• • • • • • Table of Contents Index Reviews Reader Reviews Errata Academic Cascading Style Sheets, 2nd Edition By Eric Meyer Publisher : O'Reilly Pub Date : March 2004 ISBN : 0-596-00525-3 Pages : 528 Slots : 1.0 Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition is a thorough review of all aspects of CSS2.1 and a comprehensive guide to CSS implementation The book includes new content on positioning, lists and generated content, table layout, user interface, paged media, and more It explores in detail each individual CSS property and how it interacts with other properties, and shows how to avoid common mistakes in interpretation • • • • • • Table of Contents Index Reviews Reader Reviews Errata Academic Cascading Style Sheets, 2nd Edition By Eric Meyer Publisher : O'Reilly Pub Date : March 2004 ISBN : 0-596-00525-3 Pages : 528 Slots : 1.0 Copyright Dedication Foreword Preface Conventions Used in This Book Property Conventions How to Contact Us Acknowledgments Chapter 1 CSS and Documents Section 1.1 The Web's Fall from Grace Section 1.2 CSS to the Rescue Section 1.3 Elements Section 1.5 Summary Section 1.4 Bringing CSS and XHTML Together Chapter 2 Selectors Section 2.1 Basic Rules Section 2.3 Class and ID Selectors Section 2.5 Using Document Structure Section 2.7 Summary Section 2.2 Grouping Section 2.4 Attribute Selectors Section 2.6 Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements Chapter 3 Structure and the Cascade Section 3.1 Specificity Section 3.2 Inheritance Section 3.3 The Cascade Section 3.4 Summary Chapter 4 Values and Units Section 4.1 Numbers Section 4.2 Percentages Section 4.3 Color Section 4.5 URLs Section 4.7 Summary Section 4.4 Length Units Section 4.6 CSS2 Units Chapter 5 Fonts Section 5.1 Font Families Section 5.2 Font Weights Section 5.3 Font Size Section 5.5 Stretching and Adjusting Fonts Section 5.7 Font Matching Section 5.4 Styles and Variants Section 5.6 The font Property Section 5.8 Summary Chapter 6 Text Properties Section 6.1 Indentation and Horizontal Alignment Section 6.2 Vertical Alignment Section 6.3 Word Spacing and Letter Spacing Section 6.5 Text Decoration Section 6.7 Summary Section 6.4 Text Transformation Section 6.6 Text Shadows Chapter 7 Basic Visual Formatting Section 7.1 Basic Boxes Section 7.2 Block-Level Elements Section 7.4 Altering Element Display Section 7.3 Inline Elements Section 7.5 Summary Chapter 8 Padding, Borders, and Margins Section 8.1 Basic Element Boxes Section 8.2 Margins Section 8.3 Borders Section 8.5 Summary Section 8.4 Padding Chapter 9 Colors and Backgrounds Section 9.1 Colors Section 9.2 Foreground Colors Section 9.3 Backgrounds Section 9.4 Summary Chapter 10 Floating and Positioning Section 10.1 Floating Section 10.2 Positioning Section 10.3 Summary Chapter 11 Table Layout Section 11.1 Table Formatting Section 11.2 Table Cell Borders Section 11.3 Table Sizing Section 11.4 Summary Chapter 12 Lists and Generated Content Section 12.1 Lists Section 12.2 Generated Content Section 12.3 Summary Chapter 13 User Interface Styles Section 13.1 System Fonts and Colors Section 13.2 Cursors Section 13.3 Outlines Section 13.4 Summary Chapter 14 Non-Screen Media Section 14.1 Designating Medium-Specific Style Sheets Section 14.2 Paged Media Section 14.3 Aural Styles Section 14.4 Summary Appendix A Property Reference Section A.1 Visual Media Section A.2 Tables Section A.3 Paged Media Section A.5 Visual Styles Section A.7 Aural Styles Section A.4 Dropped from CSS2.1 Section A.6 Paged Media Appendix B Selector, Pseudo-Class, andPseudo-Element Reference Section B.1 Selectors Section B.2 Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements Appendix C Sample HTML 4 Style Sheet Colophon Index Copyright © 2004, 2000 O'Reilly Media, Inc Printed in the United States of America Published by O'Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472 O'Reilly & Associates books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use Online editions are also available for most titles (http://safari.oreilly.com) For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O'Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide, the image of salmon, and related trade dress are trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly Media, Inc was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein Dedication In memory of my mother, Carol, for all the things she taught me And to my daughter, Carolyn, for all the things she has yet to teach me Foreword CSS is realized CSS has proven itself beyond imagination Cascading Style Sheets have unquestionably revolutionized the Web Without CSS, we would most certainly be limited by presentation-laden documents, tables for layout, and impossibly messy markup The movement toward standardizing styles, design, and layout is now firmly in place, and CSS is playing an enormous role in that CSS gives us more control over our layouts; more options to manage and control color, images, and text sizing; and greater ability to maintain numerous documents, provide accessibility, and serve multiple devices much more easily Are we still challenged by browser implementations of CSS? Well, sure, and that's a reality we have to work with But even as we're encumbered by the lack of updates for Microsoft IE 6.0, there are encouraging advancements in other web browsers Safari, Opera, Mozilla, and Mozilla Firefox all stand as evidence that a majority of implementers are concerned about standards within browsers We're finally seeing terrific support for CSS emerge in a wide range of developer tools including Macromedia Dreamweaver MX, Adobe GoLive CS, and many of the weblogging tools in use around the Web today That this bookVersion 2.0 of Eric Meyer's seminal work on CSSshould grace the shelves at such a transitional time in the Web's evolution is extremely encouraging CSS is making itself felt in almost every spectrum of web design For inspiration and motivation, designers have the CSS Zen Garden, a magnificent site that demonstrates the use of structured markup with CSS Each designer who submits a design to the CSS Zen Garden must use the same markup and content but create his or her own CSS design The CSS Zen Garden proves CSS designs can be not only beautiful but also more innovative and interesting than anything that's come before CSS is proving to be cost-effective, too Sales and marketing folks looking for proof can turn to a growing list of impressive case studies that drive home the bottom-line savings of moving toward web standards and CSS Each time a major site such as ESPN, Sprint, or AOL makes a move toward CSS and web standards, a leadership phenomenon begins; other companies realize they can save costs and improve quality, too As CSS' value becomes more apparent to designers, important to the economic choices companies make, and better integrated with the tools that designers and technologist use, CSS will finally earn the permanent recognition it deserves within the technological realm As we implement CSS from the ground up, we find that we have a great deal yet to learn Those of us who have developed sites for a long time must actually unlearn bad habits born of convention As for young designers and developers entering the fold, we need to help them avoid our mistakes and encourage them toward better practices This book will be a great help to both audiences As a web standards evangelist and student of markup and CSS, it's easy for me to say that Eric Meyer has changed my life Many readers of his first edition (and, I hope, this book) will readily agree As with so many readers, I use Eric's books, I follow his web site, and I subscribe to CSS-D, the email list that Eric chaperones and offers discussion and solutions for list members facing real-world CSS challenges I pay attention to Eric and will continue to do so because it's just so damned nutritious Because the Web is as much of a social construct as a technical one, designing it effectively demands that we seek an speak-header property 2nd speak-numeral property 2nd speak-punctuation property 2nd speaking content [See aural styles] specificity calculating cascade rule for 2nd of attribute selectors 2nd of class selectors of combinator of element selectors of grouped selectors of ID selectors 2nd of important rules of inherited values of inline styles of multiple rules of non-CSS presentational hints of pseudo-classes of pseudo-elements of universal selector 2nd resolving ties between [See cascade rules] speech media type speech synthesizers, media type for [See aural media type] speech-rate property 2nd square brackets ([]) in attribute selectors in property syntax stacking context, for absolute positioning static position of element static positioning 2nd status bars, system font for status-bar system font 2nd stress property 2nd strike element strikethru text 2nd structured documents style attribute 2nd style element 2nd style rules 2nd 3rd [See also properties; selectors] aural [See aural styles] important rules 2nd 3rd inline 2nd multiple, specificity of order of, in cascade rules 2nd origin of 2nd paged [See print styles projection styles] parts of weight of 2nd style sheets alternate style sheets comments in embedding in document example of external style sheets 2nd filename extension for linking to documents 2nd linking to multiple documents media determining application of multiple, linking to document persistent style sheets preferred style sheets reader style sheets URLs relative to styles [See style rules] styling features of CSS subscripting superscripting syntax conventions used in this book system colors system fonts 2nd [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Z] table captions [See captions for tables] table cells [See cells] table columns [See columns, table] table element internal table elements layer for table footers [See footers, table] table headers [See headers, table] table rows [See rows] table-layout property 2nd tables 2nd [See also cells; columns, table; rows] anonymous table objects arrangement rules for automatic layout for 2nd block-level captions for 2nd 3rd fixed-layout model for 2nd footers for grid cells for headers for headers for, spoken 2nd height of hidden borders and inline-level layers of missing components of row primacy model for specifying elements for width of tags [See elements specific elements and tags] tbody element td element teletype printers, media type for television, media type for text [See also fonts] aligning horizontally 2nd aligning vertically 2nd 3rd blinking 2nd capitalization of 2nd carriage returns in case of 2nd centering 2nd color of 2nd content area of drop shadows for hyphenation of indenting 2nd inline box for justifying leading letter spacing of 2nd line height of linefeeds in overlining 2nd 3rd shadows for spacing between words strikethru 2nd 3rd underlining 2nd 3rd whitespace between words and lines word spacing of 2nd wrapping text attribute, body element, replacing using color property text selection cursor text-align property 2nd compared to margin-left and margin-right for cell content for table captions spacing and text-bottom alignment text-decoration property 2nd text-indent property 2nd text-shadow property 2nd text-top alignment text-transform property 2nd tfoot element th element thead element ThreeDDarkShadow system color ThreeDFace system color ThreeDHighlight system color ThreeDLightShadow system color ThreeDShadow system color tilde (~) in attribute selectors tiling of background images 2nd 3rd 4th 5th time values title attribute attribute selectors used with link tag 2nd toolbars, displaying links across horizontally tooltips, attribute selectors used with top alignment top property 2nd 3rd tr element transparent borders tty media type tv media type type attribute, link tag type selectors [See element selectors] typographical conventions used in this book [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Z] u element underline keyword underlined text 2nd unicode-bidi property Uniform Resource Identifier [See URI] Uniform Resource Locator [See URL] units for aural styles for length values universal selector 2nd in class selectors 2nd in ID selectors specificity of 2nd uppercase text URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), specifying URL (Uniform Resource Locator) relative to style sheet specifying user agents 2nd [See also browsers] as origin of declarations 2nd default styles of Emacspeak 2nd Fonix SpeakThis weight of declarations and user interface colors for cursors fonts for outlines [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Z] value of property 2nd angles as colors as frequencies as keywords as length units for numbers as percentages as time as URLs as vertical alignment of inline nonreplaced elements of table cell content of text 2nd vertical bar (|) in attribute selector in property syntax vertical double bar (||) in property syntax vertical formatting, of block-level elements vertical-align property 2nd 3rd for table cell content text-decoration and visibility of elements 2nd visibility property 2nd vlink attribute, body element 2nd voice used for speaking 2nd 3rd 4th voice-family property 2nd volume of speech 2nd volume property 2nd [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Z] W3C [See World Wide Web Consortium] waiting cursor watch cursor web browsers [See browsers] web sites for this book O'Reilly & Associates, Inc Web, history of web-enabled cell phones, media type for web-safe colors weight of style rules 2nd white-space property 2nd whitespace, handling widows property 2nd 3rd width property 2nd 3rd [See also max-width property; min-width property; table-layout property]4th affect of negative margins on columns and column groups percentage values for positioned elements and replaced elements and setting to auto wildcard [See universal selector] Window system color WindowFrame system color WindowText system color word-spacing property 2nd 3rd words, spacing between 2nd [See also content; text]3rd 4th World Wide Web [See Web] World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), HTML elements deprecated by wrapping text [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Z] XHTML, deprecated elements in 2nd XML element selectors for replacing HTML [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Z] z-axis, absolute positioning on 2nd z-index property 2nd ... department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate @oreilly. com Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O'Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide, the image of salmon, and related trade dress are trademarks of O'Reilly... Table of Contents Index Reviews Reader Reviews Errata Academic Cascading Style Sheets, 2nd Edition By Eric Meyer Publisher : O'Reilly Pub Date : March 2004 ISBN : 0-596-00525-3 Pages : 528 Slots : 1.0 ... already have been fixed by the time this book is on shelves Therefore, rather than doom large portions of the book to obsolescence the moment they are published, I instead dropped the information Doing so actually enabled me to keep the book