long you must be finding mine (page 127) 45 If you have the sense to it, your không (page 244) 43 Nếu có thư nặc danh, kẻ khả ố (page 250) husband will believe that the communication he has received is false (page 127) 46 If our affairs are going well, I’ll put a white handkerchief there; it not, there’ll be nothing (page 128) làm việc đó, chồng bà tin lời mách bảo mà ông nhận kia, đánh lừa ông (page 253) 46 Nếu cơng việc xi xỏa, tơi treo mùi xoa trắng, khơng khơng treo (page 253) 44 Nếu khơng u tơi nữa, lòng tơi lo sợ vậy, thấy thư dài (page 252) 45 Nếu bà đủ khôn ngoan sáng suốt để 47 If this goes wrong, everything will 47 Nếu chuyện xoay chiều bất lợi, be taken away from me (page 129) người ta lột hết thứ (page 255) 48 If M Rubigneau will be good 48 Nếu ơng Ruy bin hơ có nhã ý đọc bất enough to read out a Latin sentence at câu latinh nào, trả lời random, then instead of continuing with cách đọc tiếp tục đoạn văn la-tinh, the Latin next, I shall try to translate it thử dịch ứng câu xem impromptu (page 148) (page 283) 49 He can’t speak of his house, his 49 Ơng ta khơng thể nói đến nhà estate, etc if his wife is present without ông, lãnh thổ ông v.v…nếu có saying your house, your estate mặt vợ ơng ta, mà lại khơng nói nhà cửa (page 149) 50 If that’s M de Saint-Giraud coming to set me off again under the pretence of thanking me, I’ll give him a piece of my mind (page 159) 51 What can I say if those cursed Jacobin papers go and get hold of the mợ, lãnh thổ mợ (page 286) 50 Nếu lão Xanh-Girơ đến tận tìm ta, mượn cớ để cảm ơn, để ta nói thẳng vào mặt (page 300) 51 Nếu tờ báo bọn Jacơbanh chúng vồ lấy chuyện story, and turn me into a Mr Five-and- này, làm cho ta trở thành ông cửu thập ngũ chưa biết nào! (page 300) 52 If anyone comes asking for me to 52 Nếu có đến hỏi xin thầy cho sing elsewhere, refuse to let me go hát ngoài, xin thầy từ chối hộ (page 161) (page 303) 53 If I die, promise me you’ll never 53 Nếu có mệnh hệ nào, xin forget my children (page 165) hứa với đừng quên đứa (page 309) ninety? (page 159) 54 If he sings in my theatre, I’ll be able to marry off my daughter this winter (page 161) 55 If there’s another revolution, all the gentry will be slaughtered (page 165) 54 Để cho anh hát rạt tôi, mùa đông tới gả chồng cho gái tơi (page 303) 55 Nếu có cách mạng mới, tất người quý tộc bị tàn sát (page 309) 56 If I don’t prevent this duel, I shall be 56 Nếu ta không ngăn cản my husband’s murderer (page 166) đấu này, ta kẻ giết chồng (page 310) 57 When I go past if you’re thinking of 57 Nếu cô nghĩ đến tôi, me, have a bunch of violets in your qua, cô cầm tay bó hoa hand (page 173) violet (page 321) 58 If you like, I’ll say I’m your cousin 58 Nếu vui lòng tơi nói (page 173) anh em họ với cô (page 320) 59 If ever I manage to get out of the 59 Nếu có ta khỏi trường seminary for a few hours, I can perfect lấy vài tiếng đồng hồ, ta có well go and see M Amada wearing my thể, với áo dài thường dân, tìm gặp plain clothes (page 175) Amăngđa (page 324) 60 If I have an accident, God knows 60 Nếu xảy tai nạn cho ta, what they think of me (page 179) có trời biết người ta nghĩ ta (page 330) 61 If you not find this individual to 61 Nếu anh sinh đồ không vừa ý your liking, send him back to me ơng, xin ông gửi trả cho (page 180) (page 331) 62 May God grant it to me if the need 62 Cầu chúa ban cho ta yên ổn đó, arises (page 180) lâm (page 331) 63 If he comes first, it’s because he isn’t thinking (page 190) 64 If you were to land in any trouble, appeal to me, get a massage to me before eight o’clock (page 194) 65 If the porter at the seminary refuse to run your errand, say you are my cousin and a native of Genlis (page 194) 63 Nếu có nhất, sơ ý (page 346) 64 Nếu cậu gặp chuyện chẳng may, cậu nhờ tơi giúp đỡ, cho người đến tìm tơi trước tám (page 351) 65 Nếu người canh cổng trường từ chối khơng giúp cậu, cậu bảo cậu có họ với tơi, q Giănglix 66 I’d deserve to go under if I fall asleep during the storm (page 196) 67 How odd, he thought, that these beautiful ladies are not kneeling in front of one of the altars of repose, if they are (page 137) 66 Ta đáng bị chìm ngập đáy nước, ta ngủ bão táp (page 355) 67 Lạ nhỉ, Juy liêng nghĩ thầm, bà xinh đẹp lại không đến quỳ trước cỗ hương án đó, pious, or stationed to their advantage in người sùng tín, ngồi lợi hàng the front row of a balcony, if they belong đầu ban công nào, người to high society (page 204) xã hội phong lưu (page 367) 68 Be off with you, go way if you have 68 Lánh đi, lánh xa đi, ơng có any shame left (page 205) phần biết hổ thẹn (page 368) 69 If they pretend to like you, it will be 69 Nếu họ giả vờ yêu mến con, to betray you all the more surely (page để lại hại cách 207) chắn (page 371) 70 If you hold fast to the truth with an 70 Nếu tin lẽ thật lưới trời invincible embrace, sooner or later your lồng lộng, chẳng sớm muộn kẻ enemies will be confounded (page 207) thù bị bẽ bàng tủi nhục 71 If his worth is genuine, he will find the means to overturn of get round the obstacles (page 208) 72 If you’re born poor as a church mouse, you stay that way – that’s all there is to it (page 209) (page 372) 71 Nếu thực có tài đức, biết cách lật đổ vòng tránh trở ngại (page 373) 72 Đứa khốn khổ, khốn khổ, thơi (page 374) 73 If you behave well, one day you will 73 Nếu anh ngoan ngoãn, ngày have the best living in my diocese (page 218) 74 If it’s a stranger, I’ll run hell for leather leaving my ladder behind (page 225) 75 If it’s her, what reception will I get? (page 225) 76 Even if I have to smash the pane, I anh nhận giáo khu tốt địa phận ta (page 151) 74 Nếu người lạ mặt, ta ba chân bốn cẳng chạy trốn, vứt bỏ thang (page 400) 75 Nếu nàng ta tiếp đón nào? (page 400) 76 Dù có phải gõ đến vỡ kính ta must carry this through (page 226) 77 If it’s her, what’s she going to say? (page 227) 78 I’m going to pull in the ladder so it doesn’t compromise us if some servant or other is roused by the noise and goes on a tour of inspection (page 227) phải làm cho xong chuyện (page 401) 77 Nếu nàng nàng nói với ta đây? (page 402) 78 Để rút thang cho khỏi nguy hại nhỡ có tên người nhà nghe thấy tiếng động, tỉnh dậy kiểm soát (page 403) 79 What a disgrace for me if I’m shown 79 Nếu ta bị tống khứ nhục biết out (page 230) chừng nào! (page 407) 80 You make sure you hire under the 80 Mình nên ẩn nấp thật mau xuống bed pretty quick if Elisa comes in here gầm giường nếu, vắng mặt, when I’ gone (page 233) Êliđa vào (page 411) 81 If he hear the slightest noise, that’s 81 Nếu ơng nghe thấy có the end of me, he’ll turn me out of the tiếng động tơi nguy mất, ơng house like the wretch I am đuổi khốn nạn (page 232) (page 410) 82 What shall I reply to my husband if 82 Tôi trả lời nhà the servant tell him he’s found this tên đầy tớ kể lại với ông bắt ladder? (page 234) 83 Be careful not to open if anyone knocks (page 234) 84 If they have any suspicions, the Paris road is where they’ll look for me (page 237) thang kia? (page 413) 83 Chớ có mở có người gõ cửa (page 413) 84 Nếu họ có ngờ vực, họ lùng ta đường Pari (page 418) B The second conditional sentences in thenovel English Conditional sentences Vietnamese Equivalents As long as she was left to wander alone in her beautiful garden she never utter a word of complain (page 15) If he did, he would be a burden on his family (page 20) Quý hồ người ta để mặc cho bà tha thẩn khu vườn đẹp bà, bà chẳng phàn nàn (page 85) Nếu anh có sống được, gánh nặng cho gia đình (page 91) If he said any more, he might put his foot in it (page 21) If you wanted to dismiss me, I should be obliged to leave” (page 36) If he neglected his appearance, now that would be the moment to reawaken his zeal (page 39) Nếu nói lão lỡ lời nói hớ (page 94) Ví thử ơng muốn đuổi tơi đi, bắt buộc phải (page 116) Chỉ chểnh mảng ta phải khích lệ (page 120) I’d be no better than a servant if I put Tôi không tên đầy tớ myself in the position of hiding from tội tự đặt vào phải giấu giếm ông M.de Renal anthing whatsoever Reenan điều liên quan concerning my money (page 42) đến đồng tiền (page 124) It would also be a very bad mark for a Nếu người ta ngày poor theology student if it could one day người ta phát tên tuổi be discovered that his name had been on ghi sổ hàng cửa hiệu mua the files of a bookseller who hired out sách (page 128) books (page 44) If an action struck him as admirable, it Anh thấy hành động đáng thán was bound to be the one to attract the phục ư, hành động lại bị tất censure of the people around him (page 45) If he was unfortunate enough to force himself to speak, he found himself saying totally ridiculous things (page 46) 10 The idea of a duty to carry out, and a người chung quanh chê trách (page 129) Nếu chẳng may anh cố mở miệng nói nặng, lai đâm nói điều tức cười (page 131) 10 Ý nghĩ phải làm bổn phận, risk of suffering ridicule or rather a khơng làm trọn bị trò cười hay feeling of inferiority If he failed in it, immediately removed all pleasure from his heart (page 55) 11 Wouldn’t it be a way of mocking this so-and-so who has everything fortune can offer If I took possession of his wife’s hand, and his presence too? (page 69) bị thứ tình cảm tự ti, ý nghĩ xua đuổi tức khắc thích thú lòng anh (page 144) 11 Chiếm lấy bàn tay vợ hắn, lúc có mặt hắn, anh nghĩ bụng, há cách miệt thị người hưởng thụ phỡn tất lợi lộc giàu sang sao? (page 164) 12 Nhưng kẻ dù ông Valơnô nữa, phải chùn gan số tiền 600 quan Bây khoản chi đồng niên phải lên tới số (page 174) 13 If he left a side for a brief moment, it 13 Nếu anh có xa nàng chốc lát, was to go and win glory, and earn even để làm nên cơng trạng hiển 12 But this someone, even if it were M Valenod, must be a bit downcast at the sum of six hundred franc which the annual outlay now amounts to (page 75) 10 greater love from her (page 76) hách xứng đáng nàng yêu nhiều (page 177) 14 What would happen to me, she asked 14 Bà nghĩ bụng, có herself, If I were alone with him? (page ta với anh ta, xảy 86) đến nào? (page 191) 15 She could say to me I order you to if 15 Bà ta bảo lệnh it were something to with the chuyện có liên quan đến việc dạy dỗ lũ children’s upbringing (page 87) trẻ (page 192) 16 He was afraid of terrible remorse and 16 Anh sợ bị nỗi hối hận ghê gớm eternal ridicule if he deviated from the sợ làm trò cười mn thuở, ideal model he had set himself to follow anh xa mẫu mực lý tưởng mà anh (page 91) có dự định noi theo (page 198) 15 What would become of these same 15 Những bọn quý phái họ trở nobles if it fell to our lot to fight them thành đấu tranh with equal arms (page 99) với họ võ khí ngang (page 209) 16 It was better for her to come to his if 16 Để bà đến buồng anh hơn, one of the servants noticed her moving tên người nhà trông thấy bà about the house, any number of reasons chạy ngược chạy xi nhà, có could be found to explain her conduct (page 99) 17 If her husband was not selected, he would go bankrupt from grief (page 104) 18 I’d commit my sin again if it had to be committed (page 121) hàng trăm lý để giải thích (page 209) 17 Nếu chồng bà ta khơng tuyển chọn, ơng ta phiền muộn mà đâm vỡ nợ (page 216) 18 Tôi tái phạm lỗi có phạm lỗi (page 243) 19 If heaven would just refrain from punishing me in this world and through my children, then I shall have more than I deserve (page 121) 20 Even if I wanted to I wouldn’t be able to; I’d go mad (page 122) 21 If the king’s minister did me the 19 Miễn trời trừng phạt gian nhằm vào đứa tôi, nhiều ước vọng (page 243) 20 Dù có muốn khơng thể được, tơi phát điên (page 244) 21 Nếu ông trưởng nhà vua hạ 11 honour of consulting me, I should say to cố hỏi ý kiến tôi, tơi nói rằng: Xin him: Do not scruple to ruin all provincial ngài làm phá sản tất nhà in tỉnh printers, and turn printing into a lẻ, đặt nghề in thành độc quyền monopoly like tobacco” thuốc (page 131) (page 258) 22 Even supposing I were free to marry 22 Dẫu ta tự lấy vợ khác tomorrow, I shouldn’t find anyone to ngày mai, ta khơng tìm đâu replace her (page 131) người thay (page 258) 23 If the king were free and could 23 Nếu nhà vua tự định đoạt justice to high birth, you would no doubt chiếu cố cách thích đáng đến be a member of the house of peers (page dòng dõi, chắn ơng dự hàng ngun lão nghị viên (page 271) 24 If I wasn’t afraid of spoiling the 24 Nếu tao không sợ làm hỏng loveliest bass voice I’ve ever heard, I’d tiếng hát trầm đẹp mà tao put you in prison on bread and water for nghe thấy từ xưa đến nay, tao tống a fortnight (page 161) mày vào nhà giam ăn bánh nhạt uống nước lã mười lăm ngày (page 303) 139) 25 Even if I were to agree to it, he’ll 25 Dù tơi có lòng khơng never be willing to leave the đời muốn rời bỏ nhạc viện (page Conservatoire (page 161) 304) 26 Would he be happy if forced to rest 26 Nếu bắt phải nghỉ ngơi vĩnh for ever? (page 163) viễn, có sung sướng khơng? (page 305) 27 Nevertheless, there were black days 27 Tuy vậy, có ngày ác hại bà when she could not banish the image of khơng tài xua đuổi hình ảnh the surfeit of happiness that would niềm hạnh phúc chứa chan mà bà overwhelm her if she were suddenly widowed and able to marry Julien (page 163) 28 What would be most disagreeable for him would be if Julien were to remain there as tutor to M Valenod’s children (page 166) hưởng nếu, nhiên góa chồng, bà lấy Juyliêng (page 306) 28 Nếu có khó chịu cho ơng, việc Juyliêng lại lại thành phố đó, làm gia sư cho lũ ông Valơnô (page 311) 12 29 If she forced herself to tell him she 29 Bà có cố gắng để nói với anh loved him, it came out so unnaturally as bà yêu anh, cách almost to prove the contrary (page 168) ngượng nghịu vụng gần chứng tỏ trái lại (page 314) 30 How different it would be for me If I 30 Ví thể ta đến thành phố was coming to this noble martial city to chiến trận cao quý để đóng thiếu úy be a sub-lieutenant in one of the trung đồn có nhiệm vụ bảo regiments in charge of defending it! vệ cảnh ta khác biết bao! (page 170) (page 316) 31 If you were not recommended to me 31 Nếu anh không gửi gắm cho ta by a man like Father Chelan, I should người cha Sêlăng ta speak to you in the vain language of this world to which you seem only too accustomed (page 182) 32 If Julien continued to study the good Latin authors with the same success, a similar sum would be sent to him every year (page 211) nói với anh ngơn ngữ hư phiếm gian mà anh quen thuộc (page 334) 32 Nếu Juyliêng tiếp tục học tập có kết tác giả Latinh ưu tú, năm gửi cho anh số tiền (page 377) 33 If we spoke in the language of the 33 Nếu dùng ngôn ngữ seminary, we might recognize a miracle in this sending of five hundred francs to Julien (page 211) 34 If he were just a simple monk, he would already be in pace (page 222) chủng viện, thừa nhận có phép màu lạ gửi năm trăm quan (page 378) 34 Nếu tu sĩ đơn giản thơi, in pace (page 395) C The third conditional sentences in thenovel English Conditional sentences Vietnamese Equivalents Had she known she had this kind of success, M de Renal would have felt deeply ashamed of it (page 14) This end could not have been Nếu bà Renan biết kiểu người ta hâm mộ thế, bà lấy làm thẹn thùng (page 85) Mục tiêu khơng đạt 13 achieved if I had left Julien in Juylieng mặc quần áo thợ workman’s attire (page 34) thuyền (page 114) She should have been noted for her Nếu bà học hành đôi chút, spontaneity and liveliness of mind if she tính tình tự nhiên trí had been given any kind of education thông minh linh lợi bà (page 39) trội (page 120) If her mistress would allow it, she Nếu bà chủ cho phép, chị kể tất would tell her all her troubles (page 50) nỗi đau khổ chị cho bà nghe (page 137) His look astonished M Derville, and Cái nhìn bà lấy làm lạ, có lẽ bà would have done so even more if she ngạc nhiên nhiều nữa, bà had fathomed what it really expressed (page 60) If Julian had loved her, he would have glimpsed her behind the half-closed shutters on the first floor, pressing her forehead against the glass (page 73) đốn biết tình thật (page 152) Nhưng Juyliêng u bà, chắn anh thấy bóng bà đằng sau cánh cửa chớp khép hờ tầng gác thứ nhất, trán tì vào cánh cửa (page 171) If I’d had you with me that day, I’d Nếu hơm mày với tao, have started bidding for that plot of timber, and the rest of them should soon have let me have it (page 77) If M de Rênal had kept any of her composure, she would have complimented him on the reputation he had earned himself (page 82) Had she been sure of Julien’s tao trả vọt giá vụ thầu đẵn lên, tất đứa khác phải nhường tao (page 178) Nếu bà Đơ Rêna bạo dạn đơi chút, bà khen ngợi anh tiếng tăm mà anh chinh phục (page 184) Giá chắn Juyliêng yêu, có affection, her virtue might perhaps have found the strength to resist him (page 83) 10 Had it not been for this silly idea of making a plan, Julien’s sharp wits would have served him well (page 85) lẽ đức hạnh bà tìm sức chống lại anh (page 185) 10 Ví thử khơng có ngu dại làm kế hoạch, trí thơng minh mẫn tiệp Juyliêng giúp anh đắc lực (page 190) 14 11 Had Julien had any of the 11 Nếu Juyliêng có tí chút tinh shrewdness he so gratuitously imagined khôn mà tự gán cho himself to possess, he would have been cách hão huyền, ngày hơm sau able to congratulate himself the next day mừng lòng hiệu on the effect produced by his trip to mà chơi Verie anh phát Veriere (page 89) sinh (page 194) 12 If he had had one, he would have 12 Nếu anh có nữa, anh thấy been in no state to follow it (page 91) rối trí q khơng thể làm theo (page 197) 13 Nothing would have been lacking to 13 Nói tóm lại, đáng lẽ, anh biết our hero’s happiness, not even a hưởng, khơng thiếu cho hạnh passionate sensuousness in the in the woman he had just conquered, if he had but known how to enjoy it (page 92) 14 If she had noticed the attention he devoted to acting a part, this sad discovery would have robbed her of all happiness for ever (page 95) phúc anh chàng, rung cảm nồng cháy người đàn bà mà anh vừa chiếm đoạt (page 198) 14 Ví thử bà ta nhìn thấy chăm anh để đóng vai trò, phát đáng buồn chắn cất vĩnh viễn niềm hạnh phúc bà (page 203) 15 If she had had any of the worldly wisdom which women of thirty have possessed for quite some time in more civilized parts of the country, she would have feared for the duration of a love which only seemed to feed on novelty and flattered self-esteem (page 96) 15 Những cử yêu quý, nỗi cuồng vui anh trông thấy vẻ đẹp quyến rũ người bạn tình, làm cho bà n lòng đơi chút lịch thiệp mà dáng lẽ người đàn bà ba mươi tuổi xứ sở văn minh có từ lâu, bà rùng lo cho lâu bền mối tình yêu sống ngạc nhiên hoan hỉ lòng tự (page 205) 16 Had she opened her mouth, it would 16 Nếu bà mở miệng để thú tội have been to confess her crime to God với Chúa với người (page 237) and to mankind (page 117) 17 If M de Rênal had been a man of any 17 Nếu ông Đơ Rêna người có trí 15 imagination, he would have understood óc, ơng hiểu rõ tất (page 73) everything (page 118) 18 I’d have despised her like a feeble 18 Ví thử bà ta thất bại lớp little woman if, out of weakness, she’d trò với ơng Renan, ta messed up her scene with M de Rênal khinh bà ta kẻ nữ nhi hèn (page 145) (page 276) 19 If he had listened to me, he would 19 Nếu ơng nghe tơi, ông have gone off on a journey somewhere chơi xa chuyến (page 300) (page 159) 20 If it hadn’t been for the know-how of 20 Nếu khơng có mưu mẹo ơng the director of the San-Carlino, his giám đốc rạp Xan-Carlinơ, giọng hát divine voice might not have been discovered and admired until ten years later (page 162) 21 She would have sacrificed her own life without hesitating to save her husband’s if she had seen him in danger (page 163) thần tiên anh có lẽ mười năm sau người ta biết đến hoan nghênh (page 305) 21 Bà hi sinh đời khơng dự để cứu sống chồng bà bà thấy ông gặp hiểm nghèo (page 306) 22 This visit would have made a deep 22 Cuộc viếng thăm kích impression on our hero if, on the very next day, something said to him by the little seminarist from Verriere who struck him as immature had not led him to make an important discovery (page 189) 23 Matters would have been very different if he had chosen Father Castanede (page 189) 24 If Julien had wished to think of the material interests of the cathedral, his imagination would have overshot the target (page 203) 25 M de Rênal’s fall might well have brought her friend down too if Julien had động sâu sắc anh chàng chúng ta, hơm sau, khơng có lời nói cậu bé sinh đồ người Verie mà cho bé bỏng quá, làm cho anh phát điều quan trọng (page 344) 23 Ví thử anh lựa chọn cha Caxtanet tình khác (page 344) 24 Ví thử Juyliêng muốn nghĩ đến lợi ích vật chất nhà thờ, trí óc anh, vút bay xa q mức (page 366) 25 Nếu khơng có Juyliêng đến đỡ kịp hai người, có lẽ bà Đơ Rênan ngã 16 hẳn lôi bà bạn ngã theo (page 367) not supported them both (page 204) 26 It was a face which would have had 26 Bộ mặt nghiêm nghị more gravity about it, had it not been for nữa, khơng tinh khôn the extreme cunning which showed in cực độ lên vài nét (page certain features (page 214) 383) 27 It might have reached the point of 27 Nó biểu lộ giảo quyệt signifying untrustworthiness if the người chủ mặt đẹp có giây owner of this fine face had ceased for an phút ngơi ý đến (page 383) instant to keep it under control (page 214) 28 Had it come a little sooner, this 28 Ví thử sớm chút, trở lại tình cảm âu yếm, lẩn biến nối hối hận bà Rênan, trở thành niềm hạnh phúc thần tiên, thu lượm tài khơn khéo nên nỗi thích thú mà thơi (page 409) 29 If Julien had been outside the house, 29 Ví thử Juyliêng khỏi nhà, return to tender feelings, this total eclipse of M de Rênal’s remorse, would have given truly divine happiness, being thus obtained by skill, they afforded no more than mere pleasure (page 231) this danger would scarcely have nỗi nguy chả làm cho bà động bothered her (page 233) 30 If no one had seen M de Rênal, they would have looked for her everywhere (page 234) tâm (page 412) 30 Nếu người ta trơng thấy bà Rêna chắn người ta tìm bà khắp nơi (page 413) D The mixed conditional sentences in thenovel English Conditional sentences Vietnamese Equivalents If he were to stop seeing M de Renal, he would have forgotten him in a week (page 66) Even if one were to credit him with Julien’s imagination, a young man brought up amid the sorry truths of Nếu anh không gặp mặt ông Đơ Reena tám ngày ơng qn ta (page 162) Cho dù có trí tưởng tượng Juyliêng nữa, chàng niên nuôi dưỡng 17 Parisian society would have been thật đáng buồn xã hội Pari, đến awaken at this point in his romance by a quãng tiểu thuyết anh, chilling sensen of irony (page 76) bị thức tỉnh chua chát lạnh lùng (page 177) If it weren’t for this unwelcome noise, Khơng có tiếng động phiền nhiễu đó, a shout of joy from the great rocks might có lẽ từ nghe thấy tiếng kêu vui mừng phát từ ghềnh đá lớn (page 269) If it came to a punch-up, his rival, an Nếu lại đâm đấm đá lẫn nhau, have reached as far as here (page 138) enormous man, would have beaten him kẻ địch thủ anh, người to phổng and left him there (page 175) pháp, đánh quỵ anh vứt bỏ anh mà thẳng (page 324) I was counting on handing him over to Tơi tính đem cho đức giám our bishop, if ever one had come our mục chúng tơi có có way who had something of your attitude vị giám mục có đơi chút towards men and their affair (page 222) cách ơng nhìn người công việc (page 395) 18 ...MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY PHẠM THỊ LAN PHƯƠNG AN INVESTIGATION INTO CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN ENGLISH NOVEL THE RED AND THE BLACK” WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE. .. structures and semantic functions of conditional sentences in English and Vietnamese in the novel The Red and the Black” by Stendhal The author will find out all kinds of conditional sentences being... through the novel The Red and the Black” by Stendhal and then to provide Vietnamese learners with the deeper understanding of English conditional sentences and some ways to help them overcome the