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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION -o0o - VU THUY NGOC COMMUNICATION OF THE ELDERLY LIVING IN NURSING CENTERS Major: Psychology Code: 9.31.04.01 SUMMARY OF DOCTOR OF PSYCHOLOGY DISSERTATION Hanoi - 2019 THE DISSERTATION IS COMPLETED AT: HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Scientific supervisors: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof PhD Phung Thi Hang Thai Nguyen University of Education Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof PhD Do Duy Mon Political Academy - Ministry of Defence Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Thi Tinh Hanoi National University Of Education The dissertation will be defended in front of the University Dissertation Examiner Council at Hanoi National University of Educationat …, on … 2019 It is possible to learn about the dissertation at: National Library, Library of Hanoi National University of Education PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH RELATED TO THE STUDY SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES 1.Vu Thuy Ngoc (2017) Situation of communication needs of the elderly living in the elderly care center of Ai - Hanoi Journal of Social Psychology, November, 2017, pp 25-32 Vu Thuy Ngoc (2018) The influence of family relationships, relatives to communication of the elderly living in nursing homes Educational Journal, No 422, pp.12-14 Vu Thuy Ngoc (2018) Communication object of the elderly living in the nursing home Journal of Education, 434 (2nd edition, July), pp 59-63 Vu Thuy Ngoc (2018) Current situation of communication content of elderly people living in nursing centers Journal of Social Psychology, number of October, 2018, pp 120-127 PREAMBLE The urgency of the research problem 1.1 In order to survive and grow in human society, people are forced to operate and communicate Through communication, each individual will inherit and comprehend the historical social experiences that the previous generation has accumulated, preserving to develop their own psychology, consciousness and personality Thus, communication is an important condition to form and develop the personality of each individual 1.2 Current population aging is becoming a major issue attracting the attention of many countries around the world According to a report by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), nearly billion the elderly by 2050 have about billion the elderly In Vietnam, the aging of the population is taking place at an increasingly fast pace, with an increasing scale Currently, our country has about 10.1 million the elderly (accounting for 11% of the population) Forecasting by 2030, the proportion of the elderly is 18% and 2050 is 26% 1.3 The elderly are a particularly vulnerable social group that needs to be cared and supported by their families and society In Vietnam, the number of the elderly is increasing, so we have to solve a variety of issues such as: social security, policy making, care of material and spiritual life and health for the elderly Besides, it also set out the psychological and communication research of this social group to care and help to improve the quality of life for the elderly 1.4 In our country in recent years, the number of the elderly living in nursing centers has increased with different reasons This is a newly developed living model but has received the attention and acceptance of the elderly and society However, due to the poor economic condition of our country, the regime and amenities of living are still limited, especially the spiritual life of the elderly in nursing centers has not been paid due attention 1.5 In Vietnam, there have been a number of research institutes, organizations, agencies and individuals studying the elderly such as: Research works of the medical industry, sociological surveys of the elderly of Institute of Sociology However, scientists have little interest, psychological research of the elderly including communication Especially, there is no research work on communication of the elderly living in nursing centers Stemming from the above reasons, we selected the topic: "Communication of the elderly living in nursing centers" Purpose of the study On the basis of studying the theory and situation to detect some specific manifestations in communication of the elderly living in nursing centers, then proposing some recommendations to improve the effectiveness of communication for the elderly living in nursing centers Subjects and study subjects 3.1 Research subjects The levels and manifestations of aspects (factors) in the communication the elderly living in nursing centers 3.2 Researchers 337 the elderly living in nursing centers; 20 managers at all levels of nursing centers; 30 service providers of nursing centers (nursing staff, nurses, kitchen staff ) Scientific hypothesis - Communication needs of the elderly living in nursing centers are only average; communication objects focus mainly on people living and operating in nursing centers; Communication content is mainly related to the health and behavior of people around; The form of communication is mainly direct communication and the most used medium is speech - There are many subjective and objective factors affecting the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers In which, the factors of age, health, personality, perception of position, the role of self in family and in nursing centers, the interest of families, relatives and nursing centers for the elderly, the Friends living in nursing centers and managers, officers and employees of nursing centers are strong influences on the communication the elderly living in nursing centers Research tasks 5.1 Overview of domestic and foreign research projects related to research topics 5.2 Develop theoretical basis for communication the elderly living in nursing centers such as communication concepts, communication the elderly living in nursing centers, the components of communication, expression, consideration criteria and other factors affecting the communication the elderly living in nursing centers 5.3 Surveying the status of some basic aspects of communication the elderly living in nursing centers and factors affecting this situation Proposing some recommendations to improve the effectiveness of communication for the elderly living in nursing centers Limit the scope of research 6.1 Limit on research content - The thesis only focuses on studying the basic aspects (communication) in the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers such as needs, objects, content, forms and means - There are many factors affecting the communication the elderly living in nursing centers, however, in this thesis, we only study a number of factors such as age, health, personality, perception of taste Thus, the role of self in family and in nursing centers, the interest of families, relatives and nursing centers for the elderly, friends living together in nursing centers and management officials and staff of nursing centers - The thesis studies typical cases, not conducting experiments 6.2 Limitations on location and study time We only conduct research on the elderly living in nursing centers in Hanoi, namely: Nhan Ai Elderly Care Center, Dien Hong Diên Center, Social Protection Center 3, Social Protection Center , from 2014 - 2017 Research principles and methods 7.1 Approach principles 7.1.1 Principles of active access Activity is a method of formation, development and expression of psychology, consciousness and personality At the same time psychology, consciousness, personality is the operating activity Through the activity, individual or group psychological characteristics are formed, revealed and developed Therefore, in order to assess the expression in communication of the elderly living in nursing centers, they must study through their daily practical activities 7.1.2 Principles to access the system People are a unified and extremely complex whole body Psychological phenomena are influenced by many objective and subjective factors Human communication is influenced by many different factors, including personal factors, social factors Therefore, studying the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers must be considered as a result of the impact of many factors These are personal factors and social factors, considering many relationships, many aspects of activities of the elderly living in nursing centers, the objective and subjective factors affecting, affecting the communication of the elderly live in nursing centers 7.1.3 Principles of social psychology The thesis studies the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers, this is a weak group with special social conditions The living and operating conditions of the elderly living in nursing centers have many disadvantages and difficulties because of their health and living environment, they are denied access to and use of alleged facilities benefits to most other similar social groups Therefore, they need support and support from various industries such as social security, sociology, medicine, social policy to get better physical and spiritual life 7.2 Specific research methods In the course of the study, we use the following methods: document research; observe; in-depth interviews; written investigation; conversation; expert; case studies; processing research results by mathematical statistical method with the help of SPSS software version 22.0 Contributions of the thesis 8.1 Contribute theoretically Clarify some theoretical issues about the communication of the elderly in general and the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers in particular through the elements (aspects): The need for communication, the object of communication, Communication, communication forms, means of communication, indicate some factors affecting the communication the elderly living in nursing centers These results contribute to adding theory about general communication and communication the elderly living in nursing centers in particular 8.2 Practical contributions Provide the status of the expression and level of communication the elderly living in nursing centers Currently, the elderly live in nursing centers communicating at an average level Specific manifestations are expressed through communication needs, communication objects, communication contents, communication forms and means of communication at an average level Every day, the elderly living in nursing centers also need to communicate with people around them, however, only focus on certain needs such as the need to be respected, contribute ideas or need to be shared share, confide and only in some the elderly Their communication objects are not many, mainly those who also live in nursing centers such as roommates and management and service staff of the center, sometimes they communicate with family members or friend They often exchange with each other topics directly related to life, activities, and individuals such as health and behavior of people living in nursing centers In communication they also use some familiar forms and means of communication The thesis has found the relationship between subjective and objective factors with the communication the elderly living in nursing centers such as age, health, personality, perception of position, role of in the family and in nursing centers, the interest of families, relatives and nursing centers for the elderly, friends living together in nursing centers, managers and service officers of nursing centers On that basis, predicting the change in the level of communication the elderly living in nursing centers when there is a change from subjective and objective factors The theoretical and practical results of the topic can be used as a reference for social policy makers in Vietnam, especially policies on social security and policies for Elderly; for those who work in caring for the elderly in general and the elderly living in the nursing centers in our country today Structure of the thesis The thesis includes: Introduction, chapters, conclusions, recommendations, references, appendices CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BASIS OF COMMUNICATION OF THE ELDERLY LIVING IN THE NURSING CENTERS 1.1 Overview of research on communication of the elderly 1.1.1 Overseas studies a Studies on communication needs of the elderly * Needs to receive attention, share and confide with relatives, friends and people around Research by Robert C Atchley (2000); Zahava Gabriel and Ann Bowling (2005); University of Chicago (2006) Shows that for the elderly, the care, care, sharing and confidences of family members and friends are one of the factors of special significance for their life When the elderly are satisfied the need to care, share, confide will help them live happily, live healthily, live more usefully * Need to continue to participate in social activities, volunteering Ann Bowling (2004), Weiss (2005) research shows that for the elderly to continue to participate in social activities, social integration is one of the conditions and opportunities for tall people age can be exposed, communicate with people, help them relieve stress, comfort, psychological satisfaction Summary of the above research shows that some communication needs emerge in the elderly is the need to receive attention, share and confide with relatives, friends and people around, needs to continue continue to participate in social activities, the need to participate in religious and belief activities b Studies on communication subjects of the elderly * The elderly and family relationships Studies by James A Thorson; Weiss; Altergott (1988); Alan Wallker (2004); Martin Pinquart; HEBracey (1998) showed that when the elderly often spend a lot of their time interacting with family members, regular communication with relatives is one of the important factors that helps The elderly feel happy * The elderly and friend relationships Research by Chebanov I.F; Soviet Academy of Sciences; Martin Pinquart; Ann Bovvling (2004); H.E Bracey (1998); Arnold Rose (1998) shows that friendships have positive implications in the lives of the elderly in general and in particular communication Thanks to the close friendships that the elderly can share and sympathize with, this is not possible for young people, contributing to enriching the psychological life of the elderly and help them achieve a more satisfied and fulfilling life Studies have also shown differences in lifestyles the elderly in different countries * The elderly participate in activities in organizations and social groups Research by Norman Abeles (1997); Thomas Glass shows that older people tend to leave the activities that are supposed to come to their interests and interests Thus, the above studies show that older people spend more time communicating with family members; brothers, sisters, sisters, relatives, relatives and maintain friendships Besides, they also participate in social activities depending on the health situation, expertise and financial capacity of each person Organizations and social groups where the elderly participate mainly in church services, participation in sports and entertainment activities however, the studies of communication of the elderly in social organizations have not been interested in research by many authors c Studies on the communication content of the elderly Jon F.Nussbaum's research, Justine Couplan (2004), pointed out that older people are more interested and knowledgeable about politics than the younger generation and tend to follow more news Furlong (1998) found that the members of the Web site called SeniorNet were interested in the opportunity to meet people with similar interests and sharing not only information but also communication about emotional issues and society is specifically related to the elderly SeniorNet members also said they care and share with each other issues related to health, how to care for their partners In addition, they discussed with each other about issues related to the Family, complaining about family members ) The study of Western psychologists on the communication the elderly must take care of nursing homes or hospitals that show: communication between nurses and patients is mainly related to care tasks Well (1980) pointed out that 75% of communication between nurses and patients in long-term treatment areas for the elderly takes place while nurses physical care, and all The talks focused on this task In Ebersole and Hess's study "Towards a healthy old age" (2012) shows that older people often reminisce about the past, they often tell us very rich stories about their lives Listening to these stories is an important part of communication, requires time and patience, has the belief that stories and speakers are valuable and meaningful Life stories are built on reminiscence, recorded, reviewed or through autobiographical stories When we are young, it is important to move forward and guide the future By the age of old it is more important to look back on your experiences, reminisce and make all that meaningful and end with a sense of satisfaction that your life has lived [75, p 19] In summary, the studies show that, for the elderly in general, besides the flashback trend of the past, they are also very interested in the issues of daily life such as political and social issues, health, financial situation, news, interests, sharing feelings, feelings for others d Studies on communication forms of the elderly Jon F.Nussbaum's research, Justine Couplan (2004) on communication and aging shows: older people in the UK spend more time watching television than other ages According to Michael J Leitner (2004), older people in the US often watch television and read newspapers more than participate in active forms of entertainment such as cycling, exercise, jogging They often stay away from the active leisure activities because they believe in the consequences of stroke due to participating in these activities Summary of the above studies found that, in addition to communicating with relatives, friends, the elderly often use the media such as watching TV, reading books, using the internet, this helps them to continue continuous social interaction, information gathering and entertainment Thus, Western psychologists were very interested in the communication of the elderly and mentioned in a specific, profound, systematic way to the life and communication relations of the elderly However, it can be seen that most foreign scientists are interested in studying the communication of the elderly in the family while studying the communication of the elderly in the organizations is rarely mentioned 1.1.2 Studies in Vietnam Some of the studies on the communication of the elderly are as follows: a Research direction on communication needs of the elderly Research by author Nguyen Duc Truyen; Phi Van Ba (1994); Institute of Sociology; Nguyen Thi Phuong Lan (2003); Hoang Moc Lan (2007); Dang Vu Canh Linh (2009) shows that in general, research works have mentioned the communication needs of the elderly, which emerged as the need to be close, to share feelings with children and grandchildren family members, the need to be respected by their children, motivate the spirit, listen to ideas, need to integrate to continue to work and be devoted to the family and society b Research direction on the object of communication of the elderly Research by author Phung To Hanh (1994); Duong Chi Thien; Nguyen Hai Huu (1999); Be Quynh Nga (2000); Nguyen Duc Truyen; Nguyen Thi Lan Phuong; Le Ngoc Lan, Nguyen Huu Minh, Tran Quy Long (2011) show that such studies have mentioned quite specifically to the subjects of communication of the elderly From the research results show that communication of the elderly includes family communication and social communication (through formal and informal groups) The main communication objects of the elderly are family members (spouses, children and grandchildren), relatives and friends Some factors such as gender, education level affect the communication of the elderly c Research direction on the communication content of the elderly Research of Thien Nhan authors; Pham Khac Chuong (2006); Dang Vu Canh Linh (2009); Hoang Moc Lan, Hoang Thuy Vi (2014) showed that the authors mentioned some contents that the elderly care about and exchange daily, such as sharing their thoughts, feelings, personal memories and problems spiritual matters, ancestor worship, education of children, great grandchildren living in life, in addition, the elderly also care about the economic, political, social situation of the country and the economic development of local However, this is only a problem mentioned in other studies of the elderly d Research direction on communication forms of the elderly Research by Nguyen Xuan Cuong and Le Trung Son (2003); Dang Vu Canh Linh (2009); Duong Chi Thien mentioned the forms of communication of the elderly, in addition to direct communication, the elderly also use the media (radio, newspapers, television ) as a form of delivery another of them Studies have also shown the influence of a number of 10 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND METHOD 2.1 Research organization 2.1.1 Areas and objects of research 2.1.1.1 Object to study The total number of participants was 337 the elderly living in nursing centers In which: Trial investigation: 54 people; Official investigation: 337 people; In-depth interview: 30 people; Case study: the elderly (in which: A high level communicator, a medium communicator, a low communicator) Table 2.1: Objective research characteristics Criteria Sex age Marital status Health Male Female 60 -74 75 - 90 > 91 age There are families and children No family or relatives Healthy Normally there are some minor illnesses Chronic illness must be treated Weak - year Time to - 10 year live in a 11 - 15 year nursing 16 - 20 year centers Over 20 years Dien Hong nursing center SL % 37 23.0 40 22.7 26 26.5 37 20.7 14 23.3 SL 41 45 27 48 11 % 25.5 25.6 27.6 26.8 18.3 36 23.8 46 30.5 28 18.5 41 27.2 151 44.8 41 22.0 40 21.5 55 29.6 50 26.9 186 55.2 12.0 6.0 33 66.0 16.0 50 14.8 10.3 10.3 16 41.0 15 38.5 39 11.6 9.5 12.2 15 20.3 43 58.1 74 22.0 60 34.5 70 40.2 19 10.9 25 14.4 76 0 63.9 0.7 0 27 46 13 0 22.7 32.9 23.2 0 10.1 18.6 48.2 81.3 83.3 67 16 3.4 47.9 28.6 18.8 16.7 Nhan Ai nursing center Social Protectio n Center SL % 34 21.1 49 27.8 22 22.4 44 24.6 17 28.3 12 26 27 13 Social Protectio Total n Center SL % SL % 49 30.4 161 47.8 42 23.9 176 52.2 23 23.5 98 29.1 50 27.9 179 53.1 18 30.0 60 17.8 17 119 140 56 16 51.6 35.3 41.5 16.6 4.7 1.8 2.1.1.2 Study area To understand the current status of communication characteristics of the elderly living in nursing centers in our country today We surveyed the following centers: Hanoi Social Protection Center III; Social Protection Center IV Hanoi; Nhan Ai elderly care center; Dien Hong Nursing Center 11 2.1.2 Research stages 2.1.2.1 The stage of theoretical research: The theoretical research phase was carried out during the process of solving the thesis's problems, but mainly focused on conducting research from October 2014 to October 2015 2.1.2.2 Practical research stage: Surveying the specific manifestations of the communication situation of the elderly living in nursing centers This period is conducted from October 2015 to May 5/2016 The practical research process consists of steps: 1) Designing questionnaires and sample observation minutes; 2) Test investigation; 3) Formal investigation; 4) Handling results 2.2 Research Methods 2.2.1 Methods of theoretical research In order to study reasoning, we have used the following methods: Expert, research materials In which, the method of document research is mainly, including analysis, synthesis, systematization and generalization of domestic and foreign research works published in books, newspapers and magazines on issues topics related to communication, the elderly, communication of the elderly 2.2.2 Professional solution Please consult with some experts in the field of psychology, age psychology, sociologists, social workers with experience in contacting and working with the elderly living in nursing centers on issues methodological approach, design measuring tool set, observation minutes samples, in-depth interviews on manifestations, influencing factors and some measures to improve communication efficiency for the elderly living in nursing centers 2.2.3 Method of investigation by questionnaire The questionnaire on the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers is reflected in the following aspects: Communication objects, communication needs, communication contents, communication forms, communication means, factors affecting communication of the elderly living in nursing centers and some of the client's personal information studied 2.2.4 Observation method Observe the expression of attitudes, behaviors, gestures and speeches of the elderly living in nursing centers when they attend activities organized by the center, join clubs and groups for the elderly in nursing centers 2.2.5 In-depth interview method The content of the interview is clearly prepared according to issues such as information on the elderly (name, age, marital status, health ), clarifying the daily communication of the elderly living in nursing centers (communication objects, communication needs, communication contents, communication forms, communication means), the perception of the elderly living in nursing centers on current life, factors affecting communication of the elderly living in nursing centers, explaining the causes 12 2.2.6 Typical case study method We selected clients with communicative signs at different levels to learn and analyze to portray the portraits of the elderly living in nursing centers and we also clarify which factors affect delivery their next 2.2.7 Methods of processing data by mathematical statistics Survey data is processed by SPSS software, version 22.0 The parameters, statistical operations used are: average, standard deviation, percentage, binary correlation, linear regression, comparison of mean 2.3 Evaluation criteria and evaluation scale 2.3.1 Evaluation criteria The thesis assesses the level of expression in communication of the elderly living in nursing centers through basic aspects of communication such as communication needs, communication objects, communication contents and communication forms and means of communication 2.3.2 Rating scale 2.3.2.1 How to calculate points The specific contents of the questionnaire are scored on a scale of 1-5 corresponding to the choices of the elderly living in nursing centers The classification of the level of expression in the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers is determined based on the average and standard deviation (SD) of the distribution of results obtained and divided into levels Specific points of each level are as follows: Table 2.2: Scale of expression levels in communication of the elderly living in nursing centers TT Basic aspects of Expression level communication Low Communication needs Object Medium High 2.02≤ĐTB