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THE DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS History of the field Traditional Latin and Greek through grammar translation How to learn to speak a L2 fast? Audiolingualism - the „Army method”    Pronunciation and conversation drills Focus on speech No explanation and translation How to define language knowledge? Council of Europe Language Project (John Trim) - notions and functions for Threshold Levels - rigorous linguistic study intellectual basis for the development of ELT How to best teach a langauge? Behaviourism and Bloomfieldian Linguistics    Discrete items (Bloomfield, structuralism) Contrastive analysis (Lado) Conditioning (Pavlov, Skinner) Why can’t kids imitate? Cognitivism and Generative Grammar      Child language research (Berko) Cognitive development (Piaget) LAD (Chomsky) Deep structure – surface structure Competence – performance Where mistakes come from? SLA research, Error Analysis and Interlanguage Theory   Transfer, interference, generalisation (Corder, Selinker) Input Hypothesis (Krashen) „Én röfög kicsi német” Communicative Competence CALP and BICS (Dell Hymes)  Grammatical, discourse, sociocultural,strategic competence (Canale and Swain)  Why don’t we say what we mean?  Gricean Maxims manner quality quantity relevance Speech Acts (Austin, Searle) - John, the phone is ringing! - I’m in the bath! - Locution Illocution Perlocution How to read (between) the lines?  Joan: I mean, I don’t like this new emblem at all Claire: The logo Joan: Yeah, the castle on the Trent, It’s horrible Claire: Did you get a chance to talk to him Joan: Yeah Claire: How does he seem?  Hey diddle, diddle, The cat and the fiddle, The cow jumped over the moon, The little dog laughed, To see such fun, And the dish ran away with the spoon „I don’t think it will work out – but maybe it will be useful after all.” Contrastive rhetoric  Cultural thought patterns in writing (R Kaplan) English Semitic Oriental Romance Russian The narrow definition of AL: „the showpiece of linguistics”  Language teaching theory, language pedagogy  Testing ground for linguistics The broad definition of AL: „the basket of many goodies”  Theoretical orientation: sociolinguistics psycholinguistics pragmatics L1 and L2 acquisition discourse analysis o Practical orientation L1 and L2 teaching translation discourse and conversation analysis language planning LSP neurolinguistics computational linguistics What is applied? The methods and findings of various disciplines New definitions of linguistics  Formal linguistics (Strevens)  a current best theory of language exists based on linguistics task of the scholar: contribute to the development of theory theory determines what research is needed practice should be restricted to the validated results of that theory     Communicative linguistics      problem-driven empirically grounded multi-disciplinary contextualised view of language functionalist approach What is linguistics about it?  AL investigates language in use  linguistic descriptions of language and methods of linguistic enquiry  aim is NOT to contribute to descriptions of language, but to solve practical problems