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HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES PHAN PHUONG THANH IDIOMS WITH ELEMENTS INDICATING ANIMALS IN CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE FROM THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN LINGUISTICS Hue, 2019 Cơng trình nghiên cứu hồn thành tại: TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC, ĐẠI HỌC HUẾ Người hướng dẫn khoa học: TS Liêu Linh Chuyên TS Nguyễn Văn Lập Phản biện 1: PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Hoành Phản biện 2: PGS.TS Võ Xuân Hào Phản biện 3: PGS.TS Cẩm Tú Tài Luận án bảo vệ trước Hội đồng đánh giá luận án tiến sĩ cấp Đại học Huế Họp tại: số 3, Lê Lợi, Thành phố Huế, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế Vào hồi: ngày tháng năm 2019 Có thể tìm hiểu luận án tại: - Thư viện Quốc gia Việt Nam - Trung tâm học liệu Huế - Thư viện Trường Đại học Khoa Học, Đại học Huế HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES PHAN PHUONG THANH IDIOMS WITH ELEMENTS INDICATING ANIMALS IN CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE FROM THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS Major: LINGUISTICS Code: 9229020 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN LINGUISTICS INSTRUCTORS: PhD Lieu Linh Chuyen PhD Nguyen Van Lap Hue, 2019 PREFACE Reason to choose the topic The study of cognitive linguistics is the direction that is paid attention to by the most reseachers in recent years In which there are issues related to the concept of idiomatic meaning of cognitive linguistics, which has supplemented and broaden the study of idioms according to traditional conception This is also the reason that we choosed the topic "Idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese from the theory of cognitive linguistics" as the research topic of the thesis Object and scope of the study 2.1 Object of the study Based on the theoretical basis of cognitive linguistics, we focused on studying some semantic issues of idioms with elements indicating animals, which emphasized the conceptual metaphor of animals used in Chinese and Vietnamese idioms, thereby clarifying the movement from the source domain of idioms with elements indicating animals to abstract target domain in these two languages 2.2 Scope of the study We only focus on studying the cognitive semantics related to idioms on idiomatic material with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese Research tasks The thesis defines the following basic research tasks: - Systematizing theoretical issues of cognitive linguistics to serve as a theoretical basis for the thesis's research topic - Identifying semantic characteristics of idioms through idiomatic structures, through which we categorized semantics of these idioms according to semantic categories - Determining the target conceptual domain from the analysis of the idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese and analyzing the expression in the source conceptual domain - Learn the conceptual mix of some idioms with elements incicating animals to understand the cognitive process in creating meaning of idioms - Analyzing the mechanism of metaphorical mapping of idioms with elements indicating animals, thereby learning about the embodiment and ethnic communities culture expressed in linguistic thinking through idioms Study material In Chinese, we conducted surveys and statistics of idioms with elements indicating animals in the book “汉语成语词典” (Chinese idiom dictionary) published in 2002 of 宋永培 (Tong Vinh Boi) as Chief Author In Vietnamese, we conducted the survey and statistics of idiomas with elements indicating animals in the Vietnamese Idiom Dictionary (1993) by Nguyen Nhu Y as Chief Editor Research Methodology i) Descriptive analysis method ii) Comparative method Contributions of the thesis Regarding the theoretical meaning: The findings of the thesis will contribute to clarify the issues related to semantics of idioms according to the concept of cognitive linguistics on idiomatic language materials with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese Regarding practical meaning: The research work of the thesis will apply the research results of the thesis which can be applied in teaching, translation and construction of bilingual Chinese - Vietnamese idiom dictionary CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ISSUES AND THE THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE TOPIC 1.1 Overview of research projects related to the topic The thesis will present an overview of domestic and foreign research works related to words indicating animals, research works on idioms and idioms with elements indicating animals Linguists in Vietnam have applied cognitive linguistic theory to practical applications such as: Vi Truong Phuc (2013) in "Study of idioms indicating psychological sentiment in Chinese from the perspective of cognitive linguistics (related to Vietnamese language)” explored semantic characteristics of idioms such as semantic structure, structural method and expression of meaning, cultural meaning from which to build source domains and foundations of cognitive mapping into the domain of sentimental concepts such as: FUNNY, SAD, ANGRY AND FEAR The closest work for our thesis is “汉英成语中动物隐喻对比研究” (A study of cognitive comparation and metaphors in idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and English) of Phan Dung Dung (2014), the author chose 12 animals: dog, cat, pig, buffalo, horse, goat, mouse, rabbit, wolf, bear, gibbon, fox and divided into two groups of animals: domestic animals and wild animals From the domain of ANIMALS, it has been mapped to abstract target domains, then compared similarities and differences, thereby helping us to see the linguistic picture about the world However, the project only selected the idiomatic linguistic material object of 12 animals to study and compare it with two languages of Chinese and English The author has had research results on idioms with elements indicating animals in English and Chinese Therefore, it is possible to consider the topic of the thesis "Idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese from cognitive linguistic theory" as the inheritance of the results of collection and selection of the previous researches, and this is also a promising research direction that can have new contribution results 1.2 The theoretical basis of the thesis - The theoretical basis of the thesis is mainly based on the theoretical basis of two famous authors, Lakoff and Johnson The theoretical basis of the thesis topic includes: + Theoretical problems of cognitive linguistics, namely: the category and the categorization, the embodiment, the prototype + Theoretical issues of cognitive metaphor, namely: the concept of cognitive metaphor, the nature and structure of cognitive metaphor, classification of cognitive metaphor, radiatingdiagram, cognitive model + Theoretical issues of idioms: concepts of idioms, characteristics of idioms, types of structures of idioms and concepts of idiomatic meaning in cognitive linguistics 1.3 Sub-conclusion Chapter IDIOMS WITH ELEMENTS INDICATING ANIMALS IN CHINESE FROM THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 2.1 The semantic characteristics related to prototype in idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese 2.1.1 Prototype - Words calling animal names:马 (HORSE), 虎 (TIGER), 牛 (BUFFALO), 狗 (DOG) - Words referring to animal body parts: 头 (HEAD), 心 (HEART) - Words indicating the activity of animals: 飞 (FLY), 鸣 (SING) - Words indicating human activity affecting animals: 杀 (KILL) 2.1.2 Radiatingmodel 2.1.2.1 Radiatingmodel On the basis of developing the meaning of the prototype, we will build the radiating model of the word group "animals" used in idioms Table 2.1 Prototype of the group of words "animals" in Chinese idioms No Group Prototype Livestock group (cattle and 牛 (BUFFALO), 狗 (DOG) poultry) Wild animals living on land 马 (HORSE), 虎 TIGER) Radiating model of “马” (HORSE) Chart 2.2 Radiating model of “马” (HORSE) 2.1.2.2 Radiating model of the phrase "animal body parts" in Chinese idiom Table 2.2 Prototype of the phrase of "animal body parts" in Chinese idiom No Group Prototype The first part 头 (HEAD) Organs part 心 (HEART) Radiating model of “头” (HEAD) Chart 2.6 Radiating model of “头” (HEAD) 2.1.2.3 Radiating model of the phrase "animal activity" in Chinese idiom Table 2.3 Prototype of the phrase "animal activity" in Chinese idioms No Group Prototype Verb 飞 (FLY) Verb 鸣 (SING) Radiating model of “飞” (FLY) Chart 2.7 Radiating model of “飞” (FLY) 2.2 Semantic characteristics of idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese 2.2.1 Regarding semantic structure Studies of Chinese idioms often divide idiomatic structures into two types: symmetrical structure and asymmetric structure In each of which, based on the concept of idiomatic meaning of cognitive linguistics, we established semantic content based on the inherent meaning of idioms, ie metaphorical meaning in idioms, according to cognitive linguistics, this is the peripheral meaning of idioms and we centralized many idioms into semantic categories 2.2.1.1 Types of semantic structures of symmetric idioms Based on a total of 683 idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese, we have statistics of 194 symmetrical structure idioms, accounting for 28.40% 2.2.1.1.1 The idioms with a symmetrical structure of two species a Idioms with two parallel species There are 72 idioms with the two parallel species occupying the highest rate of 47.06% in the statistics table, indicating a happy couple relationship, the Chinese uses the pair of phoenixes to describe: “凤友鸾交” (the two lovebirds = men and women having feelings will get marriage to become husband and wife) b The idiom has the words indicating activities of the two animals There are 37 idioms with the words indicating activity of two animals, accounting for 24.18% To symbolize outstanding talent, “龙跃凤鸣” (Long dược phượng minh = Dragon dances while phoenix sings, brilliant talent) c The idiom with words indicating parts if the two animal There are 28 idioms with the words indicating body parts of two animals accounting for 18.03% To symbolize evil personality “鸱目虎吻” (Si mục hổ = hawk eyes and tiger lip, illustrating snakiness and cruel) d The idioms with the words indicating human activity affecting two species There are 16 idioms with words indicating human activities that affect two species, accounting for 10.46% To describe the dangerous situation “握蛇骑 虎” (Ác xà kị hổ = Holding snake, riding tiger, illustrating dangerous situations) 2.2.1.1.2 The idioms with a symmetrical structure of one animal and another thing a The idioms with words indicating one animal and another thing There are 30 idioms with words indicating one animal and another thing, accounting for 73.17% To describe the rich life “宝马香车” (Bảo mã hương xa = Nice car, precious horse, good car) b Idioms with words that refer to human activities affecting animals There are idioms with words indicating human activities that affect animals, accounting for 17.07%, illustrating the dangerous situation “束马悬 车” (Thúc mã huyền xa = Bundle the horse nails to hangs up, the climbing road is very dangerous) c Idioms with words indicating the activity of animals There are idioms with the words indicating animal activity, accounting for 7.32%, describing a bright space “草长莺飞” (Thảo trưởng oanh phi = The trees sprout, and the cananies fly) d The idiom with words indicating the animal body There is an idiom with the words indicating the animal body which accounts for 2.44%, to describe the person with evil and snaky personality “佛 口蛇心” (Phật tâm xà = a buddha’s mind, snake’s heart, A honey tongue, a heart of gall) 2.2.1.2 Types of semantic structures of asymmetric idioms 2.2.1.2.1 Asymmetric idioms without comparison structure We have made a statistics of 465 idioms in this group, divided into subgroups: a The idiom with words indicating one animal and another thing There are 269 idioms with words indicating animal and another thing, accounting the highest rate for 57.85% To symbolize that animals are in dangerous space “鱼游釜中” (Ngư du trung phủ = Fish swim in the pot, fish on the chopping board) b Idioms with words that refer to pairs of closely related animals There are 88 idioms that have a pair of closely related species that account for 18.92% To symbolize family relationships “老牛舐犊” (Lão ngưu sị độc = Old cow licks baby calves, parents cherish children) c Idioms with words indicating the activity of animals There are 49 idioms with words indicating animal activity, accounting for 10.54% To describe the happy mood “拊髀雀跃” (Phủ bễ tước dược = Flap the sparrow's thigh, illustrating the joyful mood) d The idioms with words indicating the animal body There are 44 idioms with words indicating the animal body which account for 9.46% To symbolize the level of human awareness “驴头不对马嘴” (Lư đầu bất đối mã chủy = The donkey's lips didn't fit into the horse's mouth, talking at cross purposes) e Idioms with words that refer to human activities affecting animals There are 15 idioms with words indicating human activities that affect animals, which account for 3.23%, illustrating dangerous jobs “养虎遗患” (Dưỡng hổ di hoạn = Raising tigers for danger later) 2.2.1.2.2 Asymmetric idioms ưith comparative structure According to our statistics, asymmetric idioms with comparative structure with the lowest number of 24 idioms make up 4.91% Thus, from the analysis, classification of the meaning of idioms with elements indicating animals, we found it’s possible to attribute the meaning of idioms to the following content: 11 Chapter IDIOMS WITH ELEMENTS INDICATING ANIMALS IN VIETNAMESE FROM THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 3.1 The semantic characteristics related to the prototypes in idioms with elements indicating animals in Vietnamese 3.1.1 Prototypes - Words referring to species names: DOG, BUFFALO, CHICKEN, TIGER - Words referring to animal body parts: HEAD, LIVER - Words referring to the activities of animals: CRY, BITE - Words referring to human activities affecting animals: RIDE 3.1.2 Radiating model 3.1.2.1 The radiating model of a group of words "animals" in idioms On the basis of developing the meaning of the prototype, we will build the radiating model of the word group "animals" used in idioms Table 3.1 Prototype of the phrase "animals" in Vietnamese idioms No Group Prototype DOG, BUFFALO, Livestock group (cattle and poultry) CHICKEN Wild animals living on land TIGER Radiating model of “DOG” Chart 3.1 Radiating model of “DOG” 12 3.1.2.2 The radiating model of the word "animal body parts" in animal idioms Table 3.2 Prototype of the phrase "animal body parts" in Vietnamese idiom No Group Prtotype The head part HEAD The organs part LIVER Radiating model of “HEAD” Chart 3.5 Radiating model of “HEAD” 3.1.2.3 Radiating model of the phrase "animal activity" in Vietnamese idiom Table 3.3 Prototype of the phrase "animal activity" in Vietnamese idiom No Group Prototype Verb CRY Verb BITE Radiating model of “CRY” Chart 3.7 Radiating model of “CRY” 3.2 Semantic characteristics of idioms with elements indicating animals in Vietnamese 3.2.1 Regarding semantic structure The study of Vietnamese idioms often divides idiomatic structure into two types: symmetrical structure and asymmetric structure In each of which, based 13 on the concept of idiomatic meaning of cognitive linguistics, we established semantic content based on the inherent meaning of idioms, ie metaphorical meaning in idioms, according to the cognitive semantics, this is the peripheral meaning of idioms and we centralized many idioms into semantic categories 3.2.1.1 Types of semantic structures of symmetric idioms Based on a total of 695 idioms with elements indicating animals in Vietnamese, we have statistics of 175 symmetrical structural idioms accounting for 25.18% 3.2.1.1.1 The idioms with a symmetrical structure of two species of animal a Idioms with two parallel species of animal There are 67 idioms with two parallel species of animal occupying the highest rate of 50.76%, to symbolize the relationship of warm and happy couple “Chồng loan vợ phượng”, “Chăn loan gối phượng” b The idioms with words indicating the two animal parts There are 37 idioms with words indicating the body parts of two species, accounting for 28.03% To describe the evil, cruel personality “Lịng lang sói” c The idioms with words indicating activities of the two animals There are 15 idioms with the words indicating activity of two species accounting for 11.36% To describe a girl with a beautiful appearance “Chim sa cá lặn” d The idioms with the words indicating human activity affecting two species There are 13 idioms with words referring to human activity that affect two species, accounting for 9.85%, to show anger “Đá mèo quèo chó” 3.2.1.1.2 The idioms with a symmetrical structure of one animal and another thing a The idioms with words indicating one animal and another thing There are 36 idioms with words indicating one animal and other thing, that account for 83.72%, which is quite high, to describe the rich life “Lên xe xuống ngựa” b Idioms with words that refer to human activities affecting animals There are idioms with words referring to human activity affecting animals that account for 16.28%, to describe a useless work “Bắt cóc bỏ đĩa” 3.2.1.2 Types of semantic structures of asymmetric idioms 3.2.1.2.1 Asymmetric idioms without comparison structure There are 272 idioms in this group, divided into sub-groups: a The idioms with words indicating one animal and another thing There are 92 idioms that contain words indicating one animal and another thing that accounts for the highest percentage of 33.82%, to reflect the dangerous situation “Cá nằm thớt” 14 b Idioms with words indicating the activity of animals There are 77 idioms with words indicating the activity of animals with a high rate of 28.31%, to describe the mood of anxiety and fear “Bò thấy nhà táng” c The idioms with words indicating the body part of the animal There are 49 idioms with words that refer to animal organs with the ratio of 18.01%, to describe the cowardly personality “Gan thỏ đế” d Idioms with words that refer to pairs of closely related animals There are 33 idioms with words indicating a pair of closely related species that account for 12.13%, to reflect the greedy personality “Con rô tiếc, giếc muốn” e Idioms have words that refer to human activities affecting animals There are 21 idioms that refer to human activities affecting animals, accounting for 7.72%, to reflect a dangerous job “Cưỡi đầu voi dữ” 3.2.1.2.2 Asymmetric idioms with a comparative structure The asymmetric idioms with comparative structure account for a relatively high proportion of 210 idioms with 43.57%, to illustrate person who has a slow character “Chậm rùa” Thus, from the analysis, classification of the meaning of idioms with elements indicating animals, we found it’s possible to attribute the meaning of idioms to the following content: - The contents about people, including: personality, state of psychology, appearance, physical strength - The contents of society, including: social relations, economic condition - Contents about space, including: joyful space, cramped space, quiet space From the above general meanings, we established conceptual domains that the idiom with elements indicating animals in Vietnamese as above, which will be analyzed at section 3.3 3.2.2 Regarding the meaning of cultural cognition Dogs are close to human life Dogs are associated with the material life to the spiritual and cultural life of Vietnamese people for thousands of years The old Vietnamese believed that " dogs bark ghosts ", "dog bites ghosts" It was believed that a dog can feel the spiritual world, but people cannot see ghosts, but the dog can see it The ancient people believed that when dog keeps barking, it can ward off evil spirits So in the past time, at the village gate, gate of each Vietnamese village had a statue of a stone dog guarding to show spiritual respect 15 3.3 The cognitive metaphor model of idioms with elements that refer to animals in Vietnamese 3.3.1 The conceptual target domains of the idiom with elements indicating animals in Vietnamese On the basis of analyzing the meaning of the above idioms, we found that it is possible to identify three conceptual target domains: HUMAN, SOCIETY, SPACE in idioms with elements indicating animals In each conceptual domain, we divided into sub-domains with more specific meaning such as the following classification table 3.3.2 The mapping from the source domain of animals (in idioms) to the target domains in Vietnamese Table 3.10 The mapping model from the source domain of animals (in idioms) to the target domains in Vietnamese Target Domain Frequency Rate domain of (%) appearance Characteristics 96 33.08 Human Activities 81 28.52 Emotions 33 11.62 Appearance 20 7.04 ANIMALS Society Social relationship 22 7.75 Economic conditions 19 6.69 Joyful 3.17 Space Peaceful 0.7 Cramped 0.7 Total 284 100% 3.3.1.1 The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of human The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of human accounts for a large number, can determine the general metaphorical model of ANIMAL IS HUMAN At this target domain, the following subdomains can be identified: a The mapping from the source domain of animal to the psychological target domain - Sub-domain of sad state Mapping model: ACTIVITY OR CONDITION OF ANIMALS IS A STATE OF SAD PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN “Lui thủi chó cụp đi” - Sub-domain of state of fear 16 Mapping model: THE ACTIVITY OF ANIMALS IS THE STATE OF FEAR OF HUMANS “Len rắn mồng năm” - Sub-domain of state of anger Mapping model: HUMAN ACTIVITY AFFECTING ANIMALS IS THE STATE OF HUMAN ANGER “Giận cá chém thớt” - Sub-domain of state of fun Mapping model: THE STATE OF ANIMALS IS THE PLEASURE STATE OF HUMAN “Vui sáo” b The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of human nature - Personality sub-domain Mapping model: AWARENESS OF HUMAN FOR EVALUATING ANIMALS IS AN AWARENESS OF EVALUATING HUMAN CHARACTER Cruel personality “Ác hùm” - Sub-domain of intelligence Mapping model: THE EVALUATION ON ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS IS THE EVALUATION ON THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OF HUMANS Stupid nature “Ngu bò” - Sub-domain of physical strength Mapping model: THE EVALUATION ON PHYSICAL STRENGTH OF ANIMALS IS THE EVALUATION ON PHYSICAL STRENGTH OF HUMANS Healthy fitness “To voi” c The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of human activities - Sub-domain of dangerous activities Mapping model: HUMAN ACTIVITIES IMPACTING ON WILD ANIMALS IS A DANGEROUS WORK “Cưỡi đầu voi dữ” - Sub-domain of useless activities Mapping model: HUMAN IMPACT ON ANIMALS IS A USELESS THING “Bắt cóc bỏ đĩa” 17 d The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of human appearance Mapping model: ASSESSMENT ON APPEARANCE OF ANIMALS IS ASSESSMENT ON APPEARANCE OF HUMANS - Sub-domains of appearance evaluated positively “Da ngà mắt phượng” - Sub-domain of appearance evaluated negatively “Mắt cá da lươn” 3.3.1.2 The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of society The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of society can determine the general metaphorical model of THE LIVING ORGANIZATION OF ANIMALS IS THE SOCIAL LIVING ORGANIZATION OF HUMANS At this target domain, the following conceptual sub-domains can be identified: a The mapping from the source domainof animals to the target domain of economic conditions - Sub-domain of wealthy economic conditions MAPPING MODEL: FOOD FROM ANIMALS IS A WEALTHY LIFE “Nem công chả phượng” b The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of social relations - Sub-domain of harmonious relations Mapping model: THE CLOSE RELATIONSHIP OF ANIMALS IS A HARMONIOUS RELATIONSHIP OF HUMANS “Chồng loan vợ phượng” - Sub-domain of dissonant relations Mapping model: PARTS OF ANIMALS THAT INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER ARE DISSONANT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PEOPLE AND PEOPLE “Chân gà lại bới ruột gà” - Sub-domain of separated relations Mapping model: ANIMALS SEPARATED FROM THE HERD ARE THE SEPARATION OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS “Sẩy đàn tan nghé” 3.1.3 The mapping from the source domain of animals to the spatial target domain The mapping from the source domain of animals to the spatial target domain can determine the general metaphorical model of ANIMAL’S ACTIVITIES ARE SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS At this target domain, the following sub-domains can be identified: 18 a The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of free space Mapping model: ANIMALS LIVING IN SUITABLE HABITATS ARE FREE SPACE “Chim trời cá bể” b The mapping from the source domain of animal to the target domain of cramped space Mapping model: ANIMALS LIVING IN UNSUITABLE HABITATS ARE CRAMPED SPACE “Cá nằm chậu” c The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of quiet space Mapping model: ACTIVITY OF ANIMALS IS A QUIET SPACE “Khỉ ho cò gáy” 3.4 Sub-conclusion Chapter SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF IDIOMS WITH ELEMENTS INDICATING ANIMALS IN CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE FROM COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC THEORY 4.1 Similarities of idioms containing elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese from the theory of cognitive linguistics 4.1.1 Similarities of semantic characteristics related to prototype in idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese The radiating model of the "TIGER" prototype in both languages has many similarities TIGER also means derivative of humanity as revealing evil “虎狼” Tiger and wolves, illustrating the kind of evil people; in Vietnamese "tiger and wolves" mean being evil like tigers and wolves 4.1.2 Similarities in semantic characteristics of idioms with elements indicating animal in Chinese and Vietnamese 4.1.2.1 Similarities in semantic structure 4.1.2.1.1 Types of semantic structures of symmetric idioms  The idioms with symmetrical structure of two species of animal a Idioms with two parallel animals The similarity in the idiom group containing two parallel animals, to describe the relationship of husband and wife “凤友鸾交” (the two lovebirds = men and women having feelings will get marriage to become husband and wife); “Chồng loan vợ phượng” b The idioms with words indicating body parts of the two animal The similarity in the idiomatic group with the words indicating the animal body parts, to describe the person who has a bold, cruel character 19 “熊心豹胆” (Hùng tâm báo đảm = Tiger’s heart, leopard’s bile, very brave), “Lịng lang sói” c The idioms with the words indicating human activity affecting two species of animals The similarity in the idiomatic group with words that refer to human activity affecting two species of animal, demonstrating human dangerous action “引狼入室” (Dẫn lang nhập thất = set a fox to keep the geese), “Cưỡi lên lưng hổ” d The idioms with the words indicating activities of the two animals The similarity in the idiomatic group with the words indicating activity of two animals, depicting a girl with a beautiful appearance “沉鱼落雁” (Trầm ngư lạc nhạn = a dazzling beauty that makes the fish sink, A bewitching beauty), “Chim sa cá lặn”  The idioms with symmetrical structure of an animal and another thing a The idioms with words indicating one animal and another thing The group of idioms contains words indicating animals and another thing in Chinese and Vietnamese, to describe the rich and wealthy life “宝马香车” (Bảo mã hương xa = Nice car with precious horse, good car), “Lên xe xuống ngựa” 4.1.2.1.2 Types of semantic structures of asymmetric idioms a Idioms with words that refer to pairs of closely related animals The similarity in the group of idioms containing the words of pairs of closely related animals, fillustrating the relationship of husband and wife “鸾凤 和鸣” (Loan phượng hòa minh = the two lovebirds sing, husband and wife are in accord), “Loan phụng hịa mình” b Idioms with words that refer to human activities affecting animals The similarity in the group of idioms containing words referring to human activity affecting animals, denoting the dangerous action of humans “养虎遗 患” (Dưỡng hổ di hoạn = Raising tigers will bring danger later), “Mó dái ngựa” 4.1.2.2 Similarities of cultural cognitive meaning The image of a tiger has a profound effect on the lives of Chinese and Vietnamese people in folk customs, literary works as well as common languages, all appear with shape of tigers and hidden cultural elements of tiger The tiger symbolizes courage, power, assertiveness, strength, on the other hand it also symbolizes cruelty and devilish: “彪形大汉” (Bưu hình đại hán = The man is as big as a tiger, a tall, muscular man), “Dưỡng hổ di họa”, “Ác hùm” 4.1.3 The similarities of the cognitive metaphorical model of idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese 4.1.3.1 The mapping from the source domain of animals (in idioms) to the target domains in Chinese and Vietnamese 20 4.1.3.1.1 The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of human a The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of human nature - Sub-domain of Personality Mapping model: AWARENESS OF ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN ON ANIMALS IS AWANESS OF ASSESSMENT ON HUMAN PERSONALITY Double-faced personality “佛口蛇心” (Phật tâm xà = a buddha’s mind, snake’s heart, A honey tongue, a heart of gall) “Miệng hùm gan sứa” - Sub-domain of intelligence Mapping model: EVALUATION ON ANIMALS IS EVALUATION ON THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OF HUMANS Nature of Weakness “鼠目寸光” (Thử mục thốn quang = The vision of the mouse, illustrating a narrow vision) “Nước đổ đầu vịt” b The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of human activity - Sub-domain of dangerous activities Mapping model: HUMAN ACTIONS AFFECTING ANIMALS IS DANGEROUS ACTIVITIES OF HUMANS “握蛇骑虎” (Ác xà kị hổ = Holding snake, riding tiger, illustrating dangerous situations) “Cưỡi đầu voi dữ” c The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of human appearance Mapping model: THE ASSESSMENT OF THE ANIMAL'S APPEARANCE IS AN ASSESSMENT OF THE HUMAN APPEARANCE - Sub-domain of appearance evaluated negatively “鸡胸龟背” (Kê quy bối = The belly of chicken, the back of the turtle, the protruding chest, bowed back) “Mắt cá da lươn” 4.1.3.1.2 The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of society a The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of social relations - Sub-domain of harmonious relations 21 Mapping model: THE CLOSE RELATIONSHIP OF ANIMALS IS A HARMONIOUS RELATIONSHIP OF HUMANS “凤友鸾交” (Phượng hữu loan giao = Men and women having feelings get marriage to husband and wife) “Chăn loan gối phượng” b The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of economic conditions - Sub-domain of wealthy economic conditions Mapping model: ANIMALS AND OTHER OBJECTS ARE WEALTHY LIVES “宝马香车” (Bảo mã hương xa = Nice car, precious horse, good car) “Chín đụn mười (con) trâu” 4.1.3.1.3 The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of space a Sự ánh xạ từ miền nguồn lồi vật đến miền đích khơng gian tù túng Mapping model: ANIMALS IN INAPPROPRIATE HABITATS ARE CRAMPED SPACES “池鱼笼鸟” (Trì ngư lung điểu = Fish in ponds, birds in cages) “Cá nằm chậu” 4.2 The differences of idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese from cognitive linguistic theory 4.2.1 Differences in semantic characteristics related to prototype in idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese The Chinese people have a cognitive way different from Vietnamese people in choosing a prototype to build a radiating model, for example: The Chinese people choose a prototype of 马 (HORSE) meanwhile, Vietnamese people choose a prototype of CHICKEN This is also a difference in the culture of the two countries of China and Vietnam 4.2.2 Differences in semantic characteristics of idioms with elements indicating animal in Chinese and Vietnamese 4.2.2.1 Differences in semantic structure 4.2.2.1.1 Types of semantic structures of symmetric idioms  The idioms with symmetrical structure of two species of animal a Idioms with two parallel species of animal In this group of idioms, there are differences in two languages, Chinese people often use images of dragon - phoenix to describe human appearance “龙驹凤雏” (Lân tử phượng sồ = Lion cub, phoenix baby, handsome and intelligent) In the Vietnamese idiom, this meaning does not appear b The idioms with words indicating body parts of the two animal The group of idioms with the words of the body parts of the two animals 22 in Chinese and Vietnamese, to describe people with wealthy lives, Chinese people use animal parts as 髓 (marrow) and 肝 (liver such as: “凤髓龙肝” (Phượng tủy long can = the phoenix’s marrow, the dragon’s liver Indicating the delicacies), In the Vietnamese idiom, this meaning does not appear c The idioms with the words indicating human activity affecting two species of animal Group of idioms with the words indicating human activity impacting on two species, in Vietnamese idioms, appear meaning describing people with angry attitude “Đá mèo qo chó” … or illustrating poor conditions “Mị cua bắt ốc” … But we did not find this meaning in Chinese idioms d The idioms with the words indicating activities of the two animals The group of idioms containing the words indicating activity of two animals, to express the joyful space, in Chinese, there are idiomatic groups that express this meaning “燕语莺声” (Yến ngữ oanh = the birds sing, illustrating the joyful scene of spring), in contrast, Vietnamese idioms denote a deserted space “Khỉ ho cò gáy”…  The idioms with symmetrical structure of one animal and another thing a The idioms with words indicating one animal and another thing In Chinese idioms, in order to denote rich life, Chinese people use images of cars and horses “宝马香车” (Bảo mã hương xa = Nice car, precious horse, good car), meanwhile, Vietnamese people use images of meat, fish and buffalo to signify a rich life “Vườn rau ao cá”, “Ruộng sâu trâu nái”… 4.2.2.1.2 Types of semantic structures of asymmetric idioms  Asymmetric idioms without comparison structure a Idioms with words that refer to pairs of closely related animals The symbolic meaning in this idiomatic group is also different, to express the affection of mother and child “老牛舐犊” (Lão ngưu sị độc = Old cow licks baby calves, parents cherish children) In contrast, Vietnamese idioms appear a group of idioms denoting social relations “Loan phụng hịa mình”, “Phượng chạ loan chung” … This meaning does not appear in Chinese b Idioms with words indicating the activity of animals Group of idioms with words indicating the activities of animals and Chinese idioms to describe quiet space “犬不夜吠” (Khuyển bất phệ = Dogs not bark at night), but in contrast, Vietnamese idioms not have idiomatic groups expressing this meaning  Asymmetric idioms with comparative structure In this group, in Chinese and Vietnamese, there is a big difference in the number, the Chinese idiom accounts for 4.91%, lower than the Vietnamese idiom of 43.57% 23 4.2.2.2 Differences in cultural cognitive meaning Chinese people think that donkey is a symbol of ignorance, stupidity and stubbornness: “骑驴觅驴” (Kị lư mịch lư = Riding a donkey to find a donkey, illustrating too much mindfulness) Vietnamese people believe that pigs are an appetite, it’s often used to describe the bad characteristics of humans such as stupidity, ignorance, like: “Ngu lợn” 4.2.3 Differences in cognitive metaphorical models of idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese 4.2.3.1 The mapping from the source domain of animals (in idioms) to the target domains in Chinese and Vietnamese 4.2.3.1 The mapping from the source domain of animal to the target domain of human a The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of human nature - Personality sub-domain Mapping model: AWARENESS OF HUMAN FOR EVALUATING ANIMALS IS AN AWARENESS OF EVALUATING HUMAN CHARACTER Personality of being agile “Nhanh sóc” We did not find this mapping model in Chinese idiom - Sub-domain of physical strength Mapping model: THE EVALUATION ON PHYSICAL STRENGTH OF ANIMALS IS THE EVALUATION ON THE PHYSICAL STRENTH OF HUMAN Healthy fitness “Mạnh hổ” In Chinese idiom, this mapping model does not appear b The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of human appearance - Sub-domains of appearance evaluated negatively Mapping model: THE ASSESSMENT ON THE ANIMAL'S APPEARANCE IS AN ASSESSMENT ON THE HUMAN APPEARANCE “鸡胸龟背” (Kê quy bối = The belly of chicken, the back of the turtle, the protruding chest, bowed back) “Mắt cá da lươn” c The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of human activities - Sub-domain of dangerous activties 24 Mapping model: HUMAN ACTIONS AFFECTING ANIMALS IS DANGEROUS ACTIVITIES OF HUMANS “握蛇骑虎” (Ác xà kị hổ = Holding snake, riding tiger, illustrating dangerous situations) “Cưỡi đầu voi dữ” - Sub-domain of useless activities Mapping model: THE IMPACT OF HUMANS ON ANIMALS IS A USELESS THING “骑鹤上扬州” (Kị hạc thượng dương châu = Riding a crane to Duong Chau, greedy) “Giấu voi ruộng rạ” 4.2.3.1.2 The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of society a The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of economic conditions - Sub-domain of wealthy economic conditions Mapping model: FOOD FROM ANIMALS IS A WEALTHY LIFE “凤毛麟角” (Phượng mao lân giác = phoenix’s feathers, lion’s horn, illustrating rare people or objects) “Cơm cá chả chim” 4.2.3.1.3 The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of space a The mapping from the source domain of animals to the target domain of joyful space Mapping model: ACTIVITY OF BIRDS IS A JOYFUL SPACE “燕语莺声” (Yến ngữ oanh = the birds sing, illustrating the joyful scene of spring) We did not find this mapping model in Vietnamese idiom - Sub-domain of quiet space Mapping model: ACTIVITY OF ANIMALS IS A QUIET SPACE “Ve kêu vượn hót” We did not find this mapping model in Chinese idiom 4.3 Sub-conclusion 25 CONCLUSION The thesis has clarified the research objective as to show the cognitive metaphor used in idioms with elements indicating animals, analyze the characteristics and roles of cognitive metaphors in expressing thinking between two peoples and two languages, aiming to find similarities and differences between the two languages The result of the semantic analysis of the prototype, the semantic structure and the cultural cognitive meaning of the idioms containing elements indicating animalsin Chinese and Vietnamese, which can be attributed to the target domains: HUMAN, SOCIETY, SPACE The expression of the target domains in idioms is human experience LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE AUTHOR Nguyen Van Lap, Phan Phuong Thanh, the cognitive metaphor of the idioms with elements indicating animals in Vietnamese, Language & Life Magazine, 2018, Vol (276), page: 23-26 Phan Phuong Thanh, Characteristics of Chinese culture through idioms with elements indicating animals, Journal of Science and Technology, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Sciences - Hue University, 2018, volume 11 - number 2, pages 23 - 30 Phan Phuong Thanh, Characteristics of national culture through idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese, Journal of Science - Hue University, volume 102, No 03, 2015, page 175 - 186 Phan Phuong Thanh, Horse “马” in Chinese and Vietnamese idioms from a cognitive perspective, Journal of Science - Hue University, vol 127, No 6c, 2018, pages 15-20 Lieu Linh Chuyen, Phan Phuong Thanh, Learn the difference between idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese under the cognitive perspective, 2016, Yearbook of the Regional Workshop "Interdisciplinary Studies in Linguistics and Language Teaching", pp.140-148 Lieu Linh Chuyen, Phan Phuong Thanh, Analyzing and comparing cultural connotation differences of idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese - Discussion on teaching Chinese idioms - B1 level for Vietnamese students, Journal of Modern Literature (China), 7th, 2018, page 146-150 Lieu Linh Chuyen, Phan Phuong Thanh, Analyzing and comparing the differences in cultural connotation of idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese and Vietnamese, Seminar on international academic study in Chinese of Chinese people of Southeast Asia, Nanning (China), 2016, pp 41-43 ... Descriptive analysis method ii) Comparative method Contributions of the thesis Regarding the theoretical meaning: The findings of the thesis will contribute to clarify the issues related to semantics... structure Studies of Chinese idioms often divide idiomatic structures into two types: symmetrical structure and asymmetric structure In each of which, based on the concept of idiomatic meaning of cognitive... Types of semantic structures of symmetric idioms Based on a total of 683 idioms with elements indicating animals in Chinese, we have statistics of 194 symmetrical structure idioms, accounting