The i ching book of change

The I Ching The Sacred Books of the East translated by various Oriental scholars and F edited by Max Muller Vol XVI The Sacred Books of China The I Ching Translated by James Legge Second Edition Dover Publications, Inc New York New York For bibliographic ease and accuracy the modern transliteration of Chinese has been adopted for the title page and cover of this book Within the text, however, the older transliteration has been retained Published in Canada by General Publishing Company, Ltd., 3O Lesmill Road, Eton Mills, Toronto, Ontario Published in the United Kingdom by Constable and Company, Ltd., 10 Orange Street, London WC This Dover edition, first published in 1963, is an unabridged and unaltered republication of the second edition of the work, first published by the Clarendon Press in 1899 as Volume XVI of "The Sacred Books of the East" and with the special designaton of Part II of "The Texts of Confucianism." Standard Book Number- 486-21O62-6 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-1 95 O8 Manufactured in the United States of America Dover Publications, Inc 180 Varick Street 1OO14 New York, N Y CONTENTS PREFACE xni INTRODUCTION CHAP THE Yt KING FROM THE TWELFTH CENTURY B.C TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA I i There was a Yi in the time of Confucius The Yi is now of the Text which Confucius saw, and the Appendixes ascribed to him The Yi escaped the fires of Shin The Yi before Confucius, and when it was made mentioned in the Official Book of K&XL in the Qo JTAwan testimony of the Appendixes Not the most ancient of the Chinese books The Text much older than the Appendixes Labours of native scholars on the Yi imperfectly described Erroneous account made up : ; ; , of the labours of sinologists II THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF THE TEXT THE LINEAL FIGURES AND THE EXPLANATION OF THEM The Yt consists of essays based on lineal figures Origin of first multiplied them to sixty-four? the lineal figures Who Why they were not continued after sixty-four The form of the River Map State of the country in the time of king Wan A*au ; Character of the and with the lineal figures III last especially king king of Shang Win W&n in The lords of prison occupied The seventh hexagram THE APPENDIXES Subjects of the chapter 26 Number and nature of the Appen- Their authorship No superscription of Confucius on any of them The third and fourth evidently not from him Bearing of this conclusion on the others The first Fu-hst's trigrams The name Appendix King Win's Kwei-shan The second Appendix The Great Symbolism The third Appendix Harmony between the lines of the figures ever changing, and the changes in external phenomena Divination; suitfiiiiMtnd its object Formation of dixes CONTENTS Vlll the lineal figures by the divining stalks Thenl^MFYin and Yang The name Kwei-shan Shan alone The fourth Appendix The fifth First paragraph Mythology of the Yi Operation of God in nature throughout the year Concluding paragraphs The sixth Appendix The seventh Plates I, II, III, exhibiting the hexagrams and trigrams THE TEXT SECTION MbXACRAM I TA< A7en I Khwan II I 57 III A'un 59 62 IV Ming Hsu 67 Sung 69 V VI VII VIII IX X 64 Sze 71 Pf 73 Hsiao ATru 76 LI 78 XL Thai 81 XII Phi 83 XIII ThungZin 86 XIV XV TaYu 88 A^ien 89 XVL Yii 9I XVII Sui 93 XVIII Ku 95 XIX Lin 97 Kwan 99 XX XXL XXII XXIII Shih Ho 103 Po 105 XXIV Fu XXV Wu Wang XXVI TiA^a XXVII XXVIII 101 Pi 107 109 112 114 TAKwo u6 CONTENTS IX PAGE HEXAGRAM C XXIX Khan 118 Li 120 XXX SECTION XXXI Hsien XXXII Hang XXXIII Thun XXXIV TaA'wang XXXV 3in XXXVI Ming I XXXVII AHaZan XXXVIII Khwei XXXIX A1en XL XLI XLII XLIII XLIV XLV XLVI XLVII XLVIII XLIX II 123 125 127 129 131 134 136 139 141 ATieh 144 Sun 146 Yi 149 Kwai 151 Kau 154 3hui 156 Sh&ng 159 Khwan 161 Sing 164 Ko 167 169 L Ting LI Aftn 172 LII Kan 175 LIII A'len 178 LIV KweiMei 180 Fang Lu 183 LVII Sun 189 LVIII Tui 192 Hwan 194 LV LVI LIX LX LXI LXII LXIII LXIV 187 ATieh 197 Afung Fu Hsiao Kwo 199 #131 WeiSi 201 204 207 X CONTENTS THE APPENDIXES I TREATISE ON THE THWAN, THAT is, ON KING WAN'S EXPLANATIONS OF THE ENTIRE HEXAGRAMS fA(,F SECTION I A'Aien to Li 213-237 SECTION II Hsicn to Wei 3* II 238-266 TREATISE ON THE SYMBOLISM OF THE HEXAGRAMS, AND OF THE DUKE OF ATAu'S EXPLANATIONS OF THE SEVERAL LINES SECTION A^ien to Li Hsien to 267-305 SECTION III Wei I II Si 35-347 THE GREAT APPENDIX SECTION I Chapters I-XII 348 SECTION II Chapters I-XII IV 379 SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE THWAN AND YAo ON THE FIRST AND SECOND HEXAGRAMS, AND SHOWING HOW THEY MAY BE INTERPRETED OF MAN'S NATURE AND DOINGS SECTION I On A*ien 408 SECTION II On Khw&n V TREATISE OF 418 REMARKS ON THE TRIGRAMS Chapters I-XI f 422 CONTENTS VI XI THE ORDERLY SEQUENCE OF THE HEXAGRAMS PACK SECTION A^ien I to Li 433 SECTION II Hsien to Wei VII 435 TREATISE ON THE HEXAGRAMS TAKEN PROMISCUOUSLY, ACCORDING TO THE OPPOSITION OR DIVERSITY OF THEIR MEANING 441 Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Translations of the Sacred Books of the East 445 THE APPENDIXES 434 SECT I When come things are subjected to restraint, there to be rites of ceremony, and hence Hsiio Khh is The treading (on what which issues in a state of leads to Thai, proper) freedom and repose, and hence Ll is followed by followed by Ll is Thdi Thai denotes things having free course cannot have that for ever, and hence it is 11-16 They followed by Phi (denoting being shut up and re- Things cannot for ever be shut up, and is followed by Thung 3^n To him who cultivates union with men, things must come to belong, and hence Thung an is followed by stricted) hence Phi TcL Yti Those who have what great should of being full, and is not allow in themselves the feeling T& Yft is followed by A">4ien When hence great possessions are associated with humility, there is sure to be pleasure and satisfaction and hence A^ien is followed by Yii ; 16-19 Where such complacency is awakened, (he who causes it) is sure to have followers They who follow another are sure to have services (to Kti perform), and hence Sui is followed by Kft means (the performance of) services He who performs such services may afterwards become great, and hence KA is followed by Lin Lin means great 19-23 What and hence Lin great draws forth contemplation, is followed by Kwdn He who is contemplation will then bring about the union of others with himself, and hence Kwdn is attracts followed by Shih Ho Shih Ho means union But things should not be united in a reckless or irregular way, and hence Shih Ho is followed by SECT APPENDIX II VI When Pt denotes adorning Pi 435 ornamentation has been carried to the utmost, its progress conies to an end and hence Pi is followed by Po Po denotes decay and overthrow 23-26 Things cannot be done away for ever When decadence and overthrow have completed their work at one end, redintegration commences at the other; and hence Po is followed by FA When the return (thus indicated) has taken place, we have ; not any rash disorder, and Ffl is followed by Wti Wang Given the freedom from disorder and insincerity (which this name denotes), there may be the accumulation (of virtue), and Wft Wang is followed by Ti.0u 26-30 Such accumulation having taken place, and hence there will follow the nourishment of it ; Ti Kith denotes followed by nourishing Without nourishment there could be no movement, is followed by Ti Kwo Things cannot for ever be in a state of extraordinary (progress); and hence T& Kh&n is followed by Kh&n and hence is Kwo denotes falling into he and hence is peril When one falls into peril, some person or thing Li denotes followed by Li sure to attach himself to Khan is being attached, or adhering, SECTION 31, 32 Heaven and ; to II earth existing, all (material) things then got their existence All (material) things having existence, afterwards there came male and From the existence of male and female female there came afterwards husband and F f wife From THE APPENDIXES 436 SECT II husband and wife there came father and son From father and son there came ruler and minister From When ruler and minister there came high and low (the distinction of) high and low had existence, afterwards came the arrangements of propriety and righteousness is is The rule for the relation of that it husband and wife should be long-enduring Hence Hsien by HSng HSng denotes long en- followed during 32-37 Things cannot lopg abide in the same place; and hence H&ng is followed by Thun Thun denotes withdrawing Things cannot be for ever withdrawn; and hence Thun is succeeded by Td A!Vang Things cannot remain for ever (simply) in the state of vigour; and hence T A'wang is succeeded by in advancing hence in is succeeded by is He who wounded to his frm denotes advancing (But) sure to lead to being wounded; and home ; is Ming i denotes being wounded abroad will return followed by K\& administration of the and hence Ming is Z&n When 37-40 the right an end, misunderstanding and division family will ensue; and hence K\& is followed by Khwei Khwei denotes misunderstanding and division; and such a state is sure to give rise to difficulties and complications Khwei therefore is at is Zn followed by A^ien jfifien denotes difficulties but cannot remain ATien for ever in such a state things ; therefore laxation is and followed by jfifieh, which denotes re- ease 40-44 In a state of relaxation and ease there are sure to be losses; and hence ATieh is followed SECT APPENDIX II by Sun But when Sun on without end, increase VI 437 (or diminution) is going come Sun sure is to is followed by Yl When increase goes on without end, there is sure to come a dispersing of it, and hence Yl is followed by Kwi Kw&i denotes dispersion But dispersion must be succeeded therefore by a meeting Hence KwSi (again) is followed by Kiu, which denotes such meeting 44-48 When things meet together, a collection is then formed is followed by 3hui, Hence which name denotes being collected When (good Ku men) are collected and mount to the highest places, there results what we call an upward advance and hence $hui is followed by Shang When such advance continues withdut stopping, there is sure to come distress; and hence Sh&ng is followed by Khwiln When distress is felt in the height (that has been gained), there is sure to be a return to the ground beneath and hence Khw2,n is followed by ; ; 48, 49 What happens under changed, and hence it is 3* n g requires to be followed by Ko (denoting change) 49-5 For changing the substance of things there nothing equal to the caldron and hence K is For presiding over (that and followed by Ting is all ; other) vessels, and hence Ting no one is is followed equal to the eldest son, by jfifSn Jn conveys But things cannot the idea of putting in motion be kept in motion for ever The motion is stopped and hence K&n is followed by KSn, which gives the idea of arresting or stopping Things cannot be kept for ever in a state of repression, and hence is followed by ATien, which gives the idea of ; THE APPENDIXES 438 SECT II With advance there must (gradually) advancing be a certain point that is arrived at, and hence -Afien Mei When things the proper point to which to come, they succeeded by is thus find are sure to become Kwei Hence Kwei Mei great is succeeded by Ping, which conveys the idea of being great He whose greatness reaches the utmost to lose his dwelling and hence sure possibility, FSng is succeeded by Lii (denoting travellers or 55-57 is ; We strangers) have in it the idea of strangers who have no place to receive them, and hence Lii is followed by Stin, which gives the idea of (penetrating and) entering 57~59- O ne enters (on the pursuit of his object), and afterwards has pleasure in it hence Sfln is followed by Tui Tui denotes pleasure and satisfaction This pleasure and satisfaction (begins) afterwards to be dissipated, and hence Tui is followed by Hwan, which denotes separation and ; division 59-62 A state of division ever, and therefore 3ieh (or the Hwan is cannot continue for followed by 3ieh system of regulations) having been established, men believe in it, and hence it is followed by ^fung Ffl When men have the belief which A^ung Ffl implies, they are sure to carry it into practice; and hence it is succeeded by HsiSo Kwo 62-64 He that surpasses others is sure to remedy and therefore Hsido Kwo is succeeded by Ki 3i But the succession of events cannot come to an end, and therefore Ki 3! is (evils that exist), SECT APPENDIX II succeeded by Wei to a close 3*> VI 439 with which (the hexagrams) come The few sentences on this Appendix in the Introduction, pp 54, It shows the importance of the meaning of the 55, are sufficient name in the attempt to explain the lineal figures, and prepares us to expect on each one a brief enigmatical essay, which, it has been seen, is the nature of the Text But the writer, whoever he was, by no means is careful always to follow that Text in the will appear in the few instances to significance of the characters, as which attention too is The called in the following notices is slight to require, or to justify, treatise an exhibition of all its inaccuracies But Kiin does not denote filling up It is the symbol of being in a state of distress and difficulty The writer is thinking of the result of the interaction of heaven and earth as being to fill all between them with the various forms of living beings ; and to represent that he gives the result of ATun, and not He makes its meaning a blunder which might have been easily avoided, for he adds immediately that the character first is descriptive of things on their production It is difficult to follow the writer here HsU in the Text is Does he mean that a provision the symbol of the idea of waiting There is nothing of food and drink can only be made gradually ? in the character Hstt to awaken in the mind the idea of nourish- the genesis of contention which is given is strange writer probably had in his mind the lines of the Shih, II, i, ment Then The ode : ' The loss of kindly feeling oft From slightest things shall grow Where all the fare is dry and spare, Resentments But what is allowable, fierce good even, may glow.' in poetry, is out of place in this treatise Contention on a great scale will put all the population of a excitement and motion, and military measures of repression state in be necessary But the idea of the multitudes in Sze would to be simply that of number, and not that of a numerous In a feudal kingdom, however, all the able-bodied people host will seem might be required to join the army THE APPENDIXES 44O SECT II Li, the name of the loth hexagram, is the symbol for a shoe, and the act of treading or walking It seems here to be derived from the homophonous If, the symbol ofactsofceremony The A identity of sound or name must be considered as accidental measured step would be one of the first ways in which the inward sense of propriety would manifest itself By the subject of Td YQ possessor of the kingdom, yet distinguished For the grams of by and ATAien we must understand the the great humility He man who in his greatness is attracts followers meaning of Kb and Lin, the names of hexasee what is said in the notes on the Text of them true 8, 19, The same reference should be H si en and many of the made to the notes on other hexagrams that follow the Text APPENDIX Treatise on the VII Hexagrams taken promiscuously, according to the opposition or diversity of their meaning This last of the Appendixes is touched on very briefly in the It is stated there of the Introduction, p 55 concluding paragraph to be in rhyme, and I have endeavoured to give a similar form to the following version of it The rhymes the original, however, are very irregular, to reproduce that irregularity in English and length of the lines in and I found it impossible i, Strength in A^ien, weakness in 8, Pi we KhwSn find shows us and Sze the anxious joy, mind 19, 20 Lin gives, Kwfin several themes such are the seeks; Their different figures were to teach designed HCun manifests 'Mid darkness its 51, 52 A'Sn 41, 42 How itself, still, yet keeps its to Ming light place ; sets face starts; Kin stops In Sun and Yl are seen 26 fulness Td Khh and decay keeps still, their course begin and waits the proper time 25 Wft Wang sets from crime forth how evil springs THE APPENDIXES 442 45, 46 Good men rise they 15, /fAien 21, 22 Shih in in ; Shing : Ytt others doth despise itself, Ho collect 3hui takes eating for theme; and its Pf Takes what is plain, from ornament quite free 58, 57 Tui shows scope, but Sun's its we not see 17, Sui quits the decree 23 We see 24 And F A shows 35 Above 36 But Po in in its KA makes a new worn away recovering from decay subject its ; 3^ n the sun shines clear and in bright old; ; Ming 'tis from hidden the sight 48, 47 Progress in 3^ n g * n Khw&n encounters blight 31 Effect quick answering cause in appears 32 While Hsien ; H&ng denotes continuance for years 59,60 Hwdn scatters; but 3ieh its code of rules uprears and ease with Aleh are sure to come; 41 Hard toil and danger have in -tffien their home 40 Relief 38 Khwei looks on others as beyond its care ZSn all includes within its sphere 37 K\$L ; APPENDIX 12, ii VII While Phi and Thdi 443 their different scopes prefer, 34, 33 14 13 Ti A"wang stops here as right; withdraws Thun there T& Yti adhering multitudes can show; Thung Zn reflects their warm affection's glow 50, 51 new; the old takes what's Ting left is by Ko 61, 62 Sincere is A^ung Fti; but exceeds, Hsiio Kwo 55, 56 FSng of trouble tells ; Lii can boast few friends 30, 29 Fire mounts descends Hsiio Khh in Ll ; water with few 'gainst in Khin many foes contends 10 28 Movement Hsu in Lt, unresting, shows its subject never ends making no advance: Sung we seek in vain a friendly glance And T Kwo's overthrown with sad misIn ; chance 44 Kdu shows a meeting, where the many strong Are met by one that's weak, yet struggles long 53 In A"ien we see a bride who To move until the will delay takes his bridegroom way 27 Body and mind are nourished right in 63 All things are well established in Ki ; 31 THE APPENDIXES 444 54 Kwei Mei 64 We 43 i 31 reveals how fails how ends the virgin life ; the youth (to get a wife) The strong disperse the weak Kwii teaches so Prospers the good man's way to grief all small men go ; ; TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS f H H t-H H4 H EB I tf 445 446 TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS FOR THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST 447 FOR THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST 447 TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS ~ tf I, - :- -g s l: KM- | a < * -o - ;& Pfc**r| -3-S Is :ij i^i II S ( I ! l ph , tl d a o * w N N W N N N ... Phi 83 XIII ThungZin 86 XIV XV TaYu 88 A^ien 89 XVL Yii 9I XVII Sui 93 XVIII Ku 95 XIX Lin 97 Kwan 99 XX XXL XXII XXIII Shih Ho 103 Po 105 XXIV Fu XXV Wu Wang XXVI TiA^a XXVII XXVIII 101 Pi 107... COMMENCEMENT OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA I i There was a Yi in the time of Confucius The Yi is now of the Text which Confucius saw, and the Appendixes ascribed to him The Yi escaped the fires of Shin The Yi... CONTENTS IX PAGE HEXAGRAM C XXIX Khan 118 Li 120 XXX SECTION XXXI Hsien XXXII Hang XXXIII Thun XXXIV TaA'wang XXXV 3in XXXVI Ming I XXXVII AHaZan XXXVIII Khwei XXXIX A1en XL XLI XLII XLIII XLIV XLV