Framing the Early Middle Ages This page intentionally left blank Framing the Early Middle Ages Europe and the Mediterranean 400–800 CHRIS WICKHAM Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Christopher Wickham 2005 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2005 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk ISBN 0–19–926449–x 10 For Leslie This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements I have been working on this book for nearly seven years, and have discussed issues relating to it with nearly every late Romanist and early medievalist I have met during that time; I have gained insights from too many people to list First of all, I should like to thank those who commented on sections of the book: Leslie Brubaker, who read almost the whole text; Paul Fouracre, John Haldon, Hugh Kennedy, and Eduardo Manzano, who read sections of Chapter 3; Mayke de Jong, Paul Fouracre, John Haldon, Guy Halsall, Peter Heather, Eduardo Manzano, and Peter Sarris, who read sections of Chapter 4; Jean-Pierre Devroey and Domenico Vera, who read sections of Chapter 5; Steven Bassett, Nicholas Brooks, Wendy Davies, Simon Esmonde-Cleary, and Patrick Wormald, who read Chapter 6; Steven Bassett, Matt Innes, and Peter Sarris, who read sections of Chapter 7; Sonia Gutie´rrez, Helena Hamerow, Simon Loseby, and Mark Whittow, who read sections of Chapter 8; Domenico Vera and Chris Dyer, who read Chapter 9; Simon Loseby, who read all of, and Lisa Fentress and John Haldon, who read sections of, Chapter 10; Paul Arthur, Lisa Fentress, Jodi Magness, Olga Magoula, Eduardo Manzano, Paul Van Ossel, and Bryan WardPerkins, who read some or all of Chapter 11 They were often sharp critics, and I gained immensely from their insights, suggestions, and bibliographical references; I know they not all agree with my conclusions Another group of people, partially overlapping, consists of friends with whom I started when I needed to get a sense of the bibliography of a given region: people I could not without as guides to one area or another These include Steven Bassett, Julio Escalona, Simon Esmonde-Cleary, Lisa Fentress, Riccardo Francovich, Hugh Kennedy, Eduardo Manzano, Ulf Naăsman, Pierre Ouzoulias, Claude Raynaud, Peter Sarris, and Paul Van Ossel I must also here express my great debt to Rosamond McKitterick, Ghislaine Noye´, and Pierre Toubert, who invited me to teach in, respectively, the University of Cambridge (to give the 2003 Trevelyan Lectures), the E´cole des Chartes, and the Colle`ge de France; the lectures I gave there are all, in more or less revised form, in this book and I gained enormously from the conversations and library access—and the time to research and write—that I had both in Cambridge and in Paris I benefited from ideas and bibliographical or other help from, apart from those mentioned above, Stuart Airlie, Donald Bailey, Franc¸ois Baratte, Bernard Bavant, Andrea Berlin, Franc¸ois Bougard, Monique Bourin, Alan Bowman, Luis Caballero, Federico Cantini, Gill Clark, Simon Corcoran, Bill Day, Paolo Delogu, Archie Dunn, Santiago Feijoo, Laurent Feller, Rebecca Foote, Sauro Gelichi, Sharon Gerstel, Mary Harlow, Jill Harries, Catherine Hills, Richard Hodges, Sonja Jilek, Jeremy Johns, Olga Karagiorgiou, Sean Kingsley, Luke Lavan, Ste´phane Lebecq, Re´gine Le Jan, Wolf Liebeschuetz, Antonio Malpica, Cyril Mango, Alessandra Molinari, Jinty Nelson, Margaret O’Hea, Lauro Olmo, Helen Patterson, Walter Pohl, Andrew Poulter, Dominic Rathbone, Mark Redknap, Paul Reynolds, Charlotte Roueche, Riccardo Santangeli, Sven Schuătte, Chris Scull, Trish Skinner, Jean-Pierre Sodini, Fre´de´ric viii Acknowledgements Trement, Marco Valenti, Alan Walmsley, Mark Whyman, Ian Wood, and Enrico Zanini A particular thanks is owed to Sue Bowen, who has spent what amounts to years typing this book, and to Harry Buglass, who drew the maps The index was compiled by Alicia Correˆa Here the list is certainly incomplete, but can be added to with some of the more specific acknowledgements in footnotes; I am also very grateful to the wide range of people who sent me their books and articles, many unpublished, including doctoral theses; I could not have written this book without you I have tried to restrict this list to those who, knowingly or unknowingly, had a direct effect on the book; if I was to include the rest of the people with whom I have dealt fruitfully and intellectually since 1997, the list would be at least twice as long I must finally thank three institutions: the University of Birmingham Main Library, and the Ashmolean (now Sackler) Library in Oxford, where I did most of my research—I could not have written without the latter in particular; and the British Academy, whose granting of a Research Readership in 1997–9 enabled me to start this project in the first place This book is the (delayed) result of that Readership Birmingham April 2004 C.J.W Contents List of maps x Abbreviations xi Notes on terminology xiv Introduction Part I States Geography and politics 17 The form of the state 56 Part II Aristocratic power-structures Aristocracies 153 Managing the land 259 Political breakdown and state-building in the North 303 Part III Peasantries Peasants and local societies: case studies 383 Rural settlement and village societies 442 Peasant society and its problems 519 Part IV Networks 10 Cities 591 11 Systems of exchange 693 12 General conclusions 825 Bibliography 832 Primary sources 832 Secondary sources 845 Index 944 976 General index Panella, Clementina 693 Pankratios, Life of 655 n.151 Pannonia, Hungary 35, 78, 731 Panopolis (Shmin, Akhmı¯m), Egypt 142, 250, 422, 428, 610 Pantelleria, Italy 703 papacy 166, 208, 218, 257 Papas, pagarch of Apollonopolis Ano¯ (Edfu¯) 137–8, 251 paper, production of 700, 765 Papostolos, Constantine, Egyptian passport-holder 143 papyrus, production of 699, 700–1, 713, 761, 765 Parastaseis 129 n.184 , 235 Pardulf, ascetic in Aquitaine 177, 573 Paris, France 43–4 , 46, 75, 102–4 , 112–13, 176, 183–4 , 186, 188, 193, 196, 204 , 280, 282, 285–8, 292, 299, 307, 398–9, 401, 403, 409, 439, 478, 511–12, 560 n.77, 580, 607–8, 677–8, 680–1, 692, 756, 795, 797–800, 802, 804–5, see also St-Germain-des-Pre´s Parma, Italy 212, 487, 606 Parpalines, Spain 604 pars dominica, see demesne Parthenius of Clermont, Roman aristocrat 167–8, 170 pastoralism 537–8, 582, 698, 723–4 pate¯r te¯s poleo¯s, father of the city 597, 600, 627 Patermouthis of Syene (Aswa¯n), Egyptian notable 250, 610 Patiens, bishop of Lyon 103 Patlagean, E´velyne 446 Patrick, Roman writer 331 Patrikia, pagarch of Antaiopolis 249–50 patrocinium, see patronage patronage 71, 98–9, 391–2, 398–9, 412, 416–18, 426–7, 430–4 , 438–41, 454–5, 461, 464 , 519–20, 527–9, 532–3, 551, 567–9, 572–3, 576, 589, 601, 624–7, 637, 650, 658, 664, 669, 681, 689, 739, 763, 766, 830 Patterson, Orlando 260 Patti Marina, Italy 204 Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum 115–17, 120, 211–12, 551, 655 Paul, bishop of Me´rida 222, 407 Paul, Roman senator 162 Paul, Visigothic king 96, 98 Paulinus, bishop of Nola 164–5, 169, 171, 194 Paulinus of Pella, Roman aristocrat 161, 164 pauperes 574 , 575 Pavia, Italy 34, 106 n.128, 118, 120, 122, 165, 203, 210, 215–17, 487, 605, 650, 652, 655, 666, 672, 734 Peacock, David 704 , 727, 729, 732, 742, 750, 762, 764 , 797, 806, 823 peasant, definition of 386–7 peasant mode of production 304–5, 536–40, 541–50, 558, 561, 571, 575–8, 583, 585, 589, 700, 750, 824 peasant revolts 140–2, 147, 532, 578–88, 768, see also Bagaudae, Stellinga Pechina (Almerı´a), Spain 490, 660, 750 Pekte¯s, Egypt 252 Pekysios, Egyptian headman 423 n.100 Pelagia, aristocrat in Gaul 284 , 285–6, see also Aredius Pella (Tabaqat Fah.l), Jordan 29, 451, 592, 613, 616–18, 623–5, 688, 770 n.135, 771–4 , 778 Peloponnesos, Greece 630 n.94 , 786, 792 Pelousion (Tell al-Farama), Egypt 22, 460, 760 n.119 Pen˜a, Ted 722 Pen˜aflor, Spain 490, 493, 744 Pennyland, Buckinghamshire, England 503 Pentapolis, Italy 654 Pente Pediades, near Aphrodito¯, Egypt 139 n.213 pepper 733 n.80 Perche, France 402 n.42 perchement 485–6, 493, 516 General index Peredeus, bishop of Lucca 214 n.160, 295, 299, 387, 391, 395, 565, 569 Pergamon, see Bergama Permetaia, Galatia, Turkey 409 Persians 23–4 , 26–8, 30, 62, 78, 130–1, 240–1, 444 , 448, 620, 622, 624 , 627–9, 716–17, 725, 777 in Byzantium 234, 406, 785 in Egypt 249, 251 in Syria-Palestine 444, 448–9 Pescara, Italy 203, 645 Pesynthios, Egyptian headman 423 Peter, cleric from the Lucchesia 555 Peter, Frankish tenant 404 n.51 Peter, priest in Langres 172 n.49 Peter, son of Komes, lashane in Egypt 423 Peterborough, England 308 Petra, Jordan 26–7, 240, 455, 456, 613, 623 Petronia, wife of Felix III 160 Petronii, Roman senatorial family 159–60, 162 n.21 Petronius Maximus, emperor 157, 162 Petronius Probus, Roman senator 157–8, 160, 163 Petterios, pagarch of Arsinoeă 251 Pgol, deacon in Egypt 252 Philadelphia, see ‘Amma¯n Philaretos, Life of 234 Philip of Argyrion, Life of 788–9 Philippi, Greece 626, 640 Phocaea, Turkey 627, 632, 714–16, 760, 770, 781–5, 791, 815 Phocas, emperor 124, 652 Phoibammo¯n of Aphrodito¯, Egyptian peasant 416, 426, 558 Phokades, Byzantine aristocratic family 237 Phrygia, Turkey 164 Piacenza, Italy 117, 212, 240 n.213, 297, 581, 734 Picardy, France 42, 504–5, 508, 571, 797–8 Picts 52 Piemonte, Italy 731 977 pietra ollare, soapstone containers 702, 732, 734 Pietri, Luce 173 pilgrimages, pilgrims 630, 633, 675, 680 Pinh.as, notable in Palestine 455 Pincerais, France 401 Pincevent (Seine-et-Marne), France 505 Pinianus, Roman aristocrat 162–3, 277, see also Melania Pippin I, Carolingian king of Aquitaine 580 Pippin II, Frankish mayor of the palace 46, 104 , 105 n.123, 190, 687 Pippin III, Carolingian king 46, 402 Pippinids, Frankish aristocratic family 104, 105 n.123, 190–3, 198, 607–8, 680, 800 n.183 Pirenne, Henri 1, , 687–8, 700–1, 800, 821–2 Pirling, Renate 182 Pisa, Italy 9, 217, 295, 387, 565, 605–6, 645, 649–50, 674 , 735 Pisidia, Turkey 232, 411, 532 n.30, 784 Piso˜es, Portugal 478 n.99 Pistoia, Italy 215, 605 Pithou, France 288 Pıˆtres, Edict of 301 Pla de Nadal, near Valencia, Spain 478, 660, 755 Placidina, Roman aristocrat 171, see Leontius II placitum, assembly 574, 579, 581, 585 n.128 plagues 457, 461, 548–9, 558, 679 Plassac, France 174 Plato¯n, pagarch of Latopolis 138 plebs Aunonensis, Spain 756 Plectrudis, Frankish aristocrat 46, 190 Pliny the Younger, Roman writer 525 Po, River 33–5, 78, 115, 118, 204 , 209, 215, 218, 278, 293, 297, 480 n.105, 582, 690, 732, 734 , 738 Poggibonsi, Italy 484, 546, 735 Pohl, Walter 116 Poitiers, France 107, 110–12, 599, 600, 606, 667 978 General index Poitou, France 109, 174 , 181, 188, 289 n.65, 747, 748, 758, 795 Poland 292 Polanyi, Karl 694 , 695 polis 593–4 , 602, 618, 633 politeuomenoi, see bouleutai polyptychs, estate surveys 115 n.148, 288 n.62, 290–3, 295, 299, 399, 401, 550, 562 n.81, see also Bobbio, St-Germain-des-Pre´s, S Giulia di Brescia Pomaria (Tlemcen), Algeria 336 Pontavert (Aisne), France 505 Ponte Nepesino, Italy 484 Pontius Leontius, Roman aristocrat 171 Pontoise, France 399 Pontos, Turkey 462 population density, in urban centres 309, 458, 508, 593, 595, 611–12, 627, 633, 641–2, 649–50, 652–53, 657–9, 661, 666, 674 , 680–1, 688, 713, 723, 769, 797, see also demography Porchester, England 809 Porto Cheli, Greece 781 ports 667, 681, 684 , 686–7, 711, 733, 738, 750, 788, 800, 803, 808–9, 817–18 Portugal n.5, 37, 220, 663 post-hole buildings 476, 496, 500, 502–5, 506 n.169, 510, 683 potentes, in Francia 182 potlatch 340, 368 Poto, Italian aristocrat 218 n.170 potters and pottery, see amphorae, ceramics Poukhis, Egypt 72 Poundbury, Dorset, England 308, 328 n.63 Pousire (Busiris, Abu¯ S.ı¯r Bana¯), Egypt 138 Power, Eileen 405 Powys, Wales, 326 pozzi di deposito, in Emilia 480 Praeiectus, bishop of Clermont 197, 606–7 praetor 157–8 Prato, Italy 592 Pratola Serra, Italy 737 n.88 prebendarii 300–1 precariae, Frankish leases 395, 401, 526–7 n.17 preceptum 582 Pre´cy-sur-Oise, France 607 priores loci, of Spain 567 Priscus, Jewish merchant in Gaul 799, 800 Prittlewell, Essex 341 private housing, in urban centres 609–11, 613–15, 617, 622, 638, 647–50, 654 , 658, 661, 669 proasteia, estate-centres 460 Probus, son of Olympius, Roman senator 162 proceres, aristocrats 153 processions 431, 619, 653, 662, 675, 679–80 proconsul, of Africa 158 Proconsularis, Tunisia 17–21, 76, 87, 90, 125, 163, 338, 524 , 635, 712, 720 n.50, 726–7 procurator 89, 637, 684 Prokopios of Caesarea, Roman writer 20, 41, 80, 87, 90, 92, 99, 165, 240, 335, 456, 548, 573, 783 Prokopios of Gaza, Roman writer 622, 637 pronoia 85 prostasia, patronage 527 pro¯teuontes, leading men 597–8, 637 protiktores, of Anatolia 411, 599 pro¯topresbyteroi, of Galatia 567 Prousa (Bursa), Turkey 629 Provence, France 103, 165, 169, 170–1, 173 n.51, 186, 190, 195, 209, 485, 489, 710, 712, 736, 746–7 Pseira, Crete, Greece 782, 787 Psimanobet of Aphrodito¯, Egyptian notable 253 n.253, 412–15, 417, 419, 423 Psmo, son of Komes, Egyptian headman 422 Puglia, Italy 33, 67–8, 76, 204 , 470, 482, 737 n.89, 792 Puig Rom, Spain 479, 488, 749 Pulcheria, Roman empress 154 n.4 General index Pupput, see Hammamet Purcell, Nicholas 447 Pyrenees n.5, 37, 38, 43, 223, 227, 229, 489, 494 , 567–8, 698, 741 Pyrrus, tribunus 270 Qa‘lat Sim‘a¯n, Syria 444 Qinnasrı¯n (Chalkis), Syria 449, 779–80 Qu’ra¯n 357 Qu¯.s, Egypt 765 qus.u¯r, fortifications 451, 603 quaestor 157 quaestura exercitus 78 quasi-citta`, in Italy 592 Quentovic (Montreuil), France 681–2, 687, 803 querns/quernstones 682, 685, 687, 702, 802, 811 Querolus, Roman comic figure 177, 530–1, 573 Quierzy, France 399 Quintianus, bishop of Clermont 679 qura¯ (Spanish alquerı´as), villages in Arab Spain 491–2 Qurra ibn Sharı¯k, governor of Egypt 134–7, 139–40, 142–4 , 246, 769 Rabat, Morocco 18 Ramesses III, Egyptian pharaoh 419, 420 Ramla, Israel 618, 779–80 Ramsbury, England 810 Randsborg, Klavs, 368 Randuic, Frankish tenant 404 Raqqa, Syria 450, 618, 621, 689 Raqqada, Tunisia 639, 689 Ratchis, Lombard king 214 n.160 Rathbone, Dominic 243, 274 Rauching, Frankish duke 573, 679 Raunds, Northamptonshire, England 348 Ravenna, Italy 34–6, 64 , 66, 86, 110, 115–16, 129, 165, 203–4 , 206–9, 270, 278, 470, 599, 602, 605, 645, 647, 649–50, 652–4 , 672, 732 al-Ra¯zı¯, Arab writer 100, 101 Rebais, France 193 979 Reccared, Visigothic king 38, 94 Reccesuinth, Visigothic king 39, 95, 223 reciprocity, see gift-exchange Reco´polis, Spain 592, 662, 743, 746 Red Sea 26, 132, 450, 623, 775 Redon, France 199, 576 referendarius 107 Reggio Emilia, Italy 203, see also S Tommaso re´gime domanial classique 280, 284 , 288–90, 292–3, 296, 575, see also manorial system, sistema curtense Rehovot, Israel 453 Reihengraăberfelder 182 Reims, France 43, 75, 112, 124 , 180–1, 187–8, 193, 195, 285, 555 n 66, 607–8, 677, 679, 799 Remigius, bishop of Reims 180–1, 184 , 210, 223, 285, 310, 564 Re´mondon, Roger 138 Renaissance 36, 644 Rendakioi, Byzantine aristocratic family 236 Rendlesham, Suffolk, England 503, 809 Rentenlandschaften 291 Reynolds, Paul 489 Rhaetia, Switzerland 200, 599 n.12 Rheinzabern, France 794 Rhine, River, Rhineland n.5, 41–6, 74–5, 77, 79, 102–3, 113, 124 , 171, 179, 182, 185–6, 192–3, 200, 243–4 , 256, 280–1, 285, 286 n.56, 288, 290, 308, 324 , 331, 332 n.72, 333, 385–6, 391, 393–9, 400–1, 418, 434–7, 440, 476, 496, 499, 501, 505, 509–12, 540 n.40, 547, 567, 569, 575, 608–9, 674 , 678, 681–3, 685, 689, 709, 741, 794–8, 800–5, 813, 816–18, 822–3, 826 Rhodes, Greece 246, 714 n.40, 783 Rhodian sea law 463, 788 Rhoˆne, River 41, 43–4 , 46, 77, 103, 111, 119, 169–71, 173, 182, 186, 195 n.109, 469, 471, 666, 689, 732, 747, 758, 794 , 798, 800 Rhuulfr, Danish aristocrat 374 980 General index Ribe, Denmark 54 , 366, 367, 370–2, 592, 682–4 , 686, 689, 697, 816–17 Riccimir, bishop of Dumio 221, 223 Riccimir, illustris vir of Bierzo 604 Richer, abbot of Centula 568 Rieti, Italy 120 n.161, 217, 605, 652 Rietino, Italy 296, 555 Rift Valley 26 Rigny (Indre-et-Loire), France 506 n.171 Rihbald, Rhineland landowner 288, 289 n.62 Rimbert, Vita Anskarii 366–7, 688 Rimini, Italy 209, 213, 605, 648 Rimoald, Dorestad moneyer 681 ringforts 354 , 355 n.122, 361, 363, 379 Ringtved, Jytte 368, 370 Riothamus, Roman general 169, 330 Ripoll, Gisela 745 Ripwin of Bensheim, Rhineland landowner 397–8, 436, 568 Risorgimento 36 Rivenhall, Essex, England 307 n.5, 311 n.19 road-building 430, 566, 574 , 598, 802 Roblin, Maurice 402 Roc de Pampelune, France 479 Rochester, England 686 Roderic, Visigothic king 39 Rodez, France 667 Rodziewicz, Mieczysław 759, 761 rogations 679 Romagna, Italy 297 n.81, 734 Roman empire 2–5, 10–14 , 26–33, 55–9, 62–80, 82, 84 , 86–8, 90–3, 138, 146–7, 149, 153–4 , 155–68, 175, 203, 220, 255, 286, 288, 318, 324 , 326, 332, 364 , 369, 434 , 464–70, 470, 500, 507–10, 514 , 517, 519–20, 525–6, 528, 531, 547–8, 584 , 603–4 , 619–20, 625, 634 , 636, 648–50, 698, 701, 703, 706–9, 719–20, 752, 754 , 758, 768, 776, 779–80, 784 , 794 , 801, 817, 820–2, 826–31 in Africa 86–7, 90, 334–5, 641–2, 696, 703, 712 in Britain 11, 47–8, 79, 155, 163, 303, 325–6, 686, 806, 814 in Egypt 138, 459, 611, 765–6, 769 in Gaul 43, 45, 509–10, 575, 758, 797 in Italy 92–3, 204 , 696, 729 in Spain 38, 40, 489, 663, 748, 752 in Syria/Palestine 452, 777, 613, 619 Roman law 521–5, 559, 580 n.117, 583 Romance, language 37 romanitas 83 Romano-Germanic kingdoms 12–13, 85–6, 120–2, 140, 146, 148, 164 , 174 , 178, 231, 256, 306, 517, 525, 529, 545–6, 554 , 586, 751, 827–8, see also Germanic kingdoms Ro¯manos, landowner in Palestine 276 Rome, Italy 10, 20, 33–5, 37, 50, 53, 72, 76, 78, 84 , 86–8, 92, 102, 115, 124–6, 149, 155–67, 174–5, 203–8, 255, 296, 305, 482–3, 543, 577, 592–4 , 605, 617, 645, 648–55, 674 , 679, 701, 702 n.16, 708–12, 714 , 717–18, 723, 729–32, 735–6, 737–8, 741, 761, 772, 777, 783, 785, 789, 794 Romsey, England 810 Romulf, bishop of Reims 176, 181, 188 Roăsener, Werner 289 Roses, Spain 658 Rosignano, Italy 295, 299 Rossiter, John 462 Rostovtseff, Mikhail 700 Rothari, Lombard king, 35, 117, 119, 211, 487, 526 n.16, 551 n.55, 552 n.57, 553 n.61, 554 , 556, 560, 563, 573, 582 Rotpert, vir magnificus of Agrate 214 , 605 Rotterdam, Netherlands 683 Rouche, Michel 43, 177, 188 Rouen, France 399, 687, 801 Rougga (Bararus), Tunisia 637–9, 727 Rufii Festi, Roman senatorial family 159, 205 Ruhalt, Danish aristocrat 374 Ruin, The 655 General index Runciman, W G 57 runes 53, 374 Rupert, Frankish count 396 Rupertiner/Robertines, Frankish aristocratic family 192, 393–5, 397 rural-based aristocrats 602–8, 633, 635–6, 643, 648, 655, 668, 680 Ruricii, Roman aristocratic family 171 Ruricius, bishop of Limoges 170–1 Rus a¯fa (Sergiopolis), Syria 613, 618, 621, 772, 775 Russia 147 Russian Revolution 12 rustici/rusticani, peasants 530–1, 558, 566, see also peasants Rusticiana, mother-in-law to Apion III 165 n.29, 206 Rutilius Namatianus, Roman senator 530, 531 n.25 Sabaria, Spain 94 Sabbioneta (Mantua), Italy 605 Sabina, Italy 204 n.132, 293, 296, 298, 434 , 487 n.126, 573, 606 Sabra al-Mansu¯riyya, Tunisia 639 Sagalassos, Turkey 626–7, 715, 784–5 Sagogn, Switzerland 501 Sahal, pagarch of Armant 253 n.254 Sahara n.5, 17, 18, 26 Sahlins, Marshall 536, 537, 694 St-Benoit-sur-Loire, see Fleury St-Be´nigne, Dijon, France 579 St-Bertin (St-Omer), France 186, 400 St-Bertrand-de-Comminges, France 667 St-Blaise, France 469, 471, 479, 712 St-Denis, France 109–10, 112, 186–7, 193, 286, 399, 400–1, 403, 580, 677–8, 799, 800–1 St-Gallen, Switzerland 186, 287 n.59, 501, 580 St-Germain-des-Pre´s, Paris, France 115 n.148, 244 , 278, 286, 288, 295, 299, 399, 401–2, 404–6, 507, 509, 511, 550–1, 555 n.66, 560–61, 563 n.83, 565, 687 St-Martin, Tours, France 108 n.131, 109, 110, 114 , 191 n.100, 506 n.171, 675 981 St Neots, England 812 St-Ouen-du-Breuil, near Rouen, France 505 n.167 St-Re´my-la-Varenne, France 174 St-Riquier (Centula), France 687 St-Wandrille, France 687 Saintes, France 186 Salamanca, Spain 223, 224 , 491, 493, 663 Salernitano, Italy 737 n.88 Salerno, Italy 736, 738 Sallust, Roman writer 159 Sallustios, notable in Scythopolis 615 Salobren˜a, Spain 481, 490 salt 348, 700 n.11, 701 n.14 , 733, 799, 800 n.182, 814 Salvian of Marseille 8, 9, 62–4 , 86, 199, 528, 530, 532, 573 Salvius, African landowner 524–5 Samaria, Palestine 27, 451 n.26, 452, 530 n.23 Samarra¯’, Iraq 619 Sammac, Roman aristocrat 334–5 Samosata (Samsat), Turkey 450, 770 Samsø, Denmark 366 Samson, Welsh/Breton monastic founder 326 Samuel, Egyptian landowning soldier 416, 558 Samuel, kyrios of Gaza 241 S Antonino di Perti, Liguria, Italy 712, 781 S Cornelia, Italy 483 S Giacinto, Sabina, Italy 582 S Giovanni di Ruoti, Italy 204–5, 649 n.138, 710 n.30 S Gimignano, Italy 592 S Giulia/Salvatore di Brescia, Italy 293–4 , 298–300, 648, 650 S Lucı´a del Trampal (Ca´ceres), Spain 743 S Maria Alteserra, Italy 392 S Tommaso di Reggio, Italy 267 n.12 , 300 S Vincenzo al Volturno, Italy 217–18, 296 , 392 , 483, 583, 606 , 651, 711 n.33, 736–8, 740 982 General index Sa´nchez-Albornoz, Claudio , 40, 99, 230, 491 Sandos, Turkey 408–9 Sannerville, France 506 Saoˆne, River 44, 46 , 111, 171–2 , 290, 666 , 799, 800 S.aqqa¯ra, Egypt 609, 610, 611 n.43, 763 Sarapammo¯n, Egyptian notable 417 Sardinia, Italy 33, 69, 76 , 87, 89 n.88, 166 , 276 Sardis, Turkey 626–9, 634 , 782–4 Sarre, England 808 Sarris, Peter 247, 274 Sassanians, see Persia Saulieu, France 285 Sauvaget, Jean 618 Savona, Italy 645 Sawı¯rus ibn al-Muqaffa‘ 140, 142 , 143 Saxony, Germany 5, 53, 290, 376 , 377, 498–500, 578, 585–9, 8056 , 817 Sbeătla (Sufetula), Tunisia 635, 63740, 643, 654 , 720, 726–7 Scandinavia 5, 53, 54 , 277, 439, 537, 543, 544 , 678, 681, 695, 801–2 , 818, see also Denmark Scarborough, England 47 Scarlino, Italy 485 Scauriniacum, France 284 Sce´la Mucce meic Datho´ 357 n.130 Scheldt, River 681, 796 Schiller, Arthur 420, 424 Schlesinger, Walter 185 Schleswig, Germany 53 Schwind, Fred 517 Scolastica, Italian peasant 560 Scotland n.6 , 47, 51, 52 Scott, James 440 Scythia, Romania 78 Scythopolis (Bet She’an), Israel 613–18, 623–4 , 637, 771 seals, Byzantine 127 Secqueval, France 404 Secundus of Non, Italian writer 116 Segermes, Tunisia 721, 724 di Segni, Leah 624 seigneurie banale 572 , 830 Seine, River 43, 103, 171, 181, 185, 187–8, 191, 215, 256 , 280–2 , 286 , 290, 398, 401–2 , 404 , 476 , 510–12 , 531, 579–80, 585, 589, 608, 681, 684 , 741, 798, 800–3, 818, 822 Selsey, England 323 Senator, Italian aristocrat 210, 211 Senigallia, Italy 209, 240, 605, 654 Sens, France 111, 288 Septem (Ceuta), Spain/Morocco 335 Septimania, see Languedoc Sergiopolis, see Rus a¯fa Sergios, priest of Nessana 454 Sergios/Sarju¯n b Mans u¯r, administrator in Damascus 241 Serjilla, Syria 447, 455–6 , 603 Serris (Seine-et-Marne), France 505–7 Servon (Seine-et-Marne), France 476 , 483 Seti I, Egyptian pharaoh 421 Se´tif, Algeria 721 Severn, River 47, 327 Se´viac, France 174 Seville, Spain 37, 94 , 226 , 490, 604 , 660–2 , 744–5, 754 Sfax, Tunisia 726 Shenoute, Egyptian headman 423–4 , 427 n.107 shipping 701, 709–11, 718, 722 , 734 , 768, 774 n.145, 783–4 , 788–9 Shmin, see Panopolis Shmoun, see Hermopolis shoes 816 n.210 Sichar, Frankish aristocrat 178, 511–12 Sichild, Merovingian queen 187 Sicily, Italy 30, 33–5, 76 , 78, 81, 87, 124–7, 163–4 , 166 , 204–6 , 208, 244 , 262 , 266 , 270–2 , 278, 279 n.42 , 297, 470, 475, 478, 654 , 708–10, 712 , 716 , 729–30, 736–41, 759, 788–9, 792 Sicorius, Spanish aristocrat 223 Side, Turkey 626–7, 629 Sidi Jdidi, Tunisia 727 Sidi Khalifa (Pheradi Maius), Tunisia 720–1, 724 , 727 Sidi Marzouk Tounsi, Tunisia 720–2 General index Sidonius Apollinaris, Roman writer 80 , 86 , 95, 155 n.5, 160–1, 169 n.40, 170, 174 , 193 n.103, 194 , 199, 201, 268, 270, 467–8, 472 , 598, 602 , 655 Siena, Italy 118, 212 , 392–3, 484 , 546 , 605, 645, 647, 650, 734–5 Sigerad, Italian landowner 560 Sigfrid, Danish king 54n.73, 365 Siggo, Rhineland landowner 397 n.33 Sigibert I, Merovingian king 173 sigma, home of the city council of Scythopolis 615 Sijpesteijn, Peter 251 Sı´l nA´edo Sla´ne, Irish people 52 Silchester, England 686 n.204 silk 696 n.8, 697, 701, 788 Silly-le-Long, France 400–1 Silo, king of the Asturias 219 n.173 Silvanos, notable in Scythopolis, 615 silver 734, 742 n.95, 808, 815 n.209, 817 silvo-pastoral economy 584, 698 Simeon the Stylite, Syrian ascetic 444 , 455 Sims-Williams, Patrick 328 Sioout, see Asyu¯t Sioussac, France 284 Sipha (C ¸ emkale), Turkey 410 n.67 Sirks, Boudewijn 87 Sirmione, Italy 215, 605 sistema curtense 293–301, see also manorial system, re´gime domanial classique Sjælland, Denmark 53–4 , 367, 369–70, 372 , 374 , 497, 817 Ska˚ne, Sweden 53, 365, 369 Skle¯roi, Byzantine aristocratic family 237 slaves 141, 259–63, 263–5, 272 , 276–8, 279, 281–3, 285, 296 , 300–1, 323, 356 , 435, 543–4 , 560, 687, 691, 697 n.8, 701 n.14 , 788, 799 n.181, 800, 808 Slavs 5, 30, 129, 377, 463, 601, 628, 630, 786–7 Smith, Carol 809 983 Smyrna (Izmir), Turkey 238, 626 , 628, 630, 632–3, 714 , 781, 788, 792 soap 734 Sobata (Shivta), Israel 453, 455 Soissons, France 102 , 169, 186 , 679 Somerset, England 327, 815 Sorte Muld, Bornholm, Denmark 369, 816 sortes (land-shares) 90 Sousanna, mother of Germanos, Egyptian notable 425 Sousse, Tunisia 639 South Etruria Survey 482, 495 Southampton, see Hamwic Soviet Union 10, 571, 588 Spain , 5, 7, 10, 11, 17, 20–21, 30, 34 , 37–41, 43–5, 47, 49, 51, 64–5, 69, 70, 74 , 77, 79, 81, 87, 93–102, 110, 113, 117, 120–1, 128, 146 , 149–50, 159, 163–4 , 168, 193, 201, 219–32, 244 , 254 , 258, 352 , 470, 473, 475, 478–9, 481, 486 , 488–95, 508, 515, 517, 526 , 530, 533–4 , 540, 546 , 553–4 , 561 n.78, 564 , 567–8, 570, 572 , 577–8, 584 , 592 , 595, 608, 636 , 642 , 645, 656–65, 667–9, 671–2 , 706 , 710–11, 713, 719, 722–3, 725, 741–58, 761, 772 , 776 , 778–80, 784 , 787, 792–4 , 797, 819–20, 823, 826–8, see also Arab Spain, Byzantine empire, Carolingians, Iberian peninsula, Ostrogoths, Roman empire, Visigoths, Vandals Sparta, Greece 786–7 Speyer, Germany 393, 395, 501, 510 n.178 Spice Islands 696 spices 696, 701 Spoleto, Italy 1, 35, 118, 120–1, 192 , 203–4 , 217, 296 , 487 n.126 , 583, 605, 650 Spong Hill, Norfolk, England 311, 806 Squillace, Italy 206, 645, 737 n.89 Staffelsee, Germany 288, 300–1 Staffordshire, England 814 n.208 Stalin 302 Stamford, England 812 984 General index Stanhamstead, England 321 state, definitions of 57–9, 303–4 Stavad, Jutland, Denmark 497, 816 Stavelot-Malmedy, Belgium 186 Stavile of Sabbioneta, Italian landowner 605 steatite bowls 775 Stein, Ernst 156 Steleco, Roman aristocrat 478 n.97 Stellinga, revolt of 578, 586–8 Stentinget, Jutland, Denmark 369 Stenton, Frank 4, 49, 320, 322 Stephanus, Life of Wilfrid 323 Stephen III, pope 208 n.143 Stevns, Sjælland, Denmark 54, 367, 369, 817 Stoke Prior, England 315, 318 stonework 700, 763 stormandsga˚rder, Danish magnate farms 370, 498 Strategios II, Roman aristocrat from the Apion family 248 Strathearn, Marilyn 694 Suavegotha, Merovingian queen 181 n.77 Suevi, Germanic people 38, 94, 184 n.85, 531, 532 n.29, 661, 664 , 745 Suffolk, England 503, 807 sugar production 302 Suidberht, missionary bishop 684 Sullecthum (Salakta) 89 Sulpicius Severus, Roman writer 108 Sumaqa, Israel 771 n.138 Sunderad, Italian aristocrat 387 su¯qs, monumental markets in SyriaPalestine 616, 618–19, 623 Surrey, England 325, 332 Susa, Italy 607 Sussex, England 313, 323, 332 , 344 , 428 n.112 Suti, Danish carver 375 Sutton Hoo, Suffolk, England 320, 341, 812 Sweden 53, 365–6 , 367, 373, 377, 499, 681, 685, 816 Switzerland 42 , 393, 501, 795 Syagrius, Roman general 169 Sye¯ne¯ (modern Aswa¯n), Egypt 610, see also Aswa¯n Sykeo¯n, Turkey 233, 406–7 Symmachi, Roman senatorial family 159 Symmachus, Roman senator 68, 158, 162–63, 205 synagogues 452 , 678 Synesios, bishop of Cyrene 333 Synod of Frankfurt 702 n.16 syntelestai, Roman taxpayers 417 n.85 Syracuse, Italy 208 n.143, 738, 792 Syria 5, 12 , 14 , 18, 19, 26–9, 30, 32–3, 272 , 276 n.35, 76 , 78–9, 92 , 101, 125, 130–3, 143, 147, 149, 168, 240–2, 244 , 254–5, 301, 406–7, 411, 417 n.85, 443–59, 460, 462 , 472 , 514–15, 527, 535, 548 n.48, 549–50, 552 , 592 , 595, 601, 603, 606 , 608–9, 613–26, 627–8, 631–6 , 638, 643–4 , 651, 668, 678, 688, 699, 714–16 , 718, 770–80, 792–3, 799 n.181, 804 , 819, 822 , 827, see also Arabs, Palestine, Roman empire Syriac, language 28 Tabacco, Giovanni 211 al-T abarı¯, Arab historian 28 taberniae, shops in Paris 677 Tablettes Albertini 20, 266 n.10, 270, 471, 637, 722 tagmata, part of Byzantine army 31 Taido of Bergamo, Italian aristocrat 214 n.160, 215 Taı´n Bo´ Cu´ailnge 356 Tajo, River 220, 742 Taneldis of Cicilianus, Italian notable 555–6 Tanger, Morocco 17, 18 Tapia, Egyptian landowner 610 Tara, Ireland 52 Tara Brooch 356 Tarasios, patriarch of Constantinople 234 Tarazona, Spain 531 Tarn, River 607 Tarraconensis, Spain 94 , 96 General index Tarragona, Spain 94 , 656–9, 664–6 , 689, 742 Taso, centinarius 294 Tassilo, Italian landowner 216 Tate, Georges 443–9, 455 Taureana, Italy 655 n.151 Taurus mountains 26 , 30 Taut, Egypt 423 taxation, definition of 57–8, 60, 70 Taylor, Christopher 517 Tchalenko, Georges 444–7 Teaching of Jacob 725, 783 Tebe´ssa, Algeria 266 Tebtynis, Egypt 610, 611 n.43 Teilreich, Frankish kingdom 45, 118 Tel Jezreel, Israel 452 Tell al-Fadda, Egypt 460 Tello, bishop of Chur 501 Telmissos (Fethiye), Turkey 460 Tertry, battle of, France 46 Teuspert, Italian notable 217 n.168 textiles 765, 822 , see also cloth Thagaste (Souk Ahras), Algeria 163 Thames, River 345, 510, 810, 822–3 Thanet, Kent, England 809 Thebaid, Egypt 74 , 137–8, 248, 250, 413, 415–17, 422 , 600 n.14 Thebes (al-Uqsur/Luxor), Egypt 24 , 134 , 140, 419, 421, 763 thegnas, Anglo-Saxon aristocrats 374 , 432 , 566 Thekla of Apollo¯nopolis, Egyptian notable 250, 251 themes 236 , 631, 633, 827 Theodahad, Ostrogothic king 573 Theoderic II, Visigothic king 80, 166 Theoderic Strabo, Roman general 30 Theoderic the Amal, Ostrogothic king 30, 34 , 36 , 45, 80, 92 , 166 , 205, 647 Theodora, empress 154 n.4 , 412 , 413 Theodorakios, pagarch of Herakleopolis 251 Theodore of Stoudios, Byzantine writer 234 Theodore of Sykeo¯n, ascetic in Anatolia 8, 233, 276 n.34 , 324 , 985 386 , 406–11, 439, 461, 464 , 514 , 568 Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury 315 Theodore the Recruit, Miracles of 630 Theodore, politeuomenos of Arsinoeă 600 n.14 Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus 27, 240, 447, 455–6 , 461, 514 Theodoros, Apion official 246 Theodosioupolis, Egypt 248 Theodosius I, emperor 220, 521, 523, 525 Theodosius megaloprepestatos, Egyptian aristocrat 72 Theodota of Pavia, Italian aristocrat 210 Theodotos, Byzantine state treasurer 236 Theophanes, Byzantine writer, 127, 128 n.180, 234 , 236 , 241, 630 Thessaloniki, Greece 31, 129, 238, 599, 601, 626 , 631, 633–4 , 781, 788 Thessaly, Greece 788 Thetford, England 812 Theudebert I, Merovingian king 167, 799 Theudemir, Spanish aristocrat 96 n.104 , 219 n.173, 754 Theuderic I, Merovingian king 679 Theuderic III, Merovingian king 105 n.123 Theudis, Visigothic king 99, 221 n.176 Theuws, Frans 576 Thiais, France 400 thing, Scandinavian assembly 367, 431 thingmenn, in Scandinavia 373 Thogonoetum, Algeria 473 Thomas, Syrian landowner 455 Thrace, Greece/Turkey 29, 31, 126 , 164 , 232 , 792 Thrasamund, Vandal king 80, 166 Thrudpert of the Breisgau, ascetic 580 Thuburbo Maius, Tunisia 635, 637–9 Thucydides, Greek writer 159 Thugga, see Dougga Thurgau, Switzerland 287 n.59 986 General index Thuringia, Germany 45–6 , 198 Tiber, River 582, 735 Tiberias, Israel 130, 614 , 616 , 618, 623–5, 774–5, 778–9 Tidenham, England 330 n.69 Tigris, River 28, 131 Till, Walter 420 timar, Ottoman tax unit 85 timber 818 Timgad, Algeria 635, 637, 643 Timothy of Eukraoi, landowner in Galatia 409–10 Tingitana, Morocco 18, 335–7 Tinnı¯s, Egypt 765 Tipperary, Ireland 360 Tissø, Denmark 371 n.158 Tits-Dieuaide, Marie-Jeanne 281, 282 , 283 To¯d, Egypt 763 Toledo, Spain 38–9, 94–6 , 98, 104 , 118, 122 , 221–3, 225, 491, 604 , 662 , 663, 672 , 743, 746 , 751–2 , 756 councils of 38, 221 tolls 344 Tongeren, Belgium 680 Torcello, Italy 690 Torre A´guila, Spain 478 n.99 Totila, Ostrogothic king 206 Toto of Campione, Italian landowner 606 Toto, dux of Nepi 209 n.147 Toubert, Pierre 289, 296 Toulouse, France 44 , 283, 469, 607, 667, 746–7 Touraine, France 109 Tours, France 106–10, 116 , 171–4 , 178, 268, 506 n.171, 512 , 644 , 674–5, 677, 679–80, 685, 795, 799, see also St-Martin town, see city Trabzon (Trapezus), Turkey 238, 626 , 633 Trajan, emperor 132, 135 Trebur, Germany 393 Treis Pediades, near Aphrodito¯, Egypt 253 Trent, battle of, England 343 Trento, Italy 85, 573 Tresson, France 282 Treviso, Italy 120 Tribal Hidage 313, 325 tribal societies 40, 41, 305–6, 313, 322 , 540–1, 545, 572 , 578, 583–5, 695, 707, 756–7, 797, 814 , 817–18, 821 tribute system 70, 321–3, 695 tributum/census 7, 107–8, 112 , 115–116 Trier, Germany 44–5, 75, 77, 102–3, 160, 168–70, 184 , 189–90, 197, 285, 403, 466 , 476 , 509, 607–8, 676–7, 679, 795, 799 Trinitapoli, Italy 67–8, 70 Tripoli (Tara¯bulus), Lebanon 241 Tripolitania, Libya n.5, 18, 21, 333, 334 n.76 , 334 , 336–7, 465, 466 n.67, 635, 721 Trombley, Frank 630 Troyes, France 103 trustes/vassi, armed retainers in Francia 569 Tshenoute, daughter of Epiphanios, Egyptian notable 424 tu´ath, Irish people 51–2 , 357–62 Tudela, Spain 226 Tudmı¯r, Spain 96 n.104 Tuletianos, fundus, Tunisia 270, 273–4 , 471 Tullianus, Roman aristocrat 206 , 220 T u¯lu¯nids, ruling family in Egypt 25 Tunis, Tunisia 21, 641, 690, 720 Tunisia 17–21, 76 , 87, 90, 125, 207 n.141, 266 , 270, 338, 469, 470, 471, 549, 635–6 , 639, 642 , 688, 699, 712 , 720–4 , 726–8, 769, 820 turf houses 499 n.149 T urı¯n, Syria 448 Turkey 3, 26 , 31–2 , 78, 239, 407, 626 , 632 , 714 , 780–3, 787–8, 792 Tuscany, Italy 9, 33, 35, 118, 204 , 212 , 215–16 , 243, 281, 293–4 , 296 , 300 n.86 , 387, 441, 482 , 484 , 486–7, 491, 561, 562 n.81, 573, 606 , 654 , 734–5 Tyne, River 810 Tyre, Lebanon 614 General index Tyrone, Ireland 52 , 360 Tyrrhenian Sea 730, 738, 788–9 ‘Ubayd Alla¯h, tax official in Egypt 140, 142 n.219 Uchi Maius, Tunisia 635, 637, 639, 727 Uı´ Chennselaig, Irish people 305 Uı´ Ne´ill, Irish royal family 52, 357 Ulmschneider, Katharina 809 Ulster, Ireland 52 , 354 ‘Umar I, caliph 91–2 , 130 ‘Umar II, caliph 254 n.154 ‘Umar ibn H afs u¯n, Spanish aristocrat 226 , 494 , 605 Umayyads, Ummayad caliphate 24 , 26 , 28–9, 60, 100–1, 128, 131–3, 137–8, 140–4 , 146–7, 149, 241–2 , 301–2 , 451, 453–5, 458, 491, 495, 577, 603–4 , 613, 615–19, 621–3, 625, 628, 633, 641, 673, 716 , 754 , 757, 770, 774–5, 777–80, 792 , 794 , 827–8 Umm al-Jimal, Jordan 450 Umm al-Rasas, Jordan 451 UNESCO 640 United States 147, 260 Uppa˚kra, Sweden 369 Upper Zohar, Israel 771 Uracius, Frankish tenant 284 Uraicecht Becc 359–60 urbanism, see city al-Urdunn, Arab province 779 Urgell, Spain 229 Ursio of the Woeăvre, Frankish aristocrat 183, 607 Utrecht, Netherlands 687 Uzappa, Tunisia 163 Uze`s, France 747 Vaccoli, Italy 390 Val d’Ambra, Italy 392, 393 n.20 Val d’Oise, France 193 Valdelsa, Italy 484, 546 , 735 Valencia, Spain 30, 37, 229, 478, 492 , 656–60, 663, 749, 755 Valens, emperor 126 Valenti, Marco 484 Valentinian I, emperor 67 987 Valentinian III, emperor 63, 88 Valerii, Roman senatorial family 162 Valerius of Bierzo, Spanish ascetic 223 Valle Trita, Italy 296, 583, 584–5, 587, 589 Van Dam, Raymond 531 Van Ossel, Paul 476 Vandals, Germanic people 19, 20, 23, 30, 37, 69, 76 , 80–1, 87–92 , 97, 106 , 121, 124 , 131, 566 , 636 , 718, 730 in Africa 84 , 86–8, 121, 124 , 163, 204 , 207 n.141, 335, 636 , 640–4 , 711–12 , 721–3, 739 in Spain 38, 665, 745 Varsi, Italy 487, 606 vassi, see trustes Vaunage, France 469 vega, irrigated land in Spain 490 veizla, in Scandinavia 376 n.167 Velay, France 174 Veleia, Italy 471, 487 n.126 , 488 Venantius Fortunatus, Roman writer 80, 159, 171, 175, 182 , 194 Venice, Italy 35, 203, 237, 645, 690–2 , 697, 707, 733, 738, 792 n.171, 818 Vera, Domenico 269, 279, 524 , 730 Verdun, France 124 , 188–90, 400, 511, 607–8, 645, 647–8, 650–1, 655, 656 n.151, 678, 688, 795, 799 Verenianus, Roman aristocrat 220 Verhulst, Adriaan 280–1, 283, 288–9 Verina, empress 154 n.4 Verona, Italy 34, 215, 480 n.105, 486 n.123, 573, 581–2 , 648, 650–1 Verrie`res, France 400 Versum de Mediolano civitate 647, 680 Ver-sur-Launette, France 401 Vert-St-Denis, France 704 Verulamium, England 307, 686 Vestfold, Norway 365 Vexin, France 188, 399, 405, 607 Vicentius, bishop of Huesca 219 n.173, 222–3, 526 n.17 Vicenza, Italy 120 vicini 487, 551 Vicopelago, Italy 389 988 General index Victor of Vita, Roman writer 89 n.87, 90 n.90, 91 n.93, 566 Victor, chief administrator of Apion estates in Egypt 246 , 252 , 269, 270 Victor, nephew of Apollo¯s of Aphrodito¯ 412 Victor, villager in Aphrodito¯ 417 Victorids, ruling family of Rhaetia 200 Victorius, duke in Clermont 176 vicus 468, 487–8, 504 n.163, 517, 679–80, 684 Vienne, France 167–8, 655 n.151, 679 Vierck, Hayo 313 Vigevano, Italy 592 Vigil, Marcelo 99, 231 Vigilius of Auxerre 608 n.34 Vikings 48–9, 51–2 , 54 , 150, 355, 358, 363, 365, 367, 496–7, 581, 585, 587, 589, 686 , 805 Vilaclara, Sapin 488, 749 villa, estate-centre, xv, 175, 281–2 , 307, 466–81, 602 , 663, 739, 752 , 755–6 , 758 villa xv, 400, 488–9, 492 , 502 , 510–18, 579 Villandro, Italy 486 n.123 village, definition of 516–18 Villiers-le-Sec (Val d’Oise), France 505 Vincentius, dux Hispaniarum 176 vindices, Roman tax officials 69 vineyards 43, 284–7, 290, 295, 299, 401, 551, 699, see also wine Virgil, Roman writer 80, 95 n.101, 157, 159, 472 Visigoths, Germanic people 20, 44–5, 49, 176 , 184 n.85, see also Goths in Aquitaine 103 in Gaul 86 , 94 , 169–70, 748 in Italy 85–6 , 658 in Spain 14 , 38–40, 45–6 , 64–5, 80–1, 83–6 , 91, 93–100, 103, 105–6 , 117, 119, 121–3, 128, 145, 149, 219–21, 225–32 , 234 , 257, 267–8, 301–2 , 337–8, 489–92 , 494 , 526–7, 545, 554–5, 557, 562 , 604–5, 607, 656 , 658–60, 662 , 664 , 676 , 743, 745–6 , 748, 751–8 Vita Aemiliani 222–3, 226 , 604 , 658 Vita Anskarii 366–7, 688 Vita Brigitae 358 Vita Cadoci (of Llancarfan) 328 Vita Cainnechi 356 n.125 Vita Eligii 8, 103, 108–9, see also Eligius of Limoges Vita Eucherii 197 Vita Filiberti 816 n.210 Vita Fructuosi 526 n.16 Vita Genovefae 103, 184 Vita Geraldi 200 n.126 , 557 n.70 Vita Germani 532 Vita Landiberti 680 Vita Lebuini 585 Vita Melaniae latina 162–3, 469 n.74 Vita Pardulfi 177, 573 Vita Severini 74 Vita Wilfridi 343 Vitas patrum Emeritensium 221, 661 Viterbo, Italy 648 Vitry-en-Artois, France 506 Vogelgesang, Speyer, Germany 501 Voălkerwaănderung 496 , 498 Volubilis, Morocco 18, 22 , 336 , 689 Vorbasse, Denmark 429 n.1, 496–9, 501–2 , 514–15, 572 , 816 n.212 , 817 Vorgebirge, Germany 801 Vortigern, ruler in Britain 337 Vortipor, Welsh king 327, 334 n.76 , 378 Vosges, France 43, 189, 509, 540 Vouille´, France 94 , 675 Vroom, Joanita 786 Wademir, Frankish landowner 187, 189 n.96 , 190, 403, 607 Wadulf, Italian aristocrat 218 n.170 Walaram, Rhineland aristocrat 394–6 Wales 5, 47–51, 56 , 303, 306 , 308, 326–30, 335, 337, 339–40, 344 , 351, 352–4, 356 , 371–2 , 377–9, 540, 545, 703, 814–15, 823, 829 Walfred of Pisa, Italian aristocrat 214 n.160, 606 Walmsley, Alan 613, 619 Walpert, duke of Lucca 212 General index Walprand, bishop of Lucca 212 , 215 n.162 Wamba, Visigothic king 95–6 , 98 Warattonids, Frankish aristocratic family 104, 193 Ward-Perkins, Bryan 593 Warendorf, Germany 499 Warnefrit, gastald of Siena 393 Weald, England 332 weapon sacrifices 367 weather 558 Weber, Martin 806 Weber, Max 688 Welschbillig, near Trier, Germany 403, 466 Welsh, language 48, 168 Wenskus, Reinhard 82 Werden, Germany 586 nn.128, 129 Werner, Karl Ferdinand 183 Werner, Matthias 43 Wessex, England 48, 313–14, 318, 320, 342–5, 347, 350, 377, 684 , 686 , 809–10, 812–14, 817 West Heslerton, England 503 nn.159, 161 West Stow, England 311, 502 , 503, 806 n.192 , 807 West, Stanley 502 Westbury on Trym, England 322 Westminster, London, England 681 Whitby, England 811 Whitehouse, David 1, 693 Whittaker, C.R 331, 476–7, 525 Wicken Bonhunt, England 503 Widerad of Flavigny, Frankish aristocrat 189 n.96 , 190 Widsith 317 n.35 Wihtred, king of Kent 343, 429 n.114 Wijnaldum, Netherlands 499 Wijster, Netherlands 498–9 Wilfong, Terry 419–20, 424 Wilfrid, bishop of Ripon 318, 323, 346 n.101 Willebad of Burgundy, Frankish aristocrat 120 William I, king of England 49 Wiltshire, England 810 Winchester, Engand 809 989 wine production 77, 79, 292 , 393, 398, 450, 452–3, 547, 622 , 682 , 699, 704 , 708, 713–15, 729–30, 737, 741, 760–7, 771–2 , 774 n.145, 781, 783 n.159, 788, 791, 799, 800, 802 , 805, 815, 818, see also vineyards Winkelmann, Friedhelm 236 , 238 Wissembourg, France 123, 186 , 288 n.62 , 394 n.23, 395, 511 Witiza, Visigothic king 96 n.104 , 227 n.187 Woeăvre, France 607 Wolfram, Herwig 82 women 45, 249, 537, 543, 551–2 , 554–7, 802 , 807 wood 430–1, 486 , 491, 496 , 505, 507, 511, 516 , 540, 545, 580, 644 , 647–8, 656 n.152 , 676–7, 685, 699, 700, 815 Wood, Ian 213 wool 713, 764–5, 808, 818 Worcester, England 314 , 317, 322 , 348, 814 Worcestershire, England 50, 319, 813 Worms, Germany 393, 510 n.178 Wroxeter, England 307, 327, 328 n.63, 336 , 686 Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury 348 Wulfstan, and Ohthere, ninth-century travellers 366 n.146 Xanthos, Turkey 629 Yangtse, River 823 Yarnton, England 503 Yassı Ada, shipwreck, Turkey 781 n.155, 783 Yazı¯d, pagarch of Akhmı¯m 142 Yeavering, England 320, 341, 371, 503 Yemen 130 York, England 306–7, 342 , 467, 592 , 655, 682–3, 685–6 , 809, 811–12 Yorke, Barbara 342 Yorkshire, England 48, 332 n.72 , 806 , 807, 810–11 Yrieix, see Aredius Yucata´n, Mexico 133 990 Yugoslavia 30 Yvelines, France 507 Zacharias, pope 297 Zadora-Rio, Elisabeth 517 Zanj, slave revolt 141 General index Zaragoza, Spain 222–3, 226 , 604 , 658, 662–3, 742 , 755 Zeno, emperor 30, 34 Zerner, Monique 550 Zeugma, Turkey 450 Zotto, Italian landowner 392, 393 .. .Framing the Early Middle Ages This page intentionally left blank Framing the Early Middle Ages Europe and the Mediterranean 400–800 CHRIS WICKHAM Great... point of reference, cited all the time Historians of other periods argue over the theories of scholars who are often still living; the early middle ages, despite the fact that its scholarship... the period when the polities first formed that are the genealogical ancestors of the nation states of today The importance of these foundations continues to matter greatly to historians, whether