cAU CHUYtN HIEN DAI HOA n \ _4 TRUYENTHONG DAICHWG O l\t /\' '\' TRONG XA HOI HIEN DAI vai tro cua truyen thong dai chunq ri hoi hien dail The nao la "khong gian cong cQng ? Internet co the thay thd duoc bao chrl Diu 1a TRAN HLILJ AUANG rtoi quan didm xd h6i hoc, truy6nth6ng cl4i chirng li mQt dinh chd xd hQi chi xudt hi6n xd hdi hiQn d4i, hidu theo nghia le ddi lAp v6i xd h6i cd truy6n, phong kidn N6 g6p phAn t4o m6t "kh6ng gian cdng cQng" vdn chrta hd c6 c6c x6 h6i tidn tu bin - m6t kh6ng gian ddnh cho sr! thio luAn c6ng khai vi dAn chri TU XA nol cd TRUYEN sAN6 XA HOI HGN BAI Khi phdn tich mdi quan h6 gifra cdc hQ thdng truydn th6ng v6i c6c hQ thdng xd h6i, nhi xd hQi hgc M! Daniel Lerner, mQt bdi dlng tr6n t4p chi Behavioral Science th6ng l0-t957, cho rhng m6t nhfrng clidu ki6n cria qu6 16 vi d{c didm trinh chuydn adi tr: cilcx5.h6i cd truydn sang c6c xd hQi hiQn clai chinh li sg chul'dn tiep tt c6c hQ thdng truyin th6ng truydn mi6ng sang c6c hd thdng truydn th6ng d4i chung C6c hO thdng truydn th6ng dai chring (nhu ba'r chi, xudt bin, phit thanh, trul-dn hinh' ' xaa:a c::: r -; ::;: :::1=:: c:i; thong -t'-' voi ai; vd n6i dung tinh chdt hrblg thuat chu -ti':': ;-: -: := -q-:Trong do, dac didm c'- :": := =::: -'=: m6t sd d4c didm nhu sau: nhrti3 ::i chuydn nghiOp dim tr6ch: drra tl,i':: :- r: chring m6t c5.ch r6ng rdi ma k:,:: :::- ,rrtrt- s= Aong truydn mi6ng rs 7n truy6n cl4t th6ng tin bXng cldi mit), vi n6i dung cdc irong di6p chri ydu mang tinh chdt m6nh l6nh thi dq: thdi xrra, cr?a quan thudng th6ng b6o ;€ sttu thud, phu dich, tuydn m6 binh linh ), vA aubng duoc ph6t theo hO thdng t6n ti trat tu long h6i :ach n6i tnrc tidp Srr thay \I chul-6n lA (mit ddi rlng xrl truydn th6ng tir truydn th6ng truy6n mi6ng nAy sang th6ng dai chirng) c6li6n quan chdt ch6vdi =:1-dn thay ddi kh6c vd ring xrl hG thdng xd =o,htg :oi l,erner kdt luAn ring "mpt hO thdng truy6n song chinh Id m6t ddu chi vd cfing d6ng thdi 1A not tAc nh|n crta sa thay ddi toAn b6 m6t thong xd h6i" N6i kh6c di, he thdng truydn =e -:ong d4i chring dd tro thdnh m6t nhfrng lrtc cia srJ phdt tridn cria xa h6i -'.ing Theo [,erner, ngudi bidt tloc bidt vidt, ::c la tho6t kh6i tinh tr4ng mt chrt, thi bdt lau co clugc mQt ning cdn quan hon D A g an :a r-iec biSt ctoc Uidt vidt D6 le kh6 ndng budc -.ao -thd gioi cria nhrtng kinh nghiOm gi6n tidp", ::c la brrdc vio m6t thdgi6i mi cI6 c6c kinh :'3higm cria ngrrdi khdc dd dugc trrdng thuAt vd ;hi chep l4i tr6n chfr vidt qua s6ch vd, b6o chi \Iit khdc, cfrng chinh nhd d6 mi ngudi ta tdng -rrolg drroc ning thdu cdm (empathy), trtc : kha ning tu dit minh vdo vi tri cria ngudi kh6c ie hidu dtroc ngrrdi kh6c Vd chinh nhd c6 khA -':;ng ndy mA ngudi m6i c6 thd sdng drroc i-oi m6t c6ch hii hda xd h6i Khi :ang bidt cloc bidt vidt cdn girip cho ngdbi ::nh thAnh drroc nflng linh hoat v6 tri tue p1-clric mobility) vdn li mdt thu6c tinh ddc Tdng cta ngudi xd h6i hi6n d4i Chinh cdc phrrong ti6n truydn th6ng dai chring ld nhAn to gop phAn manh nhdt vdo vi6c rdn luy6n aing thdu cim cfing nhu nlng linh hoat tri rue, chring girip cho ngrtdi tidp xric drrgc r-oi nhidu trr trrdng kh6c vi bidt drrgc nhfrng r-an dd c6ng c6ng cria x6 h6i KHONE E|AN roNE C0NE Trong m6t cdng trinh in n5m 1962, tridt gia egddi Drlc Jiirgen Habermas dd khai tridn khii niQm "tinh c6ng c6ng" hay "kh6ng gian cdng ;qng" ()ffentLichkeit, tidng Anh dich ld publicity iro{c public sphere) mA Emmanuel Kant de ald :ap vdo ndm 1784, vd nhdn m4nh ring vi6c sr? Jung ly tinh kh6ng gian c6ng c6ng chinh INH TE SAI GON _-OI BAO KINH TE SAI GON XUAN I.4AU I'Y KHONG GI\\ Cr-r\C I r,r\G DO\G VAI TRO \ \ iiOI CONG DAN VA NHA NIU'OC BL I-'C \- T^ \L OC PHAI CHIU TRACH \HIE\: :i.- ,-,C \\ HOI DO "TiNH TRUNG GIA\ Gli T \ \r-r K11g\G GIAN COXC CQNG TU \C) \1\\C TI\H CHAT PHE PHAN g0t fE \O GI\ Dr\,.H R\\G PHAI CO NHUNG THONG TI\ \ E T \T HC) \T DONG CUA NHA CONG CO\G" CI- NU'OC DE CO\G -L PHE PH \\ C \C \\ HI,I TT CO THE XEM XET VA DO\G NAY li di6u ki6n de hinh nen cong IuAn, vd cIAy cflng ld di6u kien de thiet lap m6t ndn dAn chri Theo Kant ngrro'i doc thoai chi cldi di6n v6i chinh minh; chi tranh luan r-oi ngrJdi kh6c vd nhfrng vdn dd c6ng cong thi ngdb'i ta moi tho6t kh6i nhfrng chul-en cgc bQ cd biet, moi'urrot qua drtoc c6i "tinh tho thien- cua minh Theo Haberma,s khong gian c6ng c6ng li kh6ng gian ma bat crl c6 nhAn ndo cfing c6 th6 tham gia r-a trao ddi f kidn vdi mA kh6ng bi ep lrrc ru ben ngoii TrOn nguy6n tfc, cIAy ln noi di6n nhtng cu6c tranh luAn mang tinh chdt lj-tinh r-d ph6 ph6n (rational-critical debate), r-i r-a1- dAv chinh ld noi kdt tinh n6n nhring j kien (c6ng ludn) vd y mudn cria c6ng chring Tinh du1'lf cria srt ddi tho4i kh6ng gian c6ng cong girip cho ngrrdi ta vuct ddn khoi nhrlng loi ich cldc tht dd cl4t tdi m6t srr cl6ng thuAn (consensus) gifra nhtng ngrrdi c6 thi6n chi voi Trong x6 h6i thdi Trung cd, chua h6 c6 kh6ng gian c6ng c6ng theo nghia niy; kh6ng gian nAy chi xudt hi6n vio thdi hi6n dai 17 CAU CHUYEN HIEN DAI HOA x6 h6i trJ bin chri nghia nhrr li m6t sU INTERNET VA KHONE EIAN IONE TONE tldi tld ngdn ngtta nhfrng quy6n lrrc chuydn chd Su ddi cria phrrong tiQn Internet vdi thQp ni6n Habermas cho rXng kh6ng gian c6ng c6ng kh6ng phfri ld noi chi gdn dAy de d?t nhi6u vdn cI6 m6i hdt srlc d6ng quan tAm cria dinh chdtruydn th6ng dai chring ddnh ri6ng cho nhfrng ngudi uu tf vi tdi gi6i, mi bao g6m ci xd h6i dAn sg, c6c phuong ti6n truydn th6ng d4i chring, c6c hi6p h6i, c6c xd hQi hi6n dai Trong m6t cudn s6ch xudt bin ndm phong trio x5 hQi Kh6ng gian c6ng cQng d6ng vai trd trung gian gifra x5 h6i c6ng dAn vi nhi nd6c, buQc nhd nrr6c phAi chiu tr6ch nhi6m trddc x6 h6i "tinh c6ng cQng" cria n6 Kh6ng gian c6ng c6ng tr! 2OO4, Serge Soudoplatoff nhAn dinh rXng lich sfi cria phrrong ti6n Internet trrdng rlng vdi srr dgng tIQ gifra hai quan ni6m kh6c vd c6ch thr?c td chrlc vd quin tri MQt b6n ld phrrong thrlc t4p trung h6a, theo md hinh c6 trat trl thri bAc vd ding cdp, cdn mQtb6nlatrai n6 mang tinh chdt ph| phLn bdi le n6 giA dinh rhng phii c6 nhfrng th6ng tin hoat d6ng cria nhd nir6'c dd c6ng lufn c6 thd xem x6t vd ph6 phAn c6c hoat dQng ndy Theo Habermas, chinh c6c phrrong ti6n truy6n th6ng d4i chring ld dinh chd didn hinh nhdt cria kh6ng gian c6ng cQng Chring d6ng vai trd ldm trung gian li6n lac r-d c6c r-d tiep rric n6i b6 giria rd h6i din xi h6i dAn su, cfrng nhrt thidt chdnhir nrt6'c Hidu tru1-6n th6ng dai chirng kh6ng srl r-d c6c theo i-nghia nd1- phii ld m6t llnh dia ddnh ri6ng cho nhirng n$Idi c6 qu1'6n lrtc, nhltng nhd truydn th6ng hay c6c chuyOn gia, md ld m6t noi c6 muc ti6u thrrc hi6n cing m6t lirc hai chrlc ning: v&a ld noi trinh bAy c6c kidn thric v6 xd hQi ngrtdi, r,'ta ld noi di6n racicmdi quan hQ tidp xric,li6n l4c gifra c6c tAng l6p, c6rc khu vgc, hay c6c nh6m x5 h6i SO VON TRLJ'OC DAY KHONG CO QUYEN PI-IAT NCON, NAY CO hIHIEU Co HQr HoN Oe IEN TIENIG l-lltN TLI'oNG BLOGTRONG l.lHUNG NAM GAN DAY LA MQT BAh]C CHU'NG SINH DQNG CAC CA NHAN GIO DAY NGAY CANG CO DIEU KIEN TIEP CAN TRU'C TIEP NHU"I\G THONG TIN] VON TRU.OC PAV PHAI TI-IONG QUA SU CHQN LQC CUA CAC NHA BAO "{! i 44 bi: ii m6t trung tAm ph6t s6ng vdi nhfrng kh6n giA thu dQng nhrt phrrong tiQn truydn hinh Nhrrng cfing c6 nhfrng t6c giA kh6c l4i t6 bi quan hon Dominique Wolton (1999), mQt nhi xd h6i hoc vd truydn th6ng d4i chring ngrrdi Ph6p, cho rXng Internet c6 thd c6 tdc dung ldm cQng hon li tdng crrdng cho kh6ng gian ndy Trong c6c phuong tiQn truydn th6ng cl4i chring truydn thdng chri ydu di "v6vun" kh6ng gian c6ng NHU'NG TA}.'IG LOP DAN CHUNG giNH THUOI\G HAY NHU'NG NHOM TI-IIEU thdnh nhfrng manglrrdi ndi t