Nghiên cứu kỹ thuật nhân giống vô tính cây đu đủ (carica papaya l ) cv ‘tainung no 2’ and ‘red lady’

國國國國國國國國國國國國國國國國國國 Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation National Pingtung University of Science and Technology 國國國國國國 Ph.D Dissertation 國國 國國國國國國國(Carica papaya L.)國國國國國國國 Studies on asexual propagation techniques of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv ‘Tainung No.2’ and ‘Red Lady’ 國國國國 Advisors: 國國國 國國 (Chung-Ruey Yen, Ph.D.) 國國國 國國 (Ching-Hsiang Hsieh, Ph.D.) 國國國 Student: 國國國 (Nguyen Van Hong) 國國國國 107 國 10 國 30 國 October 30, 2018 INTRODUCTION The cultivated papaya (Carica papaya L.) is the most economic important species in the family Caricaceae Papaya grows year-round, is an elongated berry of various sizes with a smooth thin skin and a greenishyellow color (Paull 2011) Its flesh is thick with a color ranging from yellow to red and offers a pleasant, sweet, mellow flavor (Devitt 2006, Fuggate 2010) Papaya is considered to be one of the most important sources of vitamins (A, B, C) (Bose 1990, Watson 1990), minerals, several proteins, and the industrially important enzyme papain (Barret 1985, Bose 1990, El Moussaoui 2001) Papaya fruit is low in sodium, fat, and calories, and contain no starch (Sampson 1986 ) Papain, whose proteolytic action is similar to that of pepsin and trypsin, is employed as a meat tenderizer in applications in the food industry, as well as in the textile, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries (Villegas 1997, Su 2009) Papaya is one of the most economically important fruit crops in many tropical and subtropical countries In 2016, total areas for fruit cultivation were 441,964 in the world which produced 13,050,749 tonnes (t) of fruit (Faostat 2017) In Taiwan, papaya is one of the top ten fruits of production (Fig.5) In 2015, papaya area harvested and production were 2,500 and 115,115 tonnes (Faostat 2017) Recently, the papaya production is affected by destructive diseases, specially, papaya ringspot (PRS) PRS is one the most destructive diseases of papaya and occurs in every region where papaya is grown It has been reported to be a major limiting factor for commercial papaya production particularly in Hawaii, areas of Thailand, Taiwan, India, Mexico, Bangladesh, the Philippines, and the southern region of China (Chang 2003, Jayavalli 2011) Papaya is a polygamous species with many forms of inflorescences The species has three sex types: Staminate, pistillate and hermaphrodite (Dinesh 2001, Paull 2011) Papaya is one of the few fruit crops still mostly propagated by seed for commercial production Papaya seedlings propagated from seed is hindered by problems because of the sex reversal, inherent heterozygosity and dioecious nature of the crop (Teixeira 2007, Clarindo 2008) In the commercial plantations of most producing countries, male plants are useless and only hermaphrodite individuals are agreed by growers (Usman 2002, Hsu 2012) However, it was found that undesirable male plants prevail as high as 30% and sometimes over 50 % of trees planted in papaya fields (Jordan 1983) So, in actual commercial production, three or four seedlings are planted at each position, and when their sexes are determined, only hermaphrodites are kept There are cases in which none of them are hermaphrodites In addition, the plants grown from seeds show considerable variations in disease susceptibility, fruit quality, and yield (Reuveni 1990, Allan 1995, Teixeira 2007) The main advantage of vegetative propagation is the certainty of keeping the characteristics of the mother plant (Hartmann 2002, Hartmann 2011) It had been reported the possibility of developing materials highly productive and resistant to diseases, which can be spread safely keeping intact the characteristics of the papaya mother plants through asexual propagation (San Jose 1988) Additionally, one can reduce transmissible diseases by choosing mother plants carefully The case of gynodioecious cultivars, the bisexual types which produce fruits with shape, size, and flavor are preferred to round fruits of female plants as they fetch premium price in the market (Reuveni 1990, Teixeira 2009) Up to now, asexual propagation techniques, such as rooting of cuttings, grafting and micropropagation have been successful in papaya cultivars (Airi 1986 , Ramkhelawan 1998 , Teixeira 2007, Chong 2008 , Wu 2012, Setargie 2015) The success of assexual propagation by cutting, grafting, tissue culture depends on numerous factors, among them the zone environment, the material and technique application, and the genotype (Hartmann 2002, Soundy 2008, Hartmann 2011, Mabizela 2017) In addition, the results can not apply to all varieties and in all climatic conditions So, scientists need conduct much more research on each variety under certain conditions In Taiwan, the papaya is mainly propagated by seed and by a method designed to reduce damage from viruses of insects To date, there is hardly any information on cuttings, grafting and tissue culture propagation of the hybrid papaya cultivars ‘Tainung No.2’ and ‘Red Lady’ The ‘Tainung No.2’ papaya is the major cultivar with 90% of growing area and ‘Red Lady’ papaya is potentially one for spreading with fruit weigh of 1.5-2 kg, good fruit quality (flesh is thick, red, with 13% sugar content, and aromatic) and preferred by the local market (Agriculture and Food Agency, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, R.O.C) So, on purpose of cloning good quality papaya varieties, we conducted researches on propagation of two papaya varieties (‘Tainung No.2’ and ‘Red Lady’) by grafting, cutting and tissue culture The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of grafting, cutting and micropropagation techniques on commercial asexual propagation in 'Tainung No.2' and 'Red Lady' papaya The specific objectives were: • Research on grafting propagation of ‘Tainung No.2’ and ‘Red Lady’ papaya • Research on cutting propagation of ‘Tainung No.2’ and ‘Red Lady’ papaya • Research on tissue culture propagation of ‘Tainung No.2’ and ‘Red Lady’ papaya LITERATURE REVIEW General of papaya plant Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a popular fruit native to tropical America Papaya plant is grown for its melon-like fruit It is a herbaceous perennial plant, bearing fruit continuously at the leaf axils spirally arranged along the single erect trunk The papayas have common names, such as papaya, papaw or pawpaw, papayer (friench), melonenbaum (German), lechosa (Spanish), mamao (Portuguese), mugua (Chinese), and dudu (Vietnamese) (Paull 2011) 1.1 Taxonomy Carica Papaya L., is the most important economic fruit, belongs to the Carica Genus, Caricaceae family Caricaceae is a small family of dicotyledonous plant with five genera of tropical American origin (Carica, Jarilla, Jacaratia, Horovitzia and Vasconcella) and one from equatorial Africa (Cylicomorpha) (Paull 2011) There are 32 species described with distribution: Carica, species, Jarilla, species, Jacaratia, species, Horovitzia, species, Vasconcella, 20 species, and Cylicomorpha, species Carica and Vasconcella species are dioecious, except for the monoecious Vasconcella monoica (Desf.) and some Vasconcella pubescens and the polygamous C papaya Most species are herbaceous, single-stemmed and erect (Paull 2011) 1.2 Origin, distribution and production Upto now, scientist has not found Carica papaya wild in nature It is evidenced in distantly relation to the Vasconcella species by isozyme and AFLP analysis (Paull 2011) It is believed that Carica papaya is native to tropical America, Its origin region is southern Mexico and neighbouring Central America (Morton 1987) In the 16th century, spanish took papaya to the Caribbean and South East Asia In the accounts of 18th century, seeds of papaya had been taken from the Caribbean to Malacca and on to India ( Paull 2011) Subsequent historical records indicate that from Malacca or Philippines the papaya distribution continued throughout Asia and to the South Pacific region The factors such as a large number of the seeds in the fruit and their long viability have contributed to the wide geographical distribution of the fruit (Paull 2011) In the past decade, papaya has attained great popularity because it can be intensively cultivated, its rapid returns and the increased demand for the fresh fruit as well as its processed products Papaya is commercially cultivated between 23o North and 32o South latitude (Paull 2011), an area which includes many tropical and sub-tropical countries of the world From 2006 to 2016, Papaya area harvested and production had been developing quickly in the world (Figure (Fig.) 1) The highest papaya production was obtained in Asia (49%) followed by Americas (37.7%) and by Africa (13.2%) The lowest production (0.2%) is recorded Oceania (Fig.2) Top ten countries of papaya production (2006-2016) are India, Brazil, Indonesia, Negeria, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Thailand, Colombia, Philippines (Fig.3) (Faostat 2017) Area harvested Production (Tonnes) 14000000 500000 450000 400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 12000000 10000000 8000000 6000000 4000000 2000000 Area harvested (ha) Production Years Figure Production of papaya in the world 2006-2016 (Source: Faostat, 2017) Asia Americas Africa Oceania Oceania 0.2 % Africa 13.2 % Asia 49% Americas 38.7% Production (tonnes) Figure Production share of papaya by region (Source: Faostat, 2017) 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 Production (Tonnes) Figure Top papaya production countries (Source: Faostat, 2017) Papaya production in Taiwan In 17th century, papaya travelled from the west Indies to Asia where at the end of the Qing Dynasty it was introduced to Taiwan and be developed forcefully upto now In 2016, papaya area harvested and production achieved 2,584 and 118,661tonnes, respectively (Faostat 2017) Periods of 19942016, papaya area harvested and production were varied in Taiwan and they were increasing trend in 2014-2016 (Fig 4) Papaya is in top 10 fruit growing in Taiwan with 4% of fruit production in 2013 (Fig.5) Area harvested 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 Area harvested (ha) Production (tonnes) Production 500 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Years Figure Area harvested and production of papaya in Taiwan (Source: Faostat, 2017) Wax Apple 4% Pear 4% Other fruits 24% Papaya 5% Betel nut 5% Guava 7% Mango 8% Citrus 20% Pineapple 16% Banana 7% Figure Fruit production in Taiwan in 2013 (Source: COA, TIER, 2014) 1.3 Characteristic of papaya plant * Stem The papaya plant is a large, mono-axial herbaceous plant with an erect stem terminating with a crown of large leaves and can attain by m heights (Fig 6) Although there are occasional lines or cultivars that produce and abundance of lateral branches, especially during the juvenile period, the main stem normally growth of the axillary branches does occur when the trees become 3-5 years old (Paull 2011) The stem is semi-woody and hollow and a major site of starch storage The bark is smooth, grayish, with large and prominent leaf scars When the stem is wounded, a thin milky sap oozes from the wound (Fig 6) After transplanting, shoot growth is initially slow, though considerable root growth is taking place, extending out well beyond the canopy drip line Stem growth is then rapid up to flowering, increasing in circumference up to mm per day (Paull 2011) Growth rate peaks at flowering then declines as the tree starts bearing The rate of growth is influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus supply, irrigation and temperature (Paull 2011) Figure Vegetative parts of the papaya plant (a) Cross section of a 1-yearold papaya stem: periderm (pe), fiber sheath (fs), phloem (ph), cambium (c), xylem rays (xr), pith (p) (b) Leaf lamina and petiole (c) Longitudinal section of a 3-month-old papaya stem showing hollow pith cavity (d) Longitudinal section of a 1-year-old papaya stem showing complete pith cavity (e) Stem of a 1-year-old papaya plant showing conspicuous petiole scars * Leaves A cluster of leaves occurs at the apex of the plant and along the upper part of the stem and makes up the foliage of the tree (Fig 6) New leaves are constantly formed at the apex and old leaves senesce and fall Leaves are palmately lobed with prominent veination and can measure 40-50 cm or more in diameter and have an individual leaf area of 1625 cm2, with 15 mature leaves per plant (Paull 2011) In the tropics, new leaves appear two to three a week (Chan 1984) Petioles are cylindrical, hollow and length of 60 – 90 cm, depending upon the cultivar The most recently matured leaf’s fresh weight (about 10th leaf from 2.4 cm juvenile leaf) varies from ca 50 to 170 g The leaf petiole dry mass increases at a rapid rate until flowering the increases more slowly, peaking after fruit bearing starts (Paull 2011) * Floral organization and flowers Papaya has three types of distinctly different flowers, male, female and hermaphrodite, which give rise to fruits (Bose 1990) (Fig 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Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 61: 29–35 158 APPENDIX Publication credits of Ph.D program in Department Tropical Agricutlure and International Cooperation Type of Papers published on the subject of the Ph.D Credits Journals dissertation R o a n S g Cr C h P u N u p r S L Ca J o u rE f Grafting in ‘Tainung No.2’ Papaya EC International Journal of Research in Agricultural Sciences (2): 99-103 Published in March, 2018 159 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF AUTHOR Personal information Full name: Nguyen Van Hong Gender : Male Nationality: Vietnamese Marital status: Married Present profession: Researcher Institution: Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) Address: Group 10, Quyet Thang commune, Thai Nguyen city, Vietnam Education background Period of Institute Major field Degree Crop Science Ph.D study Sept 2013 – Dec 2018 National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan Thai Nguyen University of 2007- 2009 Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) Hure a C N r o MHy 2a aaPur R n d i c Crop Science M.Sc B.Sc Training course Ph.D dissertation subject: Research on asexual propagation techniques of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv ‘Tainung No.2’ and ‘Redlady’ M.Sc thesis subject: Studying propagation of Gerbera by tissue cultlture method in Thai Nguyen City, Vietnam M.Sc thesis subject: Research on propagation of Pomelo citrus by tissue culture method in Hanoi, Viet Nam Publications Van-Hong Nguyen, Chung-Ruey Yen and Ching-Hsiang Hsieh (2018) Effects of rootstock age and grafting time on cleft grafting in ‘Tainung No.2’ papaya International Journal of Research in Agricultural Sciences (2): 99-103 Van-Hong Nguyen, Chung-Ruey Yen (2018) Rootstock age and grafting season affect graft success and plant growth of papaya (Carica papaya L.) in greenhouse Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 78(1): 5967 Van-Hong Nguyen, Chung-Ruey Yen and Ching-Hsiang Hsieh (2018) Nutritional and growth hormonal factors affect in vitro propagation of papaya (Carica papaya L Cv Red Lady) from culture of nodal segments Journal of The National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka Accepted: 29th June, 2018 Le Sy Loi, Nguyen Van Hong (2012) Study on the effect of hydroponic solution concentrations to the growth and development of some kinds vegetables in Thai Nguyen province Science and technology Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Viet Nam 3: 71-76 Ngo Xuan Binh, Nguyen Van Hong (2009) Study on the effect of growth regulator to potentiality of callus formation and bud regeneration in vitro propagation for Gerbera Journal of Science and Technology, Thai Nguyen University 11(59): 62-67 Nguyen Van Hong, Ngo Xuan Binh (2008) “Study on the effect of sterilization reagents in propagation of Gerbera by tissue culture method Journal of Science and Technology, Thai Nguyen University (2): 109-113 Major field in research Plant propagation Forcing culture of horticultural crops Scientific studies and projects Nguyen Van Hong (2012) Research, the experiment plants Honeydew Melon in condition of green house at Thai Nguyen city Thai Nguyen university’s scientific research theme in 2012 Nguyen Van Hong (2011) Research manufacturing process cultivate Orchid in order Commodities at Thai Nguyen City TUAF’s scientific research theme in 2011 Nguyen Van Hong (2010) Research the effect of temperature on the growth and development of germ Orchid period after the onset of flower initiation at Thai Nguyen TUAF’s scientific research theme in 2010 ... summarized in Table No (Jain 200 9) and as follows: ( 1) Pistillate flowers pollinated by staminate flowers give equal numbers of male and female progeny ( 2) Pistillate flowers pollinated by pollen from... 200 9) Male or bisexual plants changing completely too female plants after being beheaded and some “all male” plants occasionally producing small flowers with perfectly pistils leading to abnormally... No. 2’ and ‘Red Lady’ papaya • Research on cutting propagation of ‘Tainung No. 2’ and ‘Red Lady’ papaya • Research on tissue culture propagation of ‘Tainung No. 2’ and ‘Red Lady’ papaya LITERATURE