A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages S H Rigby, Editor Blackwell Publishing A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages This page intentionally left blank A COMPANION TO BRITAIN IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES Edited by S H Rigby © 2003 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd a Blackwell Publishing company 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton South, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia Kurfürstendamm 57, 10707 Berlin, Germany The right of S H Rigby to be identified as the Author of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher First published 2003 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to Britain in the later Middle Ages / edited by S H Rigby p cm – (Blackwell companions to British history) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-631-21785-1 (alk paper) Great Britain – History – Medieval period, 1066–1485 – Handbooks, manuals, etc Great Britain – Civilization – 1066–1485 – Handbooks, manuals, etc I Rigby, S H (Stephen Henry), 1955– II Series DA175 C598 2002 942.03–dc21 2002003368 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 10 on 12 pt Galliard by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd, Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO BRITISH HISTORY Published in association with The Historical Association This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current understanding of British history Each volume comprises up to forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization The aim of each contribution is to synthesize the current state of scholarship from a variety of historical perspectives and to provide a statement on where the field is heading The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students and general readers The Blackwell Companions to British History is a cornerstone of Blackwell’s overarching Companions to History series, covering European, American and World history Published A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages Edited by S H Rigby A Companion to Stuart Britain Edited by Barry Coward A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Britain Edited by H T Dickinson A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain Edited by Chris Wrigley In preparation A Companion to Roman Britain Edited by Malcolm Todd A Companion to Britain in the Early Middle Ages Edited by Pauline Stafford A Companion to Tudor Britain Edited by Robert Tittler and Norman Jones A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Britain Edited by Chris Williams A Companion to Contemporary Britain Edited by Paul Addison and Harriet Jones The Historical Association is the voice for history Since 1906 it has been bringing together people who share an interest in, and love for, the past It aims to further the study of teaching of history at all levels Membership is open to everyone: teacher and student, amateur and professional Membership offers a range of journals, activities and other benefits Full details are available from The Historical Association, 59a Kennington Park Road, London SE11 4JH, enquiry@history.org.uk, www.history.org.uk Other Blackwell History Companions include: BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO HISTORY Published A Companion to Western Historical Thought Edited by Lloyd Kramer and Sarah Maza In preparation A Companion to Gender History Edited by Teresa Meade and Merry E Weisner-Hanks BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO EUROPEAN HISTORY Published A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance Edited by Guido Ruggiero In preparation A Companion to the Reformation World Edited by R Po-chia Hsia A Companion to Europe Since 1945 Edited by Klaus Larres A Companion to Europe 1900–1945 Edited by Gordon Martel BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO AMERICAN HISTORY Published A Companion to the American Revolution Edited by Jack P Greene and J R Pole A Companion to 19th-Century America Edited by William L Barney A Companion to the American South Edited by John B Boles A Companion to American Indian History Edited by Philip J Deloria and Neal Salisbury A Companion to American Women’s History Edited by Nancy A Hewitt A Companion to Post-1945 America Edited by Jean-Christophe Agnew and Roy Rosenzweig A Companion to the Vietnam War Edited by Marilyn B Young and Robert Buzzanco A Companion to Colonial America Edited by Daniel Vickers In preparation A Companion to 20th-Century America Edited by Stephen J Whitfield A Companion to the American West Edited by William Deverell A Companion to American Foreign Relations Edited by Robert Schulzinger BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO WORLD HISTORY In preparation A Companion to the History of Africa Edited by Joseph Miller A Companion to the History of the Middle East Edited by Youssef M Choueiri Contents List of Figures x List of Plates xi List of Maps xii List of Contributors xiii Introduction xvi Part I Economy and Society in Town and Country England: Land and People Bruce M S Campbell England: The Family and the Village Community Phillipp R Schofield 26 England: Towns, Trade and Industry Richard H Britnell 47 England: Popular Politics and Social Conflict Jane Whittle and S H Rigby 65 England: Women and Gender Judith M Bennett 87 Scotland: Economy and Society Nicholas J Mayhew 107 Wales: Economy and Society A D Carr 125 Ireland: Economy and Society Brian Graham 142 viii contents Part II Politics, Government and Law The British Perspective Seán Duffy 163 165 10 England: Kingship and the Political Community, c.1100–1272 Ralph V Turner 183 11 England: Kingship and the Political Community, 1272–1377 Scott L Waugh 208 12 England: Kingship and the Political Community, 1377–c.1500 Rosemary Horrox 224 13 England: Law, Society and the State Robert C Palmer 242 14 England: The Nobility and the Gentry Christine Carpenter 261 15 Scotland: Politics, Government and Law Hector L MacQueen 283 16 Wales: Politics, Government and Law J Beverley Smith and Llinos Beverley Smith 309 17 Ireland: Politics, Government and Law James Lydon 335 Part III The Church and Piety 357 18 England: Church and Clergy David Lepine 359 19 England: Piety, Heresy and Anti-clericalism Matthew Groom 381 20 Scotland: Religion and Piety D E R Watt 396 21 Wales: Religion and Piety Huw Pryce 411 22 Ireland: Religion and Piety Henry A Jefferies 430 Part IV Education and Culture 449 23 England: Education and Society Jo Ann H Moran Cruz 451 24 England: Art and Society Veronica Sekules 472 contents ix 25 England: Literature and Society S H Rigby 497 26 Scotland: Culture and Society Louise O Fradenburg 521 27 Wales: Culture and Society Susan L Aronstein 541 28 Ireland: Culture and Society Edel Bhreathnach and Raghnall Ó Floinn 558 Bibliography of Secondary Sources 596 Index 649 index Brechin, diocese and cathedral of, 397, 406 Brechin, Sir David, 298 Brecon, 132, 138, 314, 416 lordship of, 323 rood of, 422 Breckland, 10 Breifne, 338 Breteuil-sur-Iton, 154 Brewes, family of, 489 Bridget of Sweden, 528 Bridgwater, 54, 79 Bridport, 371 Brigg, Thomas, 489 Brigittines, order of, 375, 391 Brinton, Thomas, bishop of Rochester, 502–3, 504 Bristol, 53, 59, 82, 133, 338, 339, 491 Brittany, 169, 236 Bromfield, 322 Bromyard, John, 502, 504 Brouderer, Elizabeth, 87 Brown, James, dean of Aberdeen, 531 Bruce, family of, 179, 288, 290 David, 299 Edward, 345 Robert (fl 12th c.), 288 Robert (d 1295), 296 Robert (d 1304), 292 Robert (d 1329), see Robert I Brúilingeach, Giolla Críost, 526, 527 Brut y Tywysogyon, 310, 314, 419 Brycheinniog, 175 Buchan, 287, 292, 298 Buckingham, duke of, 138, 270 Buellt, 175 Bulkeleyes, family of, 129 Burford, 87 Burgh, de, family of, 340, 343, 346; see also Burke Elizabeth de, 465 Hubert de, 198, 199, 200 John de, 378 Richard de, 342 Walter de, 340, 342, 585 Burgo, Thomas de, 571 Burgos, de, family of, 586 Burke, family of, 340, 346, 581 Burrishoole abbey, 571 Bury St Edmunds, 79 abbey of, 29, 54, 72, 79, 474 Butler, family and lordship of, 340, 342, 345, 351, 352, 560, 581 Cade’s Rebellion, 69, 74, 85, 231 Cadwaladr, 545 Cadwgan, bishop of Bangor, 414 651 Caerleon, monastery of, 417 Caernarfon, town and castle of, 130, 133, 321 Caernarfonshire, 133, 322 Cahermacnaghten, 579 Caithness, 286, 290 diocese of, 397 Caitríona, daughter of the O’Neill, wife of John, lord of Fermanagh, 573, 574 Calais, 97, 171, 211 Cambrensis, Giraldus, see Gerald of Wales Cambridge, 48, 53 university of, 97, 267, 272, 405, 451, 455, 456–61, 463, 465; see also individual colleges Cambridgeshire, 14, 41 Campbell, family of, 299, 305 Canmore, Malcolm, see Cennmór, Máel Coluim Canterbury, archbishop, cathedral and diocese of, 75, 336, 360, 362, 374, 411, 413, 432, 456, 477, 480, 486; see also Anselm; Arundel, Thomas; Becket; Lanfranc; Langton; Morton; Pecham; Sudbury; Walter, Hubert St Augustine’s abbey, 474; see also Wulfric Caradog, 424 Cardiff, 132, 138 Cardigan, 51, 136 Carlisle, diocese of, 366, 397 Carlow, 347, 349 Carmarthen, 51, 132, 133, 136, 175 priory of, 416 Carmelites, 366, 400, 438, 584 Carrickfergus, 149, 345 Carrick-on-Suir, 156 Carthusians, 365, 367, 368, 375, 391, 406 Carver, Robert, 529 Cashel, archbishop of, 432, 433, 435 Cormac’s Chapel, 563, 565 synods of, 432, 434 Casnodyn, 548, 549 Castle Coombe, 35, 51 castles, 132, 473, 476, 483, 564–6 Catesby, family of, 270 Cavan, 157, 158 friars of, 573 Caxton, William, 501, 502 Cedifor, Peryf ap, 545 Céile Dé, order of, 437 Cennmór, Máel Coluim (Malcolm Canmore), 172, 177 Ceredigion, 132, 417 Cessolis, Jacobus de, 502, 503 Champagne, county of, 169 Channel Islands, 171 Chartier, Alain, 531 652 index Chayanov, A V., 26, 44 Chaucer, Geoffrey, and works of, 13, 95, 96, 267, 389, 498, 499, 501, 503, 505, 507–8, 509, 512, 514, 515–16, 522, 527, 531–2 Chelmsford, 54 Cheltenham, 78 Chepstow, town and lordship, 175, 417 priory of, 416 Cheshire, 571 Chester, 51, 60, 132, 133 earl of, 175, 273 rood of, 422 St Werburgh’s abbey, 419, 474, 485 Chichester, bishop and cathedral of, 204, 479, 486 Chilterns, 15 Chirk, 325 Christina of Markyate, 385, 483 Christ’s College, Cambridge, 97, 465 church courts, 254–6, 362, 373 church reform, 146, 147, 148, 339, 372, 375–6, 377–8, 413–14, 419, 421, 431–7, 562, 583–4 Cinque ports, 53 Cistercians, 10, 131, 132, 135, 274, 362, 363, 364–5, 366, 367, 369, 391, 400, 406, 411, 414, 416, 417, 419–20, 437–8, 564, 568, 585, 586 Clackmannan, 111 Clan Duff, 292, 305 Clann Chuinn, 580 Clanvowe, Sir John, 511 Clare College, Cambridge, 272 Clare, family of, 268, 269, 417; see also fitz Gilbert, Richard Gilbert de, earl of Gloucester, 313, 314 Margaret de, 487 Richard de, earl of Gloucester, 202, 204 Clarence, duke of, 352; see also Lionel Clement V, 584 clergy, regular, 363–72, 400–1, 403, 406, 415, 416–21, 430–1, 437–9, 459; see also friars; nuns; individual orders secular, 360–2, 368–71, 398–400, 402–3, 430–7, 439–41, 459, 460 Clogher, 157, 440 Clonard, 153 Clones, church of, 573 friars of, 573 Clonfert, 157 Clonmacnoise, 153, 569, 577, 583 Clonmel, 156 clothmaking, 35, 51, 59, 74, 117, 120, 135, 270; see also industry; trade Cluniacs, 363, 364, 400 Clwyd, Vale of, 138 Clynn, John, 584 Cnut, King, 79, 168 Coch, Gruffudd ab yr Ynad, 547, 548 coinage, see money supply Colchester, 51, 54, 55, 80, 82 castle, 476 Coldringham, priory of, 111 colonization, land, 10–11, 131 Columella, commercialization, see trade Commons, House of, see parliament Comyn, family of, 292, 198, 299 John, 298 Connacht, 147, 336, 339, 342, 343, 345, 346, 433, 436, 580, 583; see also Croibhdhearg, Cathal; Ĩ Conchobair, Toirdhealbhach; Chonchobair Connor, battle of, 345 Convocation, 215, 362 Conwy, town and castle, 136, 321 copyhold, 17–18 Corca Raidhe, 578 Corcomroe, 572 Cork, 156, 157, 440, 561, 569 friary of, 438, 440 monasterium and monastery of, 431, 437, 586 Cornell, William, 569 Cornhill, family of, 192 Cornwall, 35, 74, 249, 384 Cothi, Lewis Glyn, 551, 552 Cotswolds, 35 Courcy (Courcey), John de, 341, 437 Coventry, 59, 60, 269, 508 friary at, 452 Crécy, battle of, 211, 325, 488 Crema, cardinal John of, 401 Crescenzi, Pier de, Cressing, 35 Crevant, battle of, 325 ‘crisis’ of early 14th century, 5, 8, 9, 24–5, 49, 133, 151 Croibhdhearg, Cathal, king of Connacht, 577 Crondall, 76 Crook, 339 Crowland abbey, 41 Culwch and Olwen, 545 Cumberland, 112, 249 Cumbria, 173, 177, 286, 288, 295 Cumin, John, archbishop of Dublin, 583–4 Cumming, Sir William, 528 Cunningham, 290 Cuxham, 33, 34 Cwm-hir, monastery of, 417 Cyfeiliog, Owain, 544 index Cymer, monastery of, 132, 417 Cynan, Gruffudd ap, 316, 318, 419, 543, 544, 546, 647 Cyndelw/Cynndellw, 316, 533, 545 Dafydd, Gruffudd ap Maredudd ap, 549 Damien, John, 534 Darcy, John, 346 Darnell, 79 Dartmoor, 10 David I, 111, 112, 113, 172, 173, 177, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 294, 306, 397, 398, 400 David II, 115, 116, 289, 298, 299, 300, 303 David, duke of Rothesay, 301 David, earl of Huntingdon, 289, 296, 299 David the Scot, bishop of Bangor, 412 Dda, Hywel, 547 Ddu, Gwladys, 552 Dean, Forest of, 35 Deeside, 131 Deheubarth, 175, 316, 318, 319, 320, 416, 544, 550 Deidis of Armorie, The, 528 Denbigh, 125, 128, 133 lordship of, 322 Derbyshire, 35 Derry, monasterium and monastery of, 431, 437, 568 Desmond, earldom of, 345, 346, 350, 351, 581; see also fitz Maurice, Muiris Og; fitz Maurice, Thomas; fitz Thomas, Maurice kingdom of, 340, 342 Despenser, Hugh the younger and Hugh the senior, 220 Devenish, monastery of, 437, 573 Devizes, 54 Devon, 76, 274 Dialogus de Scaccario, 184–5 Dives and Pauper, 514, 515, 516 Dolgellau, 130 Dominicans, 366, 386, 400, 415, 422, 438, 452, 482, 561, 584 Donatus, Aelius, 453, 527 Donegal, friary of, 571 Donnchad (Duncan), son of Malcolm Canmore, 172 Dornooch, 397, 406 Douglas, earl of, 302 family of, 299, 302, 303, 526 Douglas, Gavin, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533 Downpatrick, monastery of, 437 Dream of Macsen Wledig, 545 Drogheda, 156, 157, 352, 585 friary of, 438 school at, 584 653 Dublin, 109, 144, 147, 148, 152, 153, 156, 157, 335, 336, 339, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 433, 435, 442, 561, 562, 568, 569, 575 bishops, archbishop, cathedral and diocese of, 148, 345, 432, 433, 435, 440, 562, 564, 583; see also Bicknor; Cumin; Lech; Tregurg friary at, 438 shire of, 350 St Mary’s abbey, 568 St Saviour’s, school at, 584 university proposed in, 584 Dublin Pale, 152, 350, 439, 440, 441, 442, 572 Duiske, monastery of, 586 Dumfries, 407 Dunbar, earldom of, 287 Dunbar, William, and works of, 525, 526–7, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534 Dunblane, 397, 406 Duncan II, 289 Dundalk, 345, 346 Dundee, 118, 119, 120, 407 Dunfermline, 112, 286, 298, 529 cathedral of, 406, 407 monastery of, 400, 527 Dunheld, 397, 406, 529 Duniry, 579 Dupplin, 300 Durham, 54, 79 bishop of, see Fox monastery of, 364, 369, 370, 406, 474, 478, 486 Dyfed, 175, 416 Dyffryn Clwyd, lordship of, 133, 322, 422, 423 Dyfi, Ieuan, 554 Eadwine Psalter, 480 Earlsferry, 408 Easpuig, Gilla, 432 East Anglia, 10, 16, 72, 269, 270, 384, 387, 407, 491 Ebehard of Bethune, 453 Eden, River, 408 Edgar, king of Scotland, 172, 287, 288 Edinburgh, 51, 111, 112, 113, 119, 120, 407, 529 castle, 406, 531 Royal College of Surgeons, 534 Trinity College church, 529, 531 Edmund of Lancaster, 230 Edward I, 53, 128, 175, 176, 183, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 219, 221, 249–51, 255, 258, 264, 270, 284, 290, 296–7, 313, 314, 319–23, 326, 343–4, 374, 375, 413, 483, 487 654 index Edward II (of Caernarfon, Prince of Wales), 79, 128, 208, 211, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 226, 266, 276, 296, 321, 323, 326, 344, 345, 346 Edward III, 116, 171, 179, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 226, 255, 258, 264, 299, 300, 346, 347, 375, 483–4, 487, 491 Edward IV, 226, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 328, 351, 552 Edward V, 230, 231, 232 Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, 136, 270 Edward the Confessor, 199, 474, 483 Efa, daughter of Madog ap Maredudd, 533–4 Egrun, 421 Eifionydd, 138 Éile, 569, 570 Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of Henry II, 169, 170 Eleanor of Castile, queen of Edward I, 483, 487 Eleanor of Provence, queen of Henry III, 200, 202, 482 Eleanora, archduchess of Austria, 531 Elgin, 397, 406, 407 Elizabeth of York, 230 Elphinstone, William, bishop, 405, 530 Ely, cathedral and diocese of, 360, 474, 488 Engels, Friedrich, 499 Englefield, 136 Enniscorthy, 156 Epiphany Rising, 230 Ergyng, 413 Erskine, family of, 304 Essex, 15, 35, 71, 72, 73, 74, 249 Eton, 100 Eton College, 432 Euclid, 459 Eugenius III, 583 Evesham, battle of, 204 Exeter, 49, 81, 82–3, 480 bishop, cathedral and diocese of, 456, 486; see also Grandisson friary at, 452 Falkirk, 211 Fardd, Bleddyn, 547 Fasciculus Morum, 501, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 509, 511, 512 Fastolf, Sir John, 52 Faversham, 15, 128 Fergus of Galloway, 173, 290 Fermanagh, 568, 573 Ferns, 338 Ferteth, earl of Strathern, 291 feudalism, 3, 172, 185, 196, 224, 273; see also bastard feudalism Fhir Bhisigh, Clann, 579, 583; see also Firbisig Giolla Íosa Mór Mac, 579–80 field systems, 18–19, 33–5, 39, 45, 109, 149–51 Fife, 111, 287, 288, 292, 305 earl of, 289, 282; see also Robert, earl of Finn, bishop of Kildare, 577 Firbisig, Amlm Mór mac, 579 Firth of Forth, 286 fish trade and fishing, 117–18, 131 fitz Gerald, Gerald Mór, earl of Kildare, 585 fitz Gilbert (de Clare), Richard (‘Strongbow’), 148, 175, 338–9 fitz Hamon, Robert, 313 fitz Harding, Robert, 338 fitz Henry, Meiler, 335 fitz Martin, Robert, lord of Cemais, 416 fitz Maurice, Maurice, 585 Muiris Og, earl of Desmond, 578 Thomas, 344–5 Thomas, earl of Desmond, 585 fitz Ralph, Richard, archbishop of Armagh, 584–5 fitz Richard, Walter, 416 fitz Stephen, Robert, 148, 416 fitz Thomas, John, 343 Maurice, earl of Desmond, 345–6 Flaidd, Gwenllian ferch Rhirid, 554 Flanders, 169 Fleming, Richard, bishop of Lincoln, 491 Flintshire, 132, 136, 322 Flodden Field, 284 Florence, university of, 460 Fordun, John, 404, 523, 527 Foresti, Jacopo Filippo, 531 Forfar, 111, 289 Fortescue, Sir John, 236 Fortrose, 397, 406 Forz, Isabel de, 268 Fountains abbey, 132, 368 Fox, Richard, bishop of Durham, bishop of Winchester, 491, 522 Franciscans, 366, 400, 438, 440, 442, 452, 482–3, 497–8, 549, 561, 584; see also Observant Franciscans free tenants, 16–18, 22 Freiris of Berwik, The, 522 friars, 87, 362, 363, 366, 368, 369, 385, 391, 400, 417, 422, 438–9, 442–3, 452, 455, 460, 482–3, 561, 584; see also specific orders Froissart, Jean, 111, 513 Fulburn, Stephen de, 343 Fychan, Ednyfed, lineage of, 136 Fychan, Iorwerth, 553 Fychan, Hywel ap Tudur ab Ithel, and daughter, Angharad, 129 index ‘Gaelic Resurgence’ (or ‘Revival’), 144, 151–2, 158, 343 Galbraith, Thomas, 529 Galen, 460 Galloway, 168, 173, 286, 290, 294, 299, 305, 397 Galway, 584 Garland, John, 527 Gascony, 169, 170, 171, 186, 210, 220 Gaveston, Piers, 220 gentry, 191–2, 234–5, 261–82 passim; see also uchelwyr Geoffrey of Monmouth, 311, 319, 545, 550 Gerald of Wales (of Barry, Giraldus Cambrensis), 129, 148, 178, 338, 412, 413, 414, 415, 421, 424, 435 Gerald of Windsor, 175 Geraldines, family of, 338, 339, 342, 343, 351, 352, 581, 585 Gervase of Canterbury, 477 Gilbert of Sempringham, 364 Gilbertines, 364, 391 Glamorgan, 132, 136, 313, 314, 417 lordship of, 323; see also Robert of Gloucester Glamorgan, Vale of, 126 Glanvill’s Treatise, 185, 298, 522 Glanville, Ranulf de, 341; see also Glanvill’s Treatise Glasgow, cathedral and diocese of, 112, 397, 402, 406, 407 university of, 404 Glendalough, 153, 583 Glyn Dw ˆ r, Owain, and revolt of, 126, 129, 136, 137, 311, 325, 326–8, 349, 413, 421, 550–1 Glyn, Gut’r, 551 Gloucester, 339 abbey of, 416, 474, 476, 478, 488 Gloucester, earl of, 136, 323; see also Clare, Gilbert de; Clare, Richard de Gloucestershire, 15 Goch, Iolo, 550 Godfrey, bishop of St Asaph, 414 Godshouse, Cambridge, 458 Goldwell, James, bishop of Norwich, 491 Good Parliament (1376), 218, 219 Gordon, family of, 305 Gower, 175, 413 Gower, John, and works of, 214, 498, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 511, 512, 514, 516 Gowrie, 287, 288 Graham, Sir Robert, 302 Granard, 157 Grandisson, John, bishop of Exeter, 218, 219 Grantham, 82 655 Granville, Richard de, 416 Gratian, 460 Great Yarmouth, 53 Gregory VII, 396, 432 Gregory IX, 457 Grelley, Thomas, 55 Gresford, 137 Grey, Edmund, lord of Ruthin, 423 Grey, Lord, 351 Grierson, John, provincial of the Dominicans in Scotland, 527 Griffith, Sir William, 138 Griffiths, William I, 129 Grimsby, 79, 82 Groes, Hugo van der, 531 Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, 378, 414, 458, 477, 486 Gruffudd, Llywelyn ap, 125, 130, 176, 316, 317, 318, 319–20, 321, 341, 547 Gruffudd, Rhys ap, 175, 338, 339, 342, 343, 351, 352, 416 guilds, craft, 58–9, 80–2, 442, 462, 508 religious, 56, 371, 382–5, 442, 529 Guise, Mary de, 530 Gwalchmai, Einion ap, 546 Gwent, 135, 313 Gwilym, Dafydd ap, 542, 549–50, 551, 553 Gwydir, 138 Gwynedd, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 135, 175, 176, 311, 313, 316, 317, 318, 321, 326, 412, 414, 417, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 553 Gwynedd, Hywel ab Owain, 533, 544, 545 Gwynedd, Owain, 317, 543, 545 Gwytherin, 424 Haddington, 407 Hadleigh, 51 Halesowen, 29, 37, 41 Haley, Sir Robert, 71 Halidon Hill, 211, 300 Halifax, 51 Halyburton, Andrew, 118 Hamilton, family of, 304 Hampshire, 15, 76 Hanmers, family of, 129 Harby, 487 Hardrada, Harold, 168 Harlech castle, 130, 321 Harmondsworth, priory of, 76 Haughmond, monastery of, 417, 419 Haverford, 51 Haverfordwest, 132 Hay, family of, 304 Hebrides, 168 Heldris of Cornwall, 88 656 index Henley, 15 Henry I, 127, 169, 175, 186, 195, 196, 226, 244, 267, 273, 274, 288, 317–18, 336, 374, 376, 413, 476 Henry II, 148, 169, 170, 175, 177, 184, 186, 187, 191, 194, 226, 242, 244, 245, 254, 258, 263, 294, 318, 335–6, 338, 339–40, 351, 372, 392, 433–5, 437, 439, 457, 545, 546 Henry III, 53, 170, 184, 185, 186, 191, 192, 198–204, 210, 266, 342–3, 376, 377, 439, 457, 478, 482, 483 Henry IV, 224, 226, 230, 232, 238–9, 349 Henry V, 171, 179, 211, 230, 232, 236, 239, 264, 373, 378 Henry VI, 171, 230, 231, 234, 235, 238, 239, 266, 276, 458, 461 Henry VII, 138, 224, 230–1, 232, 236, 238, 303, 328, 352, 552 Henry, earl of Lancaster, 221 Henry of Huntingdon, 178 Henry of Lancaster, see Henry IV Henry, son of David I, 289 Henryson, Robert, and works of, 531, 532–3 Herbert, Lord, 552 Hereford, 54, 133 cathedral and diocese of, 360, 371, 413, 456 Hereford, earldom of, 175 heresy, 405, 505; see also Lollardy; Wyclif hermits, 419, 424 Hertfordshire, 15, 249, 389 Hervé, bishop of Bangor, 412 Hilton, Walter, 510–11 Hinderclay, 37 Hoccleve, Thomas, and works of, 502, 504, 505–6, 512, 514 Hodant, Llywelyn Brydydd, 549 Hodyng, Thomas de, 38 Holcot, Robert, 528 Holderness, 368 Holland, Ralph, 81–2 Holland, Sir Ralph, 526–7, 530 Holt, 133 Holt, John, 454 Holyrood, 302 abbey of, 403 canons of, 112 Holywell, 132, 424 Honorius III, 402, 439, 460 Hook Norton, 34 Horace, 454 Hospitallers, order of, 137, 365–6, 391 Howden, 485 Hugh (of Avalon), bishop of Lincoln, 486 Hugh of St Victor, 453 Hull, 49, 82 friary at, 482 Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, 267 Hundred Years’ War, 179, 210–11, 299, 367, 373, 406, 530, 552 Hungerford, Lady Margaret, 487 Huntingdon, earldom and honour of, 172, 295; see also David, earl of Huntingdonshire, 15, 249 Huntly, earls of, 305 ideology, social, 59–60, 67–8, 70, 73, 80–2, 95–8, 497–520 passim, 549–50 Idley, Peter, 500 industry, 16, 22, 35, 36, 50, 52; see also clothmaking; guilds; mining Innocent III, 114, 198, 374, 376, 439, 482, 509 Inns of Court, 267, 455, 461 Iona, 568 Iorwerth, Llywelyn ap, 318, 544, 546–7, 552, 553 Ireland, John, 404 Isabella, daughter of James I, 531 Isabella, queen of Edward II, 210, 214, 220–1 Isles, diocese of the, 397 Isles, Lord and lordship of the, 302, 524, 525, 568; see also Alexander Jack Upland, 501, 514 James I, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 401, 403, 405, 406, 530, 531, 532 James II, 285, 302, 304 James III, 285, 300, 302, 303, 306, 307 n 5, 528, 529, 532, 533 James IV, 284, 285, 302, 303, 403, 407, 522, 524, 525, 526, 529, 531, 534 James V, 116, 530 James of Duchir, 118 James of St George, 483 Jedburgh, monastery of, 406 Jerome, St, 531 Jerpoint, monastery of, 586 Jesus College, Cambridge, 465 Jews, 52–3, 91, 100, 196, 201, 269, 270, 457 Jofroi of Waterford, 585 John, son of Henry II, king of England, 54, 79, 169, 170, 176, 177, 184, 185, 186, 191–2, 194–8, 199, 247, 267, 269, 319, 335, 340–2, 346, 347, 374, 376, 377, 439 John XXII, 345, 374 John of Cornwall, 454 John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, 226 John of Ireland, 529, 533 John of Northampton, 82 John of Salerno, Cardinal, 401 John of Salisbury, 183, 413, 453, 466, 500, 502, 505, 507, 508, 509, 511–12, 515 index John of Upland, 534 Julian of Norwich, 386, 400 Justinian, 460 Juvenal, 454 Kells, 153, 156, 433, 562 Kelso abbey, 109, 406 Kempe, Margery, 90, 96, 386, 389, 400 Kempley, 476 Kennedy, family of, 304 Kennedy, James, bishop of St Andrews, 403 Kent, 10, 14, 15, 71, 72, 73, 74, 249 Ker, Richard del, 38 Kerdeston, family of, 489 Kibworth Harcourt, 29 Kidwelly, 175 Kildare, 152, 153, 345, 350, 431, 435, 568, 569 bishop and diocese of, 440; see also Finn Kildare, earls of, 350, 351–2; see also fitz Gerald, Gerald Mór Kilgetty, 132 Kilkenny, 156, 435, 569 cathedral of, 564, 566 friars of, 443 Kilkenny, parliament and statutes of, 347, 352, 439 Killeshin, 583 Kilsby, William de, 213 Kilvey, 132 Kincardine, 111 King Hart, 522 Kinghorn, 111 King’s College, Cambridge, 489 King’s Lynn, 15, 49, 81, 96, 386, 485 Kingswood, 134 Kinross, 111 Kirkcudbright, 120 Kirkwall, cathedral and diocese of, 397, 406 Knockdoe, battle of, 352 Knocktopher, 440 Kravar, Paul, 405 Kyle, 290 labour laws, see Statute of Labourers Lachlan, lord of Galloway, 292 Lackan, 580 Lacy, de, family of, 345 Hugh de, 148, 339, 341–2 Walter de, 341, 342 Lampeter, 130 Lancaster, 54 Lancaster, earls and dukes of, 216; see also Henry, earl of; John of Gaunt; Thomas, earl of Land of Cokaygne, The, 586 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 377, 432, 583 657 Langland, William, and Piers Plowman, 214, 389, 497–8, 499, 502, 504, 506–7, 509, 512 Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, 196, 199, 374 Lateran Council, Third, 401, 455, 456; Fourth, 41, 294, 377, 401, 422, 482, 549; Fifth, 584 Latini, Brunetto, 81 Laurence of Lindores, 404, 405 Lauxius (Loys, Lowis), David, 530 Lavenham, 35, 39, 51 law and legal system, 186–8, 212, 237, 242–60 passim, 293–5, 305–6, 322–3, 241, 342, 522 Lawgoch, Owain, 326 Lea Castle, 343 Lech, John de, archbishop of Dublin, 584 Ledrede, Richard, 585 Lefèvre, Jacques, 530 Leia, Peter, bishop of St David’s, 414 Leicester, 78, 81, 82, 335, 337–8 abbey of, 498 Leinster, 148, 151, 176, 337–9, 340, 341, 342, 346, 348–9, 583 Leland, John, 454 Lennox, 298 Lewes, 128 battle of, 204 priory, 271 Lichfield, diocese of, 371, 433 Liddell, James, 530 Liddesdale, 290 Limerick, 153, 156, 157, 561, 569 bishop of, see O’Dea Limousin, 169 Lincoln, 51, 53, 54, 80, 406 bishop, cathedral and diocese of, 371, 456, 457, 474, 479, 486, 491; see also Fleming; Grosseteste; Hugh of Avalon; Longland; Russell Lincoln College, Oxford, 491 Lincolnshire, 10, 29, 75, 249, 361, 480 Linlithgow, St Michael’s church, 529 Linton, 49 Lionel, duke of Clarence, earl of Ulster, 226, 347 Lisgoole, monastery of, 573 Lislaghtin, friary of, 571 Lismore, 406, 568 Liston, John de, 38 Lix, 109 Liverpool, 54 Llancarfan, 416 Llandaff, diocese of, 411, 412–13, 414 Llandderfel, shrine at, 424 Llanddewibref, church of, 421 Book of the Anchorite of, 423 658 index Llan-faes, 130 Llangadog, church of, 421 Llanidloes, 130 Llanllugan, nunnery of, 420 Llanllyr, nunnery of, 420 Llansanffraid, nunnery of, 420 Llantarnam, monastery of, 417 Llud and Llewelys, 545 Llwyd, Dafydd, 554 Llyˆn, 129 Llywelyn, Llywarch ab, ‘Pyddyd y Moch’, 546 Llywelyn, Madog ap, 326 Loch Cé, Annals of, 578 Lollardy, 91, 275, 375, 378, 386, 388–91, 490–1, 501, 506, 514 Lombard, Peter, 460 London, 13, 14–15, 19, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 71, 72, 74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 87, 88, 93, 94, 97, 100, 109, 192, 267, 384, 401, 461, 466, 552, 575 friars in, 482 St Paul’s cathedral, 196, 456, 474, 486 Longford, 157 Longland, John, bishop of Lincoln, 491 Long Melford, 489–90 Lords, House of, see parliament Lorraine, 169 Lothian, 173, 286, 287, 288, 294, 295 archdeaconry of, 114 Lough Conn, 579 Lough Erne, 573 Louis IX, 204 Loutfut, Adam, 528 Louth (Ireland), 152, 350 Louth, earl of, 346 Lowis/Loys, David, see Lauxius, David Lucan, 454 Lucy, Anthony, 346 Lulack, King, 290 Luttrell Psalter, 473, 480, 485 Luttrell, Sir Geoffrey, 485 Lydgate, John, and works of, 503–5, 505, 510, 515 Lyndsay, Sir David, 530, 533–4 Lynn, see King’s Lynn Mab Darogan (Son of Prophecy), 550–1, 552 Mac Aodhagáin, Giolla na Naomh, 579 Macbeth, 290, 522 Mac Cárthaig, Cormac, king of Munster, 563 Mac Carthy, family of, 342 Mac Crimthainn, Áed, 577 Mac Diarmada, Tomaltach, 526, 527 Macdonalds, family of, 290, 302, 305, 524 Macdougall, family of, 290 Macduff, 292 Mac Heth, Malcolm, 290 Machynlleth, 130 Mac Lochlainn kings of Ulster, 336, 338 Mac Lonáin, Flann, 577 Mac Mhuirich, family of, 524 Mac Murchada, Diarmait, 148 Mac Murrough, family of, 346 Art, 348–9, 571 Dermot, 335, 336, 337–9 Mac William, family of, 289 Maelienydd, 314, 417 Magdalen College, Oxford, 454–5, 457 Magna Carta, 194–8, 200, 202–3, 247, 269, 276, 342 MagShamhradháin, Nualaith, 582 Mág Uidhir (Maguire), Ailbhe, 573 Aodh, 573 Maighréad, 573 Tomás Mór, 573 Tomás Ĩg, 573 Maguire, lord of Fermanagh, 573 Maine, 169 Malachy of Armagh, 435, 437 Malcolm II, 286 Malcolm III, 287, 289, 396 Malcolm IV, 288, 289, 290, 291, 294, 295, 296, 306 Malisone, Elspet, 117 Malmesbury abbey, 478, 479 Malory, Sir Thomas, 267 Malthus, Thomas, 7, 9, 12, 21 Man, Isle of, 166, 167, 168, 397 Manchesney, Dionysia de, 465 Manchester, 55 Mannheim, Karl, 512–13 Mannyng, Robert, 500, 509, 510, 513 manorialism, 3, 6, 16–18, 25, 38, 75–8, 134–5, 149–51, 267–8, 270–1; see also servility; specific tenures Manus Maguire, Cathal mac, 440 Mar, 287 Mar, earl of, 305 March, earldom of, 287 Marches, Welsh, 313–14, 317, 322–3, 547 Maredudd, Rhys ap, 551 Margam, Annals and monastery of, 132, 419 Margaret, daughter of James I, 531 Margaret, Lady Berkeley, 491 Margaret of Burgundy, 531 Margaret, ‘maid of Norway’, 296 Margaret, queen of Malcolm III, 396 Margaret of Anjou, queen of Henry VI, 465 Marshal, Richard, 342 Marshal, William, 198, 341, 342, 439 Marsiglio of Padua, 81 Martin V, 236, 377, 406 index Marx, Karl, and Marxism, 5, 9, 21, 27, 65–6, 68–9, 72, 84–5; see also Engels, Friedrich Mary of Gueldres, 531 masculinity, 97–8 Matilda, Empress, 92, 226, 545 Matilda, queen of Henry I, 413 Mawr, Cyndellw Bryddyd, 543, 544 Mayo, 579 Mearns, 287, 288, 524 Meath, 148, 151, 152, 339, 340, 341, 342, 345, 350, 351 Mechain, Gwerful, 554 Meilyr, 419 Meilyr, Gwalchmai ap, 545 Mellifont, monastery of, 336, 420, 437, 438, 562, 586; see also Ua Connairche Melrose, 120 monastery of, 400, 406, 407, 531 mendicants, see friars; specific orders Menteith, 287, 292 Menteith, earldom of, 296 Merioneth, 125, 127, 129, 133, 138 Merionethshire, 322 Merse, 287 Merton College, Oxford, 33, 457, 459 Mézières, Philippe de, 507 Mic Aodhagáin, family of, 579 Michael of Canterbury, 487, 488 Mickleover, 76 Middlesex, 15, 75, 249 Midhe, 149 Milan, 584 Minera, 132 mining, 11, 35, 131–2 misogyny, 514–16 Mold, 137 money supply and monetarism, 111–13, 114, 115–16 Monmouth, 129, 131 Montgomery, 175 Montgomery, Arnulf, 336 Montgomery, Treaty of, 130, 319 Moray, 286, 288, 289, 290, 304 diocese of, 397 Moray, earldom of, 298 More, Sir Thomas, 13, 464 Montfort, Simon de, 202, 204 Morgannwg, 313 Morice, John, 346–7 Morow, John, 407 Mortain, county of, 169 Mortimer, family of and claim to English throne, 221, 229–30 Edmund de, 226, 348, 349 Roger, of Trim, 345 mortmain, statute of, 375, 391 659 Morton, John, archbishop of Canterbury, 377, 378 Morville, de, family of, 288, 290, 292 Elena de, 292 Mostyn, 129, 131, 135 Moulton, 30 Mum and the Sothsegger, 500, 502 Munster, 147, 342, 583; see also Mac Cárthaig, Cormac Murray, Alexander, 117 Mynydd Carn, battle of, 544 mystery plays, 60, 508 Nanhwrfa, 127 Nanmor, Dafydd, 551 Neath, 416, 419 monastery of, 132 Necton, John, 489 Nefyn, 130, 131 Neil, earl of Carrick, 292, 298 Neim, daughter of Corc, 569 Nequam, Alexander, 453 Neustift, monastery of, 531 Neville, Ralph de, 198 Neville’s Cross, 211, 300 Newark, church at, 485 Newborough, 131, 133 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 11, 49, 53, 177 friary at, 452 New College, Oxford, 491 ‘new monarchy’, 235 Newport, friary at, 421 New Ross, 156, 157, 585 Nicholas of Coventry, 568 Nidaros, province of, 397 nobility, 92, 187–90, 213, 216–18, 221, 224–5, 233–6, 250, 261–82 passim, 461–2 Nore, River, 151, 156 Norfolk, 15, 20, 72, 249, 274, 384 Normandy, 52, 169, 170, 176, 188, 189, 194, 231 Northampton, 51, 54, 112, 457 Assize of, 244–6 Northamptonshire, 75, 172 Northern Isles, 286, 397, 398 Northumberland, 112, 177, 249, 406 Northumbria, 286, 287, 295 Norwich, 49, 53, 55, 81, 100, 109, 387 castle at, 476 cathedral of, 474, 475, 476, 478, 489, 491 friary at, 452, 482 Nottingham, 82 sheriff of, 513 nuns, 90, 96, 366–7, 369, 385–7, 400, 420–1, 464 660 index Ó Briain kingdom of Thomond, 586 O’Brien, family of, 336, 342, 345, 432–3 Muirchertach, 336, 432, 433 Turlough, 432 Ó Brolcháin, family of, 568; see also Uí Bhrolcháin Observant Franciscans, 391, 442, 531 O’Byrne, family of, 349 Ó Carmaic, Augustin, 568 Mathghamhain, 573 Ó Carryd, Thomas, 569 Ó Ceallaigh (O’Kelly), Finnghuala, wife of Maílsechnaill, 571 Maílsechnaill, king of Uí Mhaine, 571 Ó Cearbaill (O’Carroll), Tadhg, 569 Ó Cearbhaill, Mairgréag an-Einigh, 582 Ó Cinnéide (O’Kennedy), Áine, wife of Pilib, 570 Pilib, 569, 570, 571 Ó Conchobair, Calbhach, 582 Cornelius, lord of Kerry, 569, 571 Toirdhealbhach, king of Connacht, 571 O’Connor, family of, 336–7, 342, 433 Aedh, 342 Turlough, 336, 337–9, 340 Ó Dálaigh, Aonghus Mór, 578 Aonghus Ruadh, 578 Donnchadh Mór, 578 Godfraidh Fionn, 578, 581 Máel Íosa, 578 Muiredach Albanach, 578, 580–1 O’Dea, Cornelius, bishop of Limerick, 569 Ĩ Diarmada, ghan, 573 Solomon, 573 Ó Domhnaill (O’Donnell), Aodh, lord of Tir, 571 Fionnghuala, wife of Aodh, 571 Neachtain, 581 Ó Dubhda, Tadhg Riabhach, lord of Uí Fhiachrach, 580 Offaly, 582 O’Fihely, Maurice, archbishop of Tuam, 584 Ó Flannagáin, Gilbert, 573 Ogbourne, 76 Ĩ Gríofa, Matthew, 584 Ĩ hInmainéin, Donnsléibhe, 567 Ĩ hUiginn, Tadhg Óg, 581 Oldcastle’s Rising, 232 Old Sarum, cathedral of, 474 Ĩ Mlruanaigh, Matthew, 568, 573 O’Malley, Grace, 571 Ó Maolchonaire, family of, 577 Ó Néill/O’Neill, Dónal, 345, 439 Einri, 581 Ordainers and Ordinances of 1311, 218, 220, 344 Order of the Garter, 483 O’Reilly, family of, 158 Orford Castle, 476 Orkney, 290 diocese of, 397 Orléans, university of, 530 Ormond, 568, 569, 571, 579, 586 Ormond, earls of, 350, 352, 568 Ormond, James, 352 Oronsay, 568 O’Rourke, Tiernan, 338 Ó Siriden, Tadhg, 568 Ossory Pale, 572, 586 Oswestry, 133 Ó Tolairi, Domhnall, 569 Otto, papal legate, 378 Ottobone, papal legate, 378 O’Tunney, family of, 568 Oughaval, 583 Overton, 421 Ovid, 454, 508 Owain, Gutin, 551 Owl and the Nightingale, The, 500 Oxford, 87, 454, 462, 476, 491 friary at, 482 shrine of St Frideswide in, 485 Oxford, council at, 340 Oxford, Parliament of, 202 Oxford, Provisions of, 203, 204 Oxford, university of, 202, 267, 373, 388, 405, 550, 451, 454, 455, 456–61, 462, 463, 465, 477, 584; see also individual colleges Oxfordshire, 34 Padua, university of, 584 Paisley, monastery of, 400, 407 Palladius, Papiron, Cardinal John, 433 Paris, Matthew, 480–1 Paris, Treaty of, 170 Paris, university of, 454, 460, 530, 584 Park, abbey of St Albans’ manor of, 77, 85 Park, Co Galloway, 579 parliament, 174, 183, 192, 204, 208–9, 212, 214–16, 218–19, 220, 264, 274, 298, 350, 373, 529 Passagno, Antonio de, 345 Paston, family of, 270, 464 Clement, 233 John, 233, 513 Margaret, 273 pastoralism, 11–12, 15, 35, 131 Peak District, 132 Peasants’ Revolt (1381), 17, 40, 67, 69, 70–5, 78, 79, 83, 85, 136, 137, 215, 252, 257, 504, 506, 508, 513, 514 Peatling Magna, 40 index Pecham, John, archbishop of Canterbury, 129, 319, 378, 413, 550 Peebles, 111 Peel (Isle of Man), 397, 406 peerage, 215, 216, 250, 264–5 Pembroke, 185, 313, 339 castle, 175 priory, 416 Pembroke College, Cambridge, 272 Pembroke, countess of, 465 Pembrokeshire, 127, 423 Pendar, monastery of, 419 Pengwern, 129 Pennant Melangell, church of, 424 Pennines, 10 Pen-prys, shrine at, 424 Penrhosllugy, 128 Penrhyn, 129, 138 Penrych, Richard, 454 Percy, Henry, earl of Northumberland, 74 Peredur, 545 Perrot, family of, 423 Perth, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 119, 291, 405, 407, 524 monastery of, 406 St John’s church, 529 Perth, Treaty of, 290 Peterborough, 54, 79 Peterhouse College, Cambridge, 457 Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III, 97, 483, 487 Pierce the Ploughman’s Crede, 507–6, 514 piety, 38–9, 271, 274–5, 381–95 passim, 405–8, 421–5, 442, 482–3, 485–7, 489–91, 549, 573 Pilltown, battle of, 351 Pizan, Christine de, 92, 100 plague, 8, 49, 73, 77, 94, 111, 115–16, 125, 133–4, 136, 151, 157, 219, 242, 251–4, 265, 270–1, 347, 367, 369, 421, 490–1 Plantagenet, Edmund, 487 Plantagenet, Geoffrey, 169 Poets of the Noblemen, 543, 548–50 Poets of the Princes, 543–8, 549 Poitiers, 211 Poitu, 169, 170, 186, 194, 200 Pole, William de la, 213 Poole, 54 population and demography, 7–8, 9–10, 12, 19, 21, 29–30, 109–11, 126–7, 157; see also plague Porter, Lowick Lars, 118 Powys, 175, 316, 318, 319, 320, 416, 544, 550 Powys, Madog of, 545 Poyning, Edward, 352 Poyning’s Law, 352 661 Praemunire, Statute of, 255, 375, 377 Premonstratensians, 363, 365, 400, 406 Priestholm, 421 Priscian, 545 Provisions, Statute of, 255, 275, 377 Ptolemy, 459 Pwllheli, 130 Queensferry, 408 Quincey, Eleanor de, countess of Winchester, 482–3 Roger de, 482–3 Ralph, earl of Lincoln, 55 Ralph, Lord Cromwell, 491 Ramsey abbey, 76 Ramsey Island, 131 Randolph, Thomas, 298 Rathbreasnail, Synod of, 432–3 Rathlin Island, 345 Rauf Coilzear, 522 Redgrave, 29 Reformation, 359–60, 361, 363, 367–8, 369, 378–9, 381–2, 391, 393, 408, 491 Regiam Majestatem, 298, 532 Resby, John, 405 Rhodri, Owain ap Thomas ap, see Lawgoch, Owain Rhuddlan, 175 Rhuddlan, Statute of, 322, 328 Rhygyfarch, 543 Rhys Gryg, Maredudd ap, 319 Rhys, Lord, see Gruffudd, Rhys ap Ricardo, David, 7, 9, 20 Riccardi Company, 53 Richard I, Coeur de Lion, the Lionheart, 79, 169, 170, 186, 194, 198 Richard II, 71, 73, 79, 215, 224, 226, 230, 233–4, 235, 236, 238, 239, 266, 276, 348–9, 390 Richard III, 230–1, 232, 234, 236, 239, 351–2 Richard, bishop of Bangor, 414 Richard, duke of York, 230, 231, 234, 270, 351 Richard of Cornwall, 202 Richmond, 49 Rickinghill, 29 Ridyng, Alice, 100 Rievaulx abbey, 132, 365 Robert I (Robert Bruce), 119, 284, 285, 289, 298, 305, 345 Robert II, 285, 298–300, 301, 302, 303 Robert, earl of Fife, duke of Albany, 301 Robert, Maredudd ap, 420 Robert of Basevorn, 504 Robert of Gloucester, lord of Glamorgan, 416 662 index Robert of Stockport, 55 Robert, son of Adam, 37 Robin Hood, 214, 497–8, 513 Roches, Peter des, 199 Rokeby, Sir Thomas, 347 Rolle, Richard, 88 Rome, university of, 584 Roos, Thomas, 489 Roscommon castle, 566 Rose, Thomas, see Roos, Thomas Roslin chapel, 527, 532 Ross, 286, 289, 304, 305 diocese of, 397 Rosscarbery, 157 Rosserk, 579 Roxburgh, 111, 300 Russell, John, bishop of Lincoln, 491 Ruthin, 128, 135 church and priory of, 423 Rutland, 77 Rykener, Eleanor/John, 87–8, 99, 100–1 Rypon, Robert, 508 Sacrobosco, John, 459 St Albans, 54, 70 abbey of, 72, 77, 85, 367, 474, 476 St Andrews, town of and churches in, 406, 407, 408 archbishop, bishop, cathedral monastery and diocese of, 114, 289, 397, 402, 404, 406, 407, 528, 529; see also Kennedy, James; Wardlaw university of, 404, 530 St Asaph, diocese of, 411, 412, 413, 415; see also Anian; Godfrey St Bartholomew’s hospital, Smithfield, 364 St David’s, bishop, cathedral and diocese of, 131, 411, 412, 413, 414, 424, 486; see also Bernard; Leia; Wallensis St Dogamels, monastery of, 416 St John’s College, Cambridge, 465 Sais, Elidr, 546 Salford, 55 Salisbury, 51 cathedral and diocese of, 389, 456, 479, 486, 506 Salisbury, Use of, 422 Salle, church of, 489, 491 Salusbries, family of, 129 Saundersfoot, 132 Savigniac order, 416, 419 Scarbot, John, 454 Schism, the Great, 375, 377, 405–6, 505 Scone, 288, 306 monastery of, 400, 403 Scotia, 289, 294 Scotichronicon, see Bower, Walter Scotus, Duns, 404, 458, 584 Scrabo Hill, 571 Selby, 485 Selkirk, monastery of, 112 Seneca, 528 servility, 5, 17–18, 22, 32, 38, 68–9, 75–8, 83, 128, 134, 135, 137, 138, 150–1, 183, 197, 257; see also Peasants’ Revolt Shetland Isles, 168, 190, 306 Shrewsbury, 51, 133 abbey of, 419, 424 Shrewsbury, battle of, 232 Shrewsbury, earldom of, 175 Sicily, 201, 203 Simnel, Lambert, 352 Simonie, The, 507 Sinclair, family of, 527 Sinclair, Lord, 527 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 512 Sir Isumbras, 510 Sleaford, church of, 485 Slebech, Hospitallers of, 137 Sligo, 168, 579 Smith, Adam, 112 Snowdonia, 126 social conflict, 40, 56–7, 65–86 passim, 136, 137, 202, 327 Sodor, diocese of, 436 soil fertility and grain yields, 6–7, 17, 20, 24, 131 Somerset, 15 Somerled of Argyll, 173, 290, 299, 305 Song of Dermot and the Earl, The, 585 Soules Conspiracy, 285, 298 Southampton Conspiracy, 232 Southwell Minster, 478, 479 South Zeal, 48 Spalding priory, 29 Spring II, Thomas, 39 Stafford, John, bishop of Bath and Wells, 502 Stamford, 82, 457 friary at, 452 Stamford Bridge, 168 Stanbridge, John, 454 Stanhope Park, 212 Stanley, abbot of, 438 Stanley, family of, 137 Statius, 545 Statute of Labourers and labour laws, 17, 71, 73, 75, 134, 212, 219, 252, 257, 507 Stephen, king of England, 54, 169, 177, 186, 192, 194, 198, 244, 254, 273, 276, 318, 545 Stephen of Lexington, 420, 438, 585, 586 Stewart, family of, 179, 299, 300, 303, 304 index Alexander, earl of Buchan, ‘Wolf of Badenoch’, 305 Robert, see Robert II Stirling, 111, 112, 113, 119, 407, 531 castle of, 407 Chapel Royal, 529 Holyrood church, 529, 531 Stockport, 55 Stoke, battle of, 232, 352 Strata Florida, monastery of, 132, 416 Strata Marcella, monastery of, 417, 420 Strathclyde, 173, 286, 287, 397 Strathearn, 287 Strathgryde, 290 Straw, Jack, 514 Strongbow, see fitz Gilbert, Richard de Stroud, 51 Sudbury, Simon, archbishop of Canterbury, 508 Suffolk, 15, 71, 72, 74 Suffolk, duke of, 231 Suir, River, 156 Surrey, 15, 76, 249 Sussex, 10, 15, 74, 76 Sutherland, earldom of, 290 Swansea, 132 hospital of, 421 Sweetheart, monastery of, 406, 531 Sycarth, 550 Synon, nunnery of, 78 Tain, 407 Talbot, family of, 350 Tal Moelfre, battle of, 545 Tattershall, 491 taxation, 5, 41, 52–3, 69, 73, 74, 113–15, 202, 219, 238 Teeside, 177 Templars, order of, 365–6, 391 Tenby, 132, 138 Terryglass, church of, 577 Tewdwr, Rhys ap, 175 Tewkesbury abbey, 474, 476 Thaxted, 52 Thomas, earl of Lancaster, 209, 220, 268 Thomas, Lord Berkeley, 491 Thomas of Lancaster, son of Henry IV, 349 Thomas of Wimbledon, 500–1, 503, 505, 506 Thomas of Woodstock, 234 Thomas, Sir Rhys ap, 554 Thomas, son of Michael of Canterbury, 488 Thomas the Glazier, 491 Thomas the Goldsmith, 569 Thomond, 147, 340, 342; see also Ó Briain Thoresby, John, archbishop of York, 378 Thornbury, 50 663 Thrush and the Nightingale, The, 515 Tintern abbey, 132, 416 Tipperary, 569 Tiptoft, John, 351 Tironensians, order of, 400, 416 Tiverton, 49, 51 Tonengo, Cardinal Otto de, 401 ‘Toronto School’, 27, 45, 69, 85 Totnes, 49 Toulouse, county of, 169 Touraine, 169 Toutheby, Thomas, 81 touns, 109 Tower of London, 476 Towneley Plays, 513 towns, 13, 14–15, 19, 21, 32, 35–6, 47–64 passim, 78–83, 92 Townshend, family of, 270 Towton, battle of, 231, 232 trade and commercialization, 4, 13–14, 19, 21–3, 24, 27, 32, 47–64 passim; 107–24 passim, 128–9, 132–3, 152–8, 178, 192, 321, 366, 482, 508; see also money supply; wool trade Tregurg, Michael, archbishop of Dublin, 569 Trevisa, John, 454 Trim, 149, 341, 345 castle, 566, 567 Trondheim, province of, see Nidaros, province of Trowbridge, 51 Troy, manor of, 131 Troyes, Chrétien de, 547 Tryng, Roger, 81 Tuam, archbishop and cathedral of, 433, 562 Tuam, Provisions of, 433 Tudor, Jasper, 552 Tudor, Margaret, 303, 522, 523, 526, 529, 531 Tudur, Gruffudd ap Dafydd ap, 548 Tweng, Robert, 376 Ua Briain, kings, 147 Ua Cenncucáin, Gilla Mocholmóg, 569 Ua Conchobair, kings, 147 Ruaidrí, king of Connacht, high king of Ireland, 569, 583 Ua Connairche, Gilla Críst, abbot of Mellifont and bishop of Lismore, 583 Ua Gormáin, Flann/Florinnt, 583 Ua Hénna, Domnall, 583 Ua hInmainéin, Cúduilig, 567 Ua Male Sechlainn, kings, 149 uchelwyr (Welsh gentry), 128, 129, 135, 310, 321, 326, 422, 548–50 Ufford, family of, 489 Ralph de, 347 664 index Bhrolcháin, family of, 568; see also Ĩ Brolcháin Chonchobair, kings of Connacht, 562; see also Ĩ Conchobair Uí Chuinn, family of, 568 Uí Dhálaigh, family of, 578; see also Ĩ Dálaigh Dheodhráin, family of, 579 Mhaine, see Ĩ Ceallaigh, Mlsechnaill Ullerston, Richard, 378 Ulster, 149, 336, 338, 341, 342, 343, 345, 346, 436, 443, 571 Ulster, earl of, 343, 345, 346, 347, 351; see also Lionel; Richard, duke of York universities, 378, 403–4, 405, 506, 440, 456–61, 529–30, 534, 583–4; see also Aberdeen, Cambridge, Dublin, Glasgow, Oxford, St Andrews universities Urban VI, 377 Urban, bishop of Bangor, 420 Vacarius, Master, 460 Valence, Aymer de, 209 Valerius Maximus, 528 Vale Royal, abbey of, 77, 321 Valle Crucis, monastery of, 417 Valliscaulians, order of, 400 Veele, Elizabeth, 571 Vere, Robert de, 348 Verneuil, battle of, 325 Villa Dei, Alexander de, 453 Virgil, and the Aeneid, 454, 531, 533 vowesses, 386–7 Wainfleet, William, bishop of Winchester, 454, 491 Wakefield, 60 Wales, statute of, 322 Wallace, William, 298 Wallensis, Thomas, bishop of St David’s, 414 Walls of New Ross, The, 585 Walsingham, Thomas, 513 Walter, Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, 373 Walter, Theobald, 340 Waltham abbey, 76 Warbeck, Perkin, 352 Wardlaw, Henry, bishop of St Andrews, 530 Wars of the Roses, 225, 236, 240, 300, 552; see also Bosworth; Edward IV; Edward V; Henry VI; Henry VII; Richard III; Towton Warwick, earl of, 352 Warwick, St Mary’s church, 487–8, 491 Warwickshire, 270, 274 Wastell, John, 489 Waterford, 144, 153, 156, 157, 339, 341, 348, 435, 561, 569 St Peter’s church, 562 Wayneflete, William, see Wainfleet, William Wells, bishop and cathedral, 488, 564; see also Beckington; Stafford Welshpool, 130 West Fife, 408 Western Isles, 166, 167, 168, 286, 397, 398 Westminster, 15, 56, 79, 192, 199, 249, 254, 267, 323 abbey of, 77, 79, 368, 474, 478, 479, 483, 486, 487 palace of, 483, 498 St Stephen’s chapel, 487 Westminster, Provisions of, 203–4 Westmorland, 249 Wexford, 144, 153, 157, 339, 561 Whitby abbey, 364 Whithorn, cathedral of, 406, 407 Whitland, monastery of, 416–17, 419, 420 Whittington, 314 Whittington, Robert, 454–5 widows, 91, 97 William I, the Conqueror, king of England, 3, 54, 168, 169, 172, 177, 187, 287, 295 William I, the Lion, king of Scotland, 177, 288, 289, 296 William II (William Rufus), 288, 476 William, earl of Atholl, 302 William, grandson of Malcolm III, 289 William the Englishman, 477 William of Malmesbury, 178, 364, 474, 477 William of Pagula, 378 William of Sens, 477 William of Tours, 522 William of Windsor, 348 Wiltshire, 15, 74, 76, 270 Winborne, 465 Winchcombe, monastery of, 368 Winchester, 50, 53, 109, 175 bishop, cathedral and diocese of, 360, 476, 491; see also Beaufort, Henry; Fox; Wainfleet; Wykeham Winchester College, Oxford, 457 Winchester College, Winchester, 372, 461, 491 Winchester, Treaty of, 244 Windsor, Treaty of, 340 Wingham, 75 Winneswold, 39 Wodeward, Alice, 37 Nicholas, 37 Wogan, John, 344 Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas, 78, 523 women, 50, 58–9, 87–106 passim, 117–18, 119–20, 129–30, 246–7, 250–1, 253, 272–3, 322, 385–8, 400, 420–1, 464–5, 482–3, 487, 514–16, 530–1, 542, 549, index 552–4, 569–71, 582; see also anchoresses; nuns; vowesses; widows Woodstock, 457 Woodville, family of, 232 Elizabeth, wife of Edward IV, 465 wool trade and production, 51, 116–17, 120, 132, 135, 211, 238 Worcester, 54 bishop, cathedral and diocese of, 78, 371, 412 Worcester, William, 236 Wotton-under-Edge, 465 Wrawe, John, 72 Wrexham, 130, 132, 137 Wulfric, abbot of St Augustine’s, Canterbury, 474 Wyche, Alice, 465 Wyclif, John, 378, 388–90, 405, 490, 501 Wykeham, William, bishop of Winchester, 491 665 Wynn, Sir John, 138 Wynnere and Wastoure, 511 Yarmouth, see Great Yarmouth yields, grain, see soil fertility Yonge, James, 585 York, 49, 51, 53, 57, 59, 60, 80, 81, 93, 94, 462, 485, 508 archbishop, cathedral and diocese of, 360, 362, 397, 401, 453, 456, 474; see also Thoresby dean and chapter of, 57 Franciscan friary of, 452 St Leonard’s hospital, 57 St Mary’s abbey, 57, 364, 497–8, 513 York, Treaty of, 296 Yorkshire, 10, 74, 249, 406 Youghal, 156 friary of, 438, 584 Ystrad Tywi, 319 .. .A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages This page intentionally left blank A COMPANION TO BRITAIN IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES Edited by S H Rigby © 2003 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd a Blackwell... covering European, American and World history Published A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages Edited by S H Rigby A Companion to Stuart Britain Edited by Barry Coward A Companion to Eighteenth-Century... 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