THE LAW OF TREASON IN ENGLAND IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ENGLISH LEGAL HISTORY Edited by D E C YALE Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, and Reader in English Legal History; Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple THE LAW OF TREASON IN ENGLAND IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES BY J.G.BELLAMY Associate Professor of History Carleton University, Ottawa CAMBRIDGE ATTHE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1970 PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13,28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 1970 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 1970 First paperback edition 2004 A catalogue recordfor this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress catalogue card number: 70-111123 ISBN 521 07830 X hardback ISBN 52152638 paperback CONTENTS Editor's Preface Preface List of Abbreviations The Medieval Concept of Treason vii xv xvii i The Treatise Writers and the English Law of Treason at the End of the Thirteenth Century 15 The Origins of the English State Trial 23 The Great Statute of Treasons 59 The Scope of Treason, 1352-1485 102 Treason before the Courts, 1352-1485 138 The Origins and the Early History of the Act of Attainder 177 Treason and the Constitution 206 Appendixes I Misprision 216 II Petty Treason 225 III Illustrative Materials 232 Select Bibliography 239 Index 246 E D I T O R ' S PREFACE 'Treason', wrote Maitland,1 'has a history all of its own.' Nevertheless that history has not previously received connected and comprehensive study in the literature of legal history, and it is therefore with the greatest pleasure that my first duty as general editor of this series of studies is to commend to all those interested Professor Bellamy's survey of the subject at large over the span of the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries The history of the law of treason has diverse origins and its story many turning points One of the most critical occurred in the period with which this book is concerned, that is, the Statute of Treasons of 1352 As Plucknett2 has remarked, 'the history of treason in the middle ages is as distinctive as the nature of the offence It is one of the very few crimes which were defined by statute during this period; and it is one of the equally few crimes whose scope was extended by "construction" Unlike treason, the medieval felony was (generally speaking) neither statutory nor constructive' But the clear difference between treason and felony is the outcome of time and of refinement by lawgivers and lawyers The further back in time we go, the less distinct the lines of difference appear and indeed in the feudal dawn they vanish away Originally the idea of felony included much of what later became separate categories of treason, for in origin felony denoted a breach of feudal faith or fidelity on account of which the vassal's fee or tenement escheated to his lord As the notion of felony was extended to the more serious kinds of crime, so the incidence of escheat multiplied; or we may with equal plausibility regard the widening of the incidence of escheat as extending the scope of felony beyond its earliest feudal context Indeed if as a matter of historical development the legal effect dictated the classification, it is possible to see the points of definition as so many attempts to reach grounds of compromise between the conflicting claims of feudal escheat and royal forfeiture Thus if the statute of 1352 can be regarded as 'a rude compromise',3 then it bears some Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, 11, 502 Concise History of the Common Law, p 443 Such was Maitland's view Pollock and Maitland, n, 508 But Professor Bellamy, pp 21-2, sees less force in the economic considerations of forfeiture viii THE LAW OF TREASON IN ENGLAND resemblance to the concession made by King John in his Great Charter1 where he promised that he would not retain the lands of those 'qui convicti fuerint de felonia nisi per unum annum et unum diem, et tune reddantur terre dominis feodorum' Here then, as Maitland believed, was one peculiarly strong incentive to formulate a law of treason, 'for if there was any crime which would give the offender's land not to his lord but to the king, that crime could not be a mere felonia' So treason was felony but more than felony, and long after the categories had become divided, the lawyers moved by unconscious instincts of the past wrote both words, treason and felony, into their indictments As late as the eighteenth century Blackstone,2 after noticing that the words of the statute of 1352 provide that parliament may declare of future dubious crimes 'whether they be treason or other felony', remarks that 'all treasons therefore, strictly speaking, are felonies, though all felonies are not treason* It is clear that the general idea of treason and the particular understanding of the 1352 Act must 'accommodate what came to be known as petty treason'.3 The Act specified as 'another sort' of treason the killing of a husband by a wife, of a master by his servant, and the killing of a prelate by his subject, secular or religious But there was no inclusion of the killing of a feudal lord by his vassal or tenant The omission has often been remarked 'Perhaps', suggests Professor Milsom,4 'the original sense of felony was too well remembered' Certainly royal forfeiture never reached into the last enclaves of the feudal world, the unfree or customary lands within the lord's manor, and this sanctuary of feudal society remained untouched, for as Hale5 wrote long after feudal principles had been shut into the closed community of each manor, 'an attainder of treason or felony of a copyholder gives the king no forfeiture, but regularly it belongs to the lord unless special custom be to the contrary' And that was, it seems, a general rule applicable to all treasons, greater or lesser Now the lesser treasons set out in the Act gave escheat to the lord, not forfeiture to the king,6 and as Professor Bellamy7 reminds us, 'the Ch 32 Comm IV 94-5 Milsom, Historical Foundations of the Common Law, p 370 Ibid Pleas of the Crown, 1, 360 Other differences included the difference that petty treason was clergyable till 1497 High treason lost that privilege much earlier Pollock and Maitland, 1, 446: 'It is probable that already in the thirteenth century a clerk charged with EDITOR'S PREFACE ix process of trial in cases of petty treason was like that for any other felony' The difference lay in the mode of capital punishment Thus in the account of a trial of a servant indicted for wounding and robbing his master as related in Placita Corone1 at the end of the thirteenth century, the judge dwells on the treasonable nature of the offence, yet 'the prisoner is sentenced merely to be hanged, which he deserved for the theft alone, whereas had the case been regarded as one of completed petit treason, we should have expected some sort of additional punishment, such as drawing* If the servant had killed his master, doubtless he would have suffered a traitor's death But he did not; nevertheless the judge insists on his treason But these difficulties are of our own making Treason later became a category of crime, or after the Act the lawyers came to think of two categories of treason, and there is a gap fixed between felonies and treasons These categories however are the product of time and change The idea of treason as a type of crime was only formed by degrees and the further one goes behind the Act so the entity fades and the list collected in the Act and in earlier texts becomes dispersed, and those parts which are attributable to feudal origins lose their identity in the original felony The 'petty' traitor is guilty of aggravated felony The homicides which are collected in the Act (apart from those striking at regal government) are merely those forms of aggravated or atrocious treachery to which the name of treason is attached for the sake of the severer high treason, at all events with one of the worst forms of high treason, such as imagining the king's death or levying war against him, would in vain have relied on the liberties of the church* In this connexion it is worth noticing that when Thomas Merks, bishop of Carlisle and courageous adherent of Richard II, claimed in 1401 (KB Roll, no 559, m.4, crown) that he was an anointed bishop and should not be arraigned before royal justices, the reply was: 'super quo dictum est ei per eosdem iusticiarios quod premissa in indictamento predicto contenta tangunt mortem domini regis et destruccionem totius regni Anglie et consequenter ecclesie anglicane, per quern se clamat privilegari, depressionem et subversionem manifestam, que omnia et singula alta et maxima proditio sunt et crimen lese majestatis, nee debet quisquam de iure legis auxilium petere nee habere qui in ea peccatum committit seu intendit committere ' The justices may not have had in mind the phrase of D 48.4.1.pr: Troximum sacrilegio crimen est quod majestatis dicitur', but the idea behind the concluding words has an interesting history in civilian and canonist literature See (1969) 85 Law Quarterly Review, 472 Appendix II, p 230 Selden Society, supplementary series, 4, 21-2, and Mr Kaye's comments at pp xxxvi-xxxvii x THE LAW OF TREASON IN ENGLAND punishment, at the same time ensuring that they shall not be within the reach of royal forfeiture The Act of 1352 defined treasons and yet left open the limits of definition.1 Into the statutory definitions went many different ingredients, both feudal and imperial But the statutory definition was a legal and not a political definition To borrow Professor Bellamy's words,2 'in England during the later middle ages there existed not one but two doctrines of treason side by side One doctrine was the one which has been the concern of this volume, the law of treason as seen through the eyes of the king and his legal advisers The other was the theory of treason of the barons and to a lesser extent of the people* This other doctrine was founded on a notion of the unity of the nation, rex set against regnum, the king against the crown, and with this notion went the charges of accroaching royal power But it was a doctrine only emerging in times of turmoil 'Seditio regni\ to borrow the phrase in Glanvill,3 is not in the Act of 1352, and the later lawyers repudiated with all their vigour 'the seditious doctrine of the Despencers' that 'homage and the oath of allegiance are more in respect of the crown than in respect of the king's person and are more closely related to the crown than the king's person; and this is evident because before the right to the crown has descended to the person, no allegiance is due to him' The lawyers who developed the doctrine of double capacities in the fifteenth century and further developed in the sixteenth century that doctrine with quasi-theological fervour5 rejected its application to the law of treason.6 The reserved power to declare new forms of treasons is one source of the parliamentary attainders of the fifteenth century, as Professor Bellamy demonstrates in Ch More generally, the reservation to parliament accounts largely for the later developments being legislative rather than judicial in character Pp 209-10 I 2, also XIV 1: 'Crimen quod in legibus dicitur lese maiestas, ut de nece vel seditione persone domini regis vel regni vel exercitus.' The opening words of the 'alleged' articles against Gavaston in 1308 The text is now set out in Richardson and Sayles, The Governance of Medieval England, Appendix VII, at pp 467 and 469 For the authors' view on the authenticity of the text, ibid p 15 But whatever its authenticity, there can be no doubt as to its later influence and importance E H Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies, a Study in Medieval Political Theology, explores the medieval background A further study is in Richardson and Sayles, The Medieval Governance of England, Ch VII, 'The Undying King' The extremes to which such 'seditious doctrine' could lead can be seen in 252 INDEX escheats, 59, 72, 80-2, 87, 227; see also forfeiture Essex, 175 commons of, 104 insurgents of, 150 people, 131, 183 Essex, Henry Bourchier, earl of, 150 162 Henry of, 16 Ethelred, king, laws of, 2, Evesham, battle of, 27, 28 evidence, see trial exaction, 34, 190, 211 examination, 117, 126, 139, 152, 158, 164, 166, 214 Excestre, Thomas, 130 exciting people against the king, see division between king and subjects exciting the commons or others to reform any matter concerning the king's person, his government or regality, 114 excommunication, 47, 56 n.3 exile, 53, 65, 115, 179 punishment for seeking to return from, 115 exporting, of gold and silver, 220 of wool and skins and avoiding the Calais staple, 96, 217 extinction of civil rights, 178 'extraordinary' procedure, in France, 13 Eynsham, 72, 74 Eyvill, Joselyn de, 51 n.3, 71 n.2 Fabyan, Robert, 198 Fairfax, Sir Guy, 226 n.4 Faringdon, Thomas, 104 fatherland, treason against the, Fauconberg, Thomas, the bastard of, 175 faussonerie, 20 fealty, 10, 31, 32, 36, 38, 39 malicious withdrawal of, 29 felony, 30, 36, 37, 39, 47, 51, 59, 66, 68, 70, 71 n.2, 73, 79, 82, 87, 91, 93, 104, 136, 164, 188, 189 Ferrers, Sir Ralph, 169 Ferrers, Robert, earl of Derby, 28 n.5 Ferrour, John, 157 Fieschi, Luca, cardinal, 47 Fife, Duncan, earl of, 53 filing and washing of coins, 130 Findern, William, 193 fines, 33, 73, n o , 173-5, 2*7, 222 entry, 65 FitzEly, William, 17 FitzNigel, Richard, 17 Fitzwarin, Fulk, 50 Fitzwauter, John, 81 Fitzwautier, John, 73 Flanders, 76 Fleta, 4, 5, 20-2, 24 definition of treason by, 15 Flores Historiarum, 46 florin of Flanders, 85 Flushing, 85 Fog, Sir John, 141, 175 forfeited possessions of traitors recovery of, 45 regranting of, 28, 80, 81 restoration of, 83 services pertaining to, 80, 81, 193 forfeiture as common law demands, 195 as for treason, 80 because of non-payment of entry fines, 65 for misprision, 223 of chattels of traitors, 81, 82 of fee simple of traitors, 115, 184, 188, 191—5, 236 of fee tail of traitors, 115, 191—7, 236 of felons' possessions, 188, 189 of moveables, 196 of outlaws' possessions, 70 of possessions held to the use of traitors, 115, 185 n.i, 188, 191-5, 197 of possessions of heirs of traitors, 3, 9, 13, 21, 22, 85, 188 of possessions of traitors in general, 3, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, 28, 30, 43, 56, 59, 60, 80, 81, 84, 87, 90, 91, 101, i n , 115, 123, 131, 157, 181, 185, 186, 188, 191-5, 201, 209, 212, 227 of war, 81, 82 n.2, 89, 90, 184, 194, 204 proclamations threatening, 69 under statute de riottis, 190, 191 Forster, Alexander, 235 Fort, Thomas, 134 Fortescue, Sir John, C.J.K.B., 98, 166, 197 INDEX 253 fortresses, sale of, 12 surrender of, 97 see also castles Foulquemont, 85 Gomeniz, Sir John, 111, 158, 168, 169 Good Friday, offences committed on, France, king of, 32, 36, 223, 238 Franciscans, 117, 145; see also friars Franks, laws of the, Fraser, Simon, 33, 34, 40, 42 n., 43, 45,46 Fressch, Adam and John, 104 friars at executions, 167 Fulford, Sir Baldwin, 164 Fulthorp, Sir Roger, 167, 233 Gotoreste, John, 95 government, plotting to assume the, gaol, 30, 34, 41, 42, 51 n.3, 65, 76, 95, 133, 150 n.4 escape from, 17, 130, 131, 172, 195: statute of 1424 regarding, 130, 131, 195 sanctuary as, 196 gaol delivery, 150 n.4, 152, 158 'Garlickhithe', London, 199, 203 Garwynton, Thomas, 103 Gascoigne, Sir William, C.J.K.B., 150 n.4, 167 7i 108 Graham, David, 34 Graham, John, earl of 53 Menteith, Great Chronicle of London, 198 'great' treason (in Britton), 15 Green, Sir Henry, 159, 195 n.i Gregory VII, pope, Grey, Sir Richard, 215 Grey, Sir Thomas, 26, 195, 222 Grindcob, William, 139 Gryndere, Richard, 235 gubernaculum (in Bracton), 63 Guildhall, London, 75 n.i, 172 burning of, 104 Guines, 181 Hale, Sir Matthew, 61-3, 91, 227 Hales, John, 103 Gascony, 68 Hales, Sir Robert, treasurer, 142 Gaunt, John of, see Lancaster, duke of Hall, John, 132 Gaveston, Piers, 64, 96, 98, 179 Halle, Hugh del, 144 Gerberge, Sir John, 61-3, 68, 69, 73, hanging, see punishment 91, 92 Harclay, Andrew, earl of Carlisle, 52, Germaine, Oliver, 119 54, 89, 135 n.i Ghent, 218 Henry de, 53 gibbetus, 23 n.2 Harcourt, L W Vernon, 136, 137, Glanvill, Ranulf de, 4-7, 160, 171 n.4, 178, 179, 193 n.2 Glasgow, 34 Harding, the chronicler, 185 Glendower, Owen, 117 Harlech castle, 222 glossators, Harringay (Middlesex), 114, 182 Gloucester, Eleanor Cobham, duchess Harriss, G L., 78 Hasilden, Simon, 135 of, 126, 127, 149, 153, 154, 237 Hastings, Henry de, 28 n.5 Gloucester, Humphrey, duke of, 172 Gloucester, Thomas, duke of, 113, Hastings, John de, 52 132, 169, 175, 177, 178, 181, Hastings, William, Lord, 215 Hatfield, lordship of, 106 182, 208 Gloucester, Richard, duke of, see Haukwode, John, 94 Hawkins, John, 140, 141 n.3, 147, Richard III, king Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, earl of, 222 27, 37, 44 going armed in manner of war against allegiance to the king and the royal power, 106 Golafre, Sir John, 72 Golden Bull of Emperor Charles IV, 13 Hawte, Sir Richard, 215 Haxey, Thomas, 113—14 Hayes, John, 223 Hedersete, Friar, 153 Hengham, Ralph, C.J.K.B., Summae of, Henry II, King, 4, 16 INDEX 254 Huntingdon, John Holland (son and Henry III, King, 21, 26, 27 Henry IV, King, 107, 116-17, 120, heir of above), earl of, 149, n.3, 126, 136, 142, 145, 153, 156, 157, 153, 183 159,164,169,175, 184,185-6,194, Huntingdon gaol, 142 195 n.i, 202, 205,213, 235; see hurdles, 20, 47, 156; see also punishalso Hereford, Henry, duke of ment Henry V, King, 14, 129, 131, 142, 153, ill-fame, 17, 29, 34, 54, 76; see also 208, 222 common fame Henry VI, King, 99, 118, 119, 121, 123-4, 126, 132, 140, 146, 149, Ilminster, 136 n.2 171, 173 n.2, 174, 187, 199-200, imagining and forging against the 204, 209, 214 king's estate and prerogative false and untrue articles and Henry VII, King, 100, 121, 123, 173, petitions, 124 237 imagining treason, see compassing of Henry VIII, King, 210 treason Herbert, William, Lord, 174 Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun, earl impeachment, 59, 96, 97, 111, 112, 169, 176, 182, 187, 195, 210, 211, of Essex and, 27, 37, 40, 44, 49, 214, 218, 219, 220 50 Hereford, Henry, duke of, 115, 143, Imperial, John, Genoese ambassador, 88 n.3, 93, 113, 129, 135, 166-7, 163 n.3 180-1, 232-4 counselling of as treason, 115 imprisoning the king's ministers, 39 heresy, 13, 153 imprisonment, 44, 80, 150, 152, 155, Heriz, Ralph de, 42 n 158; see also gaol Hertford, 72 Imworth, Richard, 104, 234 Hessle (Yorks.), 106 Ichmartyn, David de, 41 n.i Hever, Thomas, 167 indentures, 220 Highgate, 167 indictment, 19, 35, 44, 55, 57, 89 n.i, high treason, see treason, high highway robbery, 12, 14, 68, 74 n.i, 108, 138-40, 146, 147, 149, 150, 166, 172, 173, 176, 180, 210, 91, 92, 95, 208, 235 213-4, 232 Hill, John de, 61, 81, 87, 227 bill of, 139, 147, 176 Hispanus, Vincentus, 10 inducements to rebels to surrender, Hitchen, 72 Hoby, Anketil de, 91 n.i, 92 30, 33 'Hode, Robyn', 189 Ine, King, laws of, Hody, Sir John, C.J.K.B., 228 n.3 information, 8, 83, 139, 213 Holborn, 119 n as method of accusation, 57 men of, 167 delay in giving, 17, 19 Holdsworth, W S., 60, 178 see also compassing treason Holinshed, Raphael, 121 Innocent III, pope, 10 Holy Roman Emperor, 10 inquests, inquisitions, 43, 44, 89, 90, homage, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37-8, 39 108, 118, 123, 139, 140, 147, 149, homicide, 30, 52 n 155, 213 Horn, Andrew, 15 inquisitorial procedure, 12 Home, John, 104 Institutes of Justinian, horse stealing, 104 insult, making of, 52 n., 71 n.2 houses, breaking into and destroying, insurrection, making a new, 235 103 popular, see popular insurrection destruction of loyal mens', 105 Ireland, 155, 219 Hungerford, Sir Thomas, 165 Ireland, Robert de Vere, duke of, 229 Huntingdon, John Holland, earl of, Iseldon, 134, 236 124 Islington, 167 INDEX Ispannia, John de, 134 ius gentium, 128 Ive, Thomas, 99 Janewe, John, 135 Jernmouth, Alexander de, 62, 91 n.2 Jews, execution for coin clipping of, 17 Joan, Queen, wife of Henry IV, 126 John, King, 10, 16, 21, 63 John of Salisbury, John XXII, pope, 47 judgement, 19, 65, 75, 92 by king with assent of parliamentary commission, 115 in parliament, 83, 112, 114, 186, 207: in absence of accused, 82 power to respite execution of, 149 see also trial judges, conferences of king with, 213 opinions of, i n , 193 n.i, 214 role of in trials, 166, 167 judicial commissions, exceptional, 149 oyer and terminer, see oyer and terminer points of, 79 special, 149, 150 judicial construction, see construction judiciary, laicization of, juries and jurors, 44, 45, 55, 103, 139, 141, 149, 155, 165, 166-7 labouring of, 140, 141, 160, 167, 176, 214 of indictment, 138—41, 147, 149, 167, 172, 176, 214, 222: challenge of, 166 petty, 138, 139, 140-1, 167, 173, 176, 180, 214, 221, 222, 234: bribing of, 143 jurisdictio (in Bracton), 63 jurisdiction, royal, 65 jurisperiti, justices, in eyre, 87 of assize, 87 of oyer and terminer, 87, 139: investigations by, 139 of the peace, 138, 147 of the two benches, 87, 148 Justinian, emperor, 3, 4, Keen, M H., 62, 202 keeper of the realm, 69 steward and marshals of household of, 69 18 255 Kenilworth, dictum of, 28 n Kent, 175 commons of, 104 revolt of 1381 in, 103, 150 Kent, Edmund of Woodstock, earl of, 49, 52, 207 Kent, Thomas Holland, earl of, 124, 183 Kent, Thomas Holland, son of, 157 n.3, 193 n.i Kent, Thomas, 187 n.i Kentishmen, complaint of, 102 Kern, Fritz, 10 Kerver, Thomas, 118, 122 Keteridge, John, 120 kidnapping, 69 Kilmaine, Thomas FitzThomas prior of, 146 king absence abroad of, 62, 71, 74 acclaiming contemptuously the, 65-6 accusation of his brother before parliament by, 165 acts in destruction of, 66 alienating his people, from, see division appearing before, 200 arraignment in presence of, 164 attempts to kill, 12: family of, 12 attorney of, 165 betrayal of, 4, 15, 26 cases to be determined only by audience of, 144 compelled to consent to the making of a statute, 111 confederations to the destruction of, 207 creditors of, 132 crimes committed to the terror of the children of, 71, 87 cross-questioning by, 117-18 debts of, buying up at a discount, 96, 217 de facto, 99-100, 177 defrauding of, 97 de iure, 99-100 depriving of regality, 107, 121 dignity of, 35, 65, 144, 206: diminishing of, 118 discovering date of death of, see discovering disinheriting of, see disinheriting disrespect to parliament and, 120 256 INDEX king (contd.) word of, 194 enemies of, adhering to, see adhersee also compassing of treason ing: aiding, see aid to the king's kingdom, see realm enemies; negotiating with, 134; king's bench, 46, 48, 70, 117, 155, 156, receiving money from, 97 166, 181, 182, 188, 208 examination of prisoners by, 164 coroner in, 165 exciting people against, see division judges of, 116, 120, 155, 167 between king and subjects king's household, 47, 52 n., 113 grace of, 167, 187 court of the steward and marshal of, incapable of becoming tyrant, 206 156-7, 175 information given in court by, 157 steward of, 152, 157, 158 interference with regality of, 214 verge of marshalsea of, 69 judge, king as supreme, 25 king's promoter of causes civil and killing of, 15: heir of, 132 criminal or concerning crimes of laws of, denying, 94 lese-majesty before the king's majesty of, 92 judges of the constableship and offences prejudicial to, 70 admiralty of England, 162 person of, 57, 64, 82, 207: causes Kirkby, John, 166, 232—4 touching the, 144; estate, fame knights, senior, 163 and condition of, 112, 149; Knolles, Sir Robert, 109 setting aside the, 67 Lacchelegh, John de, 65 place of, 73 Lanark, county of, 38 prerogative of, see prerogative sheriff of, 36 present in court at pronouncement Lancashire, 70, 222 of verdict, 164, 176 insurrection in, 106, 181, 208 prevented from exercising his preLancaster, duchy of, 189, 199 rogative, i n duke of, 98, 117 record of, see record revealing counsel of, 93: secrets of, Lancaster, Henry, earl of, 48, 50, 53, 54 n.2, 89, 202 67 reverence for, crimes committed Lancaster, John of Gaunt, duke of, 113, 117, 149, 169, 171 n.4, 173, without, 71 181, 208 revoking allegiance to, 120 Lancaster, Thomas, earl of, 49-51, sedition of, see sedition 52 n., 53, 54 n.i, 65, 71, 89, seeking to deprive him of his 184 n 1, 202, 207 prosperity and rule by provoking discord in the kingdom, 119; see Lander, J R., 173 n.2 landesverraty also division seizing the bridle of the horse of, Lanercost priory, 40 Langele, Thomas, 72 104 speaking in derogation of the king's larceny, 30 Latimer, William, Lord, 109, n o , 154, person, 145; see also words 168, 169 stopping men going to the aid of, 104 theocratic, 11, 63 law and order, 175-8 to be led into doing his duty, 179 law, destruction of men of, 235 violating wife or eldest daughter of, law merchant, 128 law military, 129 87: wife of eldest son of, 87 law of arms, 51, 54, 62, 128, 158, 159, weal of, 198 wishes of, letting insurgents into 161, 165 law of parliament, see parliament and London against, 104 trial withdrawing of love from, 181, 119, 127, 213, 237: of subjects' hearts law of the king's admiral, 128 law of the sea, 128 from, 123 INDEX laws of the king, annihilation of customs and the, 107 denying the, 94 laws of the realm, annulling of, 67 trial according to, 150 laying waste, 31, 52 n Lee, Sir Walter atte, 139 Legat, John, 72, 73, 88 Leges Alammanorumy Leges Baiuvariorum, legal process, 137, 138 Leicester, sheriff of, 151 lese-majesty, 1,4, 5,7,8, 11-13, 20, 31, 48, 55, 63, 162, 163, 184 n.1, 225 letters, receiving, 161 levying of men traitorously, 186 levying war against the king, 12, 22, 23, 27, 29, 31, 35, 36-7, 39, 43 n.5, 47, 5i, 53, 56-7, 62-3, 66, 67, 68, 73, 89-90, 95, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 114, 120, 121, 123, 124, 136, 156, 158-9, 161, 184, 185, 187 n.4, 194, 198, 199, 214, 236 advising the levying of war, 120, 121 causing the levying of war, 237 early definition of the, 29 making insult in the manner of, 67 levying war to the destruction of the realm, 113 Lewes, battle of, 27 Lex Quisquis, Leyre, William de, 34 Leyshon, Lewis, 125, 170 n.i, 189 Libellus Famosus, 66 Lincoln, sheriff of, 150 Lindsay, Alexander, 34 Lionel of Antwerp, son of Edward III, 69 Litel, John, 68, 73, 91, 92 'little' treason (in Brittori), 15 Liver des Assises, 61, 227 livery, giving of, 185 Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, prince of Wales, 16, 24 Lochmaben castle, 43 loco regis, 73 Lollards, 155, 209 insurrections of the, 107, 150 Lombards, laws of the, London, 34, 46, 47, 75, 104, 172, 222 bridge, 46 Guildhall, 75 n.i: letting insurgents into, 104 257 mayor of, 54, 148 n.2, 151, 152, 153, 158, 170, 221 recorder of, 221 Longe, John, 120 lord, killing one's, 15 violating daughter of one's, 15: wife of one's, 15 see also treason, petty Lords Appellant, 95, 113, 114, 143, 181, 182, 221 Louth, abbot of, 142 Lovetot, Sir John de, 55-6 Lowe, William atte, 189 Lucy, Sir Anthony, 52 Ludford bridge, 97, 124, 187, 199, 201, 203 Ludlow, 199, 200 Lumley, Sir Ralph, 124, 183 'Lushburgh', money called, 85, 86 Luxemburg, 85 Lyalton, John, 146 Lynn (Norfolk), 68, 218 Lyons, Richard, 96, 103, 169, 217, 219 Lyston near Melford (Suffolk), 103 Lythegreynes, John de, 30 n.2 Lyttleton, Thomas, 197 Macduff, 32 n.6 madmen or men possessed by an evil spirit, behaving as, 72 Magna Carta, 6, 11, 28 n.4, 65, 184 n.i magnates, as king's counsellors, 96 political advice of, 63 representations of, 65 statute of 1352 and, 81 maiestaSy 1-3 maintenance, 70, 219 Maitland, F W., 11, 16, 20-1, 178, 225, 228 Malberthorp, Sir Robert, C.J.K.B., 49, 50 Malefaut, Margaret, 125, 132, 189, 190 malice, 146 malice, 146 Mallore, Peter, 34-5, 41, 46 Maltravers, Sir John, 82-3, 183 manifest offences, 29, 35, 41, 44, 48, 51, 62, 71 manslaughter, 133 March, Edmund Mortimer, earl of, 116, 164, 221 heir of, 130 INDEX March, Roger Mortimer, earl of, 29, 53-4, 66, 83-4, 184 n.i, 207 Marck castle, n o Mareschall, Uttyng le, 42 n Margaret of Anjou, queen, 140, 141, 147, 161, 162, 164, 165, 168, 202 n.3, 222 Marisco, William de, 23 n.2 Markham, John, J.C.P., 193 n.i Markham, Sir John, C.J.K.B., 168,223 marque, 14, 129 marshal, the lord, 50, 51, 143 of king's bench, 234 Marshall, David, 203 Marshalsea gaol, breaking into and freeing prisoners in, 104, 234 martial law, 212 Massey, Sir John, 194 master, slaying of by servant, see treason, petty Maule, Sir Edmund de, 18-19 McKisack, May, 59 Melsa, John de, 30 n.2 Menasse, Master William, 218 Menteith, earl of, see Graham, John Menteith, Sir John, 34 Merk, lady of, 65 Merkeley, John, 135 Meryton, John, 235 Messenger, Richard, 235 messenger, killing of royal, 61 mutilation of royal, 28 n.5 Methven, battle of, 40—2, 43, 44, 45, 46, 53 Middleham (Yorks.), 175, 199 Middlesex, 172 Middleton, Sir Gilbert de, 46-9 Mile End, 104 Milford, John, 106 military contract, breach of, i n military court, 50, 51 Mille, Thomas atte, 234 minors as accusers, 19 Minsterworth, Sir John, i n Mirror of Justices, 15, 20, 22, 39 misconduct, n o misprision, 68, 73, 96, 97, n o , 131, 152, 216-24 act of attainder for, 223 breaking indenture with king as, 220 communicating with Queen Margaret and sheltering her messengers as, 222-3 concealment of treason as, 216, 220 contravening the statutes of praemunire and provisors as, 218-19 default as, 217 defrauding the king as, 218 failure to perform official duty as, 217 forfeiture for, see forfeiture granting too many pardons as, 218 illicit communication with the papal curia as, 218 misbehaviour in office as, 217-18 'of treason', 216 political offences as, 219 surrendering castles, provisions and military equipment as, 219 through the usurpation of office, 218 Mitford castle, 47 money, destruction of false, 86 extortion of, 73 introduction into the realm of false, 85,88 receiving from enemies, n o moneyer, false, 85, 93 n.3 Montagu, John de, 158, 167 Montfort, Aymer de, 16 Montfort, Guy de, 16 Montfort, Robert de, 16 Montfort, Simon de, earl of Leicester, 27,28 More, John, 152, 157-8, 167, 232 More, John de, 144 Morins, Richard de, Mortimer, Sir John, 130, 172, 173 n.i, 195, 203 Mortimer, Sir Thomas, 170 n.i, 178, 182, 183 Mountjoy, Walter Blount, Lord, 150 Mowat, Bernard, 41—6 Mowbray, John de, lord of Axholme and Gower, 49, 51 n.3 Mowbray, Thomas, earl marshal and earl of Nottingham, 97 Mulle, Hugo, 141, 222 murder, 39, 51, 61, 66, 92, 133, 146 by 'await', 134 of men loyal to the king, 105 of the king's folk, 49 of wife, 125 pardon for, 174 seditious, 72 treasonable, 73, 132 INDEX necromancy and sorcery, for traitorous purposes, 126, 237 charges concerning, 153 Nessfield, William de, 90 n.3 Neuton, Sir Richard, C.J.C.P., 123 Newcastle-on-Tyne, 41, 42, 43, 46,47 Newgate gaol, 133 Norbury, Richard, 152, 157-8, 167 Norfolk, sheriff of, 207 Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, duke of, 115, 143, 163 Normandy, 223 Norreys, Robert, 146 Northampton, 27 study of Roman law at, Northampton, John of, 105-6, 151-2, 157-8, 167 Northumberland, Henry Percy, earl of, 112, 134, 148, 149 n.3, 153, 159, 170 n.i, 180, 182-3, 185, 188, 192, 202 Norwich, prior of, 142 notoriety of offence or offenders, 19, 20, 29, 31, 32, i , 44, 45, 48, 51, 52 n., 54, 62, 66, 75 n.i, 76, 82, 83, 85, 91, 92, 157, 159, 166, 177, 179-80, 181, 210 Nottingham, mayor and bailiffs of, 152 Nottingham, William, 197 novel disseisin, action of, 7, 72, 99 Nun of Kent, Elizabeth Barton, 210, 212, 213 oath, breaking of, 54 of loyalty, 198 purgative, 56 Oddyngseles, Sir John, 72 Okeham, Thomas de, 69 Oldcastle, Sir John, 130, 155, 171-2, 208 Oldhall, Sir William, 121, 191, 192, 195-6, 199, 203, 204, 211 ordinances of 1311, 65 ordines judiciarii, Ordo Judiciarius of Tancred, Orleans, Charles, duke of, 124 Ormonde, James Butler, earl of, 146, 155 Oseney, annalist of, 26 Ossory, Richard Ledred, bishop of, 175 n.2 Otherwick castle, n o 259 outlaws and outlawry, 28, 33, 35, 44, 50, 53, 172, 177, 188-90, 196, 203, 211 reputing as the equivalent, 28, 44 overt act (of treason), 122-3, J32 words supposedly as, 123 Oxford, castle, 156, 164 clerk of, 87 n.2 university, study of Roman law at, 3,6 Oxford, John de Vere, earl of, 155, 161, 162 n.2 Oxford, Aubrey de Vere, son of, 161 Oxfordshire, insurrection in, 106 oyer and terminer, commission of, 138, 141, 147-9, 151, 165, 172, 173, 187 n.i, 212 permanent commission of beyond the Trent, 148 with power to respite execution of judgement at discretion, 149 Padua, law of, 161 palace court, 157 papal curia, 55, 56, 219 Papian, the Burgundian, pardon, 27, 70, 83, 91, 97, 109, n o , 129, 136, 158, 165, 166, 173-4, 175, 200, 218, 222-3, 224 Paris, Matthew, 227 n.3 parish of St Gregory's in Farringdon ward, London, 121 of St Sepulchre's in Farringdon ward, London, 127 parliament, 43, 44, 53, 55, 66, 171 acts of, see statutes affirmation of common law indictment in, 173, 195 affirmation of outlawry in, 195 annulling proceedings of 1397-8 session of, 115 appeal of treason in, see appeal attainder in, see attainder commission of, 115 commons of, 71, 85, 86, 96, 124, 125, 129, 130, 131, 133, 136, 137, 143, 144, 172, 187, 188, 194, 195, 211, 227 continuation against the king's command of, 214 conviction in, 115, 132, 229 dissolving of, punishment for, 112 260 INDEX parliament (contd.) doubtful cases of treason to be considered in, see declaration holding of assemblies and, 36 law of, 113, 168 n.3, 169, 191 lords of, 66, 85, 96, 132, 134, 148, 171, 172, 182-3, 186, 187, 189, 211 merchants in, 85 outlawing by, 182 pardon by, 173 particular parliaments: of 1283, 29; of 1304 (Anglo-Scottish parliament at St Andrews), 33, 34, 42, 45,48;of 1305,55; of 1308-9,217; of 1321, 53, 65; of 1335 at York, 75; of March 1336 at Westminster, 75; of 1338 at Northampton, 76; of October 1339, 77; of 1341, 217; of 1343, 77, 85; of 1346, 77; of 1347, 174; of January 1348, 71, 77, 79, 85-6, of March 1348, 77; of 1351, 77; of January, 1352, 78, 92; of 1354, 83; of 1376, 59, 9°, 109, 154 n.3, 163, 217; of January 1377, 96, 217, 219; of 1379, 180, 232; of 1381, 169; of October 1383, 97, n o ; of February 1388 (the 'Merciless'), 112, 168, 181, 208, 221, 229; of January 1390, 174; of 1394, 113, 181; of September 1397, 114, 229; session of 1398 at Shrewsbury, 224; of 1399, 145, 175, 182, 195 n i ; of 1402, 230; of January 1404, 175; of October 1404, 132; of 1406, 97, 134; of 1414 at Leicester, 131, 184 n i ; of 1415, 195; of 1423-4, 130, 195, 229; of 1429-30, 129, 131, 146; of 1433, 129; of 1442, 129, 131, 154; of 1450-1, 130; of 1453-4, 174, 186, 195, 196; of 1455-6, 133, 198; of 1459, 124, 191, 1978, 200 n.4; of 1460, 198; of 1461, 174;of 1467-8,133;of 1478,1701; of 1491-2, 223; of 1497, 230 petitions in, 82-3, 84 power to call judicial records and justices before, 88 rolls of, 50, 217, 221, 229-30 summoned to appear in, 183, 202 trial in, see trial parricide, 227 Paston, John, 197 n.3 Payn, Adam, 152 Payn, Thomas, 130, 133 Peache, Sir John, 52 peasants' revolt of 1381, 103-5, H3» 183, 207 Pecche, John, 94 Pechell, Robert, 236 peers, judgement by, 19, 25, 49, 53, 55, 67, 157, 172, 176, 178, 184 n.i, 185 peeresses, trial of, 154 'peine forte et dure', 62, 136 Pembroke, Jasper Tudor, earl of, 196 penalties for treason, see punishment and forfeiture Penmarch, Brittany, 135 people (of England), 39, 51, 57, 67, 121, 208 Percy, Henry (Hotspur), 185, 186, 192, 205 Percy, Sir Ralph, 173 Percy, Thomas, Lord Egremont, 191 perduellio, Perrers, Alice, 219 Perth, 40 Per Venerabilem, papal decretal, 10 Peshale, Adam, 184 petitions, 210 petty juries, see juries, petty petty treason, see treason, petty Peyntour, John, 142 Philip Augustus, king of France, 10 Philip IV, king of France, 55 Philipot, John, 180 n.6 piracy, 94, 156 pirates, 187 Pirton (Herts.), 74 Piryman, Richard, 143, 154 plea rolls, 32, 44, 62, 70, 141, 166, see also coram rege rolls Plesyngton, Sir Robert, 182 n.2 Plucknett, T F T., 42, 54 n.2, 59, 157 n.5, 168 n.3, 178 n.4, 179, 180 Plummer, John, 147 plundering ships, 68 contrary to truce, 129 Pole, Michael de la, earl of Suffolk, see Suffolk, earl of Pontefract castle, 50, 52 n Ponynges, Robert, 153 INDEX Poole, 237 Pope, Henry, 208 popular insurrection, 208 helping to cause by threats, 104 praemunire facias, writ of, 218 predicting the king's death, see discovering, prognosticating the date of the king's death prelate, scheming to annul the office of, 107 slaying of by a lesser cleric, 87 prerogative of king, 78, 101, 102, m , i35» 204 presentments by jury, see indictment and juries and jurors Preston, Richard, 180 n.6, 232 prison see gaol private war, 37 privy seal, 11, 18, 88 n.i proclamation, 68, 69, 75, 83, 182, 201 writs of, 183, 204 proditio, 7, 21 prophecies, 119 prosecutor, king's, 35, 214, see also attorney of king public order, 11, 14 publishing treasonable writings, 120, 121 Pulle, William, 125, 170 n.i, 189 n.2 punishment, 8, 13, 20, 79, 112, 129, 133, 148, 149, 155, 226 abscission of ear, 19 according to discretion, 150 beheading, 23, 39, 40, 46, 47, 51, 52, 61, 136, 150, 151, 157, 220, 227 burning, 133, 136, 226-7, 228; of entrails, 26, 39, 46, 52; while hanging, 172 261 execution (generally), 9, 19, 60: by torment, 20; of children, 13; of daughters, 13; summary, 43 fines, 149: for allowing prisoners to escape, 133; for impeaching the king's minister, 112; for misprision, 223—4 J f ° r redemption of land, 28 flaying alive, 13 hanging, 13, 20, 23, 30, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 45, 51, 52, 62, 63, 66, 94, n.2, n o , 116, 117, 118, 132, 135, 136, 142, 149, 151, 152, 157, 158, 167, 172, 220, 225, 227, 231; alive, 26, 46, 47 illegal, 184 n.i impaling, 161 n.5 imprisonment, see imprisonment and gaol mutilation of limbs, 150 pillory, 19, 68, 218 physical, connected with particular offences, 25, 26, 30, 39, 46 quartering, 13, 21, 23, 26, 39, 46, 47, 52, 57> 94, n , 117, 118, 132, 136, 142, 151, 152, 157 severer, 79 speedy, 74-5 Vilest of deaths', 120 without due process of law, 194 see also forfeiture purgation by oath, 19, 56, 82, 163, 250 by declaration in parliament, 136 purveyance, illegal, 136, 215 Putnam, Bertha H., 79, 86, 94 queen, compassing the death of, 87 conspiring to make self, 126 intercession of, 46 Ramsey, abbot of, 142 corruption of blood, 186, 187, 192 Randolf, John, 126 degrading, 52 disablement of heirs, 186, 187, 192 ransom, taking of, 62, 63, 91 disembowelling, 21, 23, 26, 35, 39, rape, 125, 133, 174, 189 ratione rebellionis suae, 193 n.2 46, 132; alive, 47 disheriting, disinheriting, see dis- Ravengham, John de, 62 Reading, 151, 152, 195 heriting Reading, John of, 18 dismembering, see quartering drawing to the gallows, 18, 20, 23, realm, annulling laws of, 67 attacks on, 137 26, 35, 36, 45, 46, 47, 51, 52, 62, betrayal of, 4, 63, 66, 94, n o , 116, 117, 118, betraying secrets of, 220 132, 135, 136, 138, 142, 149, 151, bringing counterfeit money into, 152, 157, 158, 167, 172, 220, 222, 8s, 88 225, 227, 231 INDEX 262 realm (contd.) cases originating outside, 156 confederations to the subversion of, 207 destruction of, 208, 209 enemy of, 207 robbery causing the overthrow of, 74 subversion of, 97, 207, 209 treason against, 57, 206, 208 rebellion, 72, n o rebels, those who ride armed to be treated as, 75 record, conviction by the king's, 22—58, 66, 89, 90, 123, 157, 158, 160, 171, 177, 201, 202, 212, 215 only allowable in time of open war, 201 n.3 T F T Plucknett on, 35 n.6, 201 n.3 records, destruction of royal, 105 Redbourn, 'Shaldford lane* in, 62 Redyng, Simon, 161 n.5 Ree, William atte, 236 religious orders, scheming to annul, 107 religious places, burning or destruction of, 36 reputing as a traitor or enemy of the king, 26-8, 34, 43, 50, 52, 57, 200 as enemy of the realm, 28 as equivalent of outlawry, 28 resistance, right of, retainer, 47 reward for arrest of suspected traitor, 33, 34 rex lege solutus, 10 Rezneck, S., 122, 131 n.i, 180, 185 n.2 Rhys ap Maredudd, 29-31, 34, 36, 43 Richard II, King, 96,98, 109,110, i n , 114, 144, 164, 208, 115, 117, 120, 137, 139, 143, 145, 151-2, 153, 159, 162, 168, 172, 175, 177, 182, 204, 214, 219, 229 articles brought against, 144 the false, 116 Richard III, King, 123, 215 as duke of Gloucester, 162, 165 Richmond, John, duke of Brittany, earl of, 49 Richmond, Henry, earl of, see Henry VII, king riding armed to rob, capture or kidnap, 90 in manner of insurrection traitorously arrayed for war, 107 to the king's wars, 61 riots, 48, 56, 75, 156, 164, 190, 207 Rishanger, William, 25 rising in manner of war against king and crown, 105 Rivers, Anthony Wydvile, earl, 160, 168, 215 Rivers, Richard Wydvile, earl, 160 robbers, dealt with as traitors, 74 robbery, 30, 51, 133 of the king's folk, 49 see also highway robbery Roman emperor, insults to as treason, lack of respect to image of, Rome, ideas of treason in, 1, 2, laws of concerning treason, 4, 128, 129 revival of law of, 3, 225 Rothar, king, Rouen, 153 royal estate, scheming to annul, 107 royal power, see accroaching royal thesis of treason, 58 Royston, 62 Rukeby, Thomas de, 61 Rusky, William 42 n Ryddesdale, Robert de, 121 Rydon, Robert, 162 sacrilege, 40 Sadyngton, Sir Robert de, 54 safe conducts, 97, 128-9, 134, 200, 220, 233; see also truces St Albans, 139 first battle of, 198, 200 St Andrews, parliament at, 33-4, 45, 48 St Giles's Fields, 107, 150 St Leonard's Hospital, York, 81 St Martin's-le-Grand, London, 136, 191 n.3, 196 St Paul's, London, 121, 198, 238 St Quintin, William de, 30 n.2 St Sauveur in the Cotentin, 109, 154, i6 Salisbury, 165, 219 insurrection at, 94 INDEX Salisbury, William Ayscough, bishop of, 121 Salisbury, Richard Beauchamp, bishop of, 199 Salisbury, John de Montagu, earl of, 124, 183, 184 n.i, 192 n.i Salisbury, Thomas de Montagu, earl of, 184 n.i Salisbury, Richard Neville, earl of, 199: Alice, wife of, 199, 203 Salle, Sir Robert, n o sanctuary, 120, 191 n.3, 196 Say, James Fiennes, lord, 121 scandalous outcry, 70 schedules, 120 Scotland, 17, 24, 33, 36, 44, 52, 57, 74, 162 king, of 70, 120 war with, 31, 55 Scots, 48, 52, 202 n.3, 206 as pirates, 129 Scrope, Sir Geoffrey le, C.J.K.B 52 Scrope, Henry le, lord of Masham, 195, 222 Scrope, William le, earl of Wiltshire, 159 scutage, 78 seal, see counterfeiting secrets, betraying, 124, 134, 220 seditio, 1, 4, 7, 21, 35, 37, 47, 67, 68, 70, 71 n.2, 73, 233 exercitus, 4, 5, 7, 23 regis, 23, 35, 57, 206: et populi, 39, 207 regni, 4, 5, 7, 39 seditiously making of commotion, rebellion and insurrection by imaginative language, 124 seductio, 5, 7, 30, 52 n seductor, 36, 47 Segrave, Nicholas de, 55 Sely, Sir Benedict, 156, 164 serfs as accusers, 19 Seton, Christopher de, 45 Seton, John de, 41, 42, 43, 44~5, 46 Shareshull, Sir William, C.J.K.B., 86, 94, 228 Sharp, Jack, rebellion of, 120 Shoreditch, John de, 227 Shrewsbury, 24, 185, 193, 194 parliament at, 29 Sibill, William, 104 Skipwith, Sir William, 157, 233 263 Skyrmyschour, Alexander le, 42 n slandering the king, 12 Sluys, 82 Smith, Sir Thomas, 201 n.3 Smithfield, 146, 147 Smyth, John, 235 sodomy, 45 Solers, Sir John, 237 Somerset, Henry Beaufort, duke of, 161 Somervill, John de, 41 n.i Song of Lewes, 24 sorcery, see necromancy Sotehill, Henry, 165 Southampton, 161 n.5, 175 plot in 1415 at, 164 South Lynn, 76 Southwell, Thomas, 126-7, 149 n.3, 154, 237 sovereign prince, 62 sovereignty, 10 de facto, 10 de iure, 10 Spalding, prior of, 142 Sperhauk, John, 116—17, 120, 122, 229 spies, 32, 52, 130 Spital (Lines.), 150 n.4 spoiling of the lieges of the king, planning the, 108 spying out the king's secrets, 16, 37 n.2, 57 Stacey, Doctor John, 127-8, 148, 171 Stafford, Humphrey Stafford, earl of, 149 n.3, 153 Staffordshire, sheriff of, 188 Staines, 153 Stanley, Thomas, Lord, 176 n.i stannaries, 67 Staple, John, 234 statutes, 79, 92, 93, *37, 173 concerning arrest or imprisonment without appeal or indictment, 76 concerning Edmund, earl of Arundel as ally of the Despensers, 84 concerning treason: of 1352, 5, 8, n , 14, 16, 18, 59-101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109, i n , 113, 114, 116, 122, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, J 37, 138, 168, 176, 180, 186, 192, 204, 207, 214, 220, 227, 228, 229; of 1352, pro clero, 230; of 1381, 94, 105; of 1397, 114-15, 184, 208, 229; of 1414, 128-30, 174; INDEX 264 statutes concerning treason (contd.) of 1416, 130, 135 n.3; of 1424, 130-1; of 1429-30, 131; of 1442, 131, 132; of 1450-1, 130, 174; of 1460, 132; of 1497, 231; of 1534, 213; of 1542, 214 de riottis, 133, 190, 191, 201 of praemunire, 219 of provisorSy 219 of Westminster, 91 of Westminster II, 44: de donis con- ditionalibuSy 192 of Winchester, 91 proposal that the act by which Edward II was adjudged in parliament should be held as a statute, 112 rolls of, 88 n.i Stephens, Sir J F., 168 n.3 Steres, Richard, 161 steward, court of the lord high, 157 n.3 of England, 171 Stirling castle, 33-4 Stones, E L G., 78 n.2 Stonor, Sir John, C.J.C.P., 86 Storey, R L., 119 n.i, 136 n.2, 193 n.5 Stow, John, 131, 136, 141, 149, 153, 164, 167, 222 Stratford, John, archbishop of Canterbury, 67 Stratford Langthorne, 164 Stubbs, W., 60, 160, 178 Stucche, John, 125, 133, 189, 190 subjects, slaying and burning the king's, 27 submission to the king, 33, 55, 82, 170 subsidy, 96, 132 succession to the crown, 132 Suffolk, William de la Pole, duke of, 96, 98, 121, 124, 163, 170, 187, 191, 211 Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, earl of, 97, 149 n.3, 169, 218, 229 Suffolk, sheriff of, 152 Surrey, Thomas Holland, duke of, 150; see also Kent, earl of suspects, 44, 75-6 Sussex, 175 Swyrenden, William, 99 Taillur, Roger le, 42 n Tailour John, 223 Talbot, Sir Thomas, 113, 170 n.i, 181, 182, 183, 188, 191, 208 tallage, 78 Talmache, John, 104 Tany, Roger de, 41, 42 n taxation, 77, 78, 96 imposition not approved by parliament, 217 misspending of, 97, 218 Tedemers, Stephen de, 217 Teghelere, Walter, 103 Templars, lands of, 65 'tempus turbacionis', 28 Tewkesbury, battle of, 175, 193 Thacham, John, 103 Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, Thornley, Isobel, 59, 91, 116, 122 Thorpe (Surrey), 153 Thorpe, Peter de, 67, 71 n.2, 91 n.2 Thorpe, William, C.J.K.B., 54, 56 n.3, 69, 227 Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, 134 Tibbers castle, 41 Tickhill castle, 71 Tilbury, John of, 'tirer canon ou engin gecter', 62 torture, 13, 140, 147, 164, 214 Tottenham, 235 tournaments, 56 Tout, T F., 79 Tower of London, 38, 70, 140, 157, 164, 233, 234 arraignment in, 152 entering, 104 constable of, 46 escapes from, 130-1, 172 keeper of, 69 Tower hill, 162 n.2 towns, seizing of, 39 Tracy, Richard, 230 traditiOy traisson, 20 treason, high, 2, 5, 57, 61 n.4, 82, 87, 114, 117, 128, 131, 133, 189, 199, 208, 221, 222, 227, 229 procuring a commission to be made like the commission of government of 1386 as, 229 treasons mentioned in the statute of 1397 as, 229 treason touching the royal majesty called, 230 INDEX treason, petty, 2, 15, 59, 82, 87 n.3, 94, 131, 225-31 adultery committed with lord's wife or daughter, 226, 228 attempting to kill husband, 226, 228 Bracton on, 225 Britton on, 226 counterfeiting ally's seal, 225 counterfeiting lord's image or seal, 225, 226, 228 defiling wife of an ally, 225 escheat for, 227 Fleta on, 225 giving aid or counsel to ally's adversary or disclosing counsel to, 226 'great' treason as, 226 killing of bishop by a cleric, 228: of ex-master, 228; of father or kinsman of ally, 225-6; of her baron by a woman, 87, 228; of master by servant, 87, 227, 228, 230; of master by servant with wife's connivance, 228; of master's wife by servant, 227, 228 n.3; of one's lord, 15 'little* treason as, 226 Mirror of Justices on, 225-6 parricide as, 227 punishment for, 225—8 the term 'petty', 229, 230 violating lord's wife, 226: nurse to lord's children, 226, 228 treachery, n o treating with insurgents, 104 treaty, making of, 96—7 Tredington (Worcs.), 68 Tresilian, Sir Robert, 139-40, 158, 167, 229, 233 trespass, action of, trespasses, 18, 73, 75, 91, 185, 188 Treverthean, John, the elder, 156 trial, 6, 23-58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 117, 127, 128, 138-76, 213 after death, by battle, 20 n.5, 115, 143, 145, 151, 152, 154, 177 charges in writing at, 168, 170, 171 giving of evidence at, 166 in absence, 82, 169, 181, 183 in court of chivalry, 158 in parliament, 82, n o , 148, 159, 168-9, !7°, J72, l 265 legal counsel at, 166, 168-70 opportunity to enter plea at, 169 putting oneself on the king's mercy at, 170 responding to the charges, 166, 169, 170-2 strategy of crown, 213 time allowed to compile answers, 170 without chance to reply, 37, 49, 53-4, 172, 184 n.i, 198 Trigald, Fulk, 26 truces, 14, 128-30, 135 n.i act of 1414 concerning, 130, 174 conservators of, 128 see also safe conducts Trussel, William, 54 Tryvet, Sir Thomas, 97, i n , 219, 220 Tudenham, Sir Thomas, 161 Tunstall, Sir Richard, 222 Turberville, Sir Thomas, 16, 35 Turry le Messenger, Adam, 42 n Tutbury, 50, 159, 189 Twygge, Robert, 235 Twynho, Ankarette, 171 tyrannicide, unconditional surrender, 30 Upholland, prior of, 70 n.4 Upton, John, 146 usages of war, 51 Usk, Thomas, 151—2 usurping the royal power, see accroaching the royal power Valence, Aymer de, 40, 43 valets, 63 Vaughan, Sir Thomas, 199, 203, 215 Vaux, John de, 25 Venables, Peter, 189 Veyse, John, 142 vice-constable, 163 Vita Edwardi Secundi, 48 Wakefield, Peter of, 16 Walburum, Alice de, 87 n.3 Wallace, William, 29, 30, 31, 32-9, 4°, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 53, 57, 206 Walshe, John, 143 Walsingham, prior of, 142 Walsingham, Thomas, n o , 152, 163 Waltheof, earl, 23 Walton, Adam de, 61 266 INDEX Walton ordinances, 78 Waiworth, William, 150 wandering by night, 91 Wantham, Master Nicholas de, 16, 57 war, absolute power of king during, 201 n.3 arrayed in manner of, 72 attired in manner of, 62 coming from Ireland in manner of, 198 making of against the king's subjects, 29 open, 89, 202, 204 private, 27, 125 riding to the king's, 61 rising as in, 68 stirring up between king and his lieges, 121 see also levying war against the king Warde, Robert de la, 41 n.i wardrobe, king's, 11 Ware (Herts.), 227 Warenne, John de, earl of Surrey, 50 n.i Warkworth, John, 161, 162 n.2, 175 Warwick, 171 n 3, 193 Warwick, Thomas Beauchamp, earl of, 169, 171, 175, 177, 182, 193, 202 n.3 Richard Neville, earl of, m , 119, 199, 200 washing and filing of coins, 130 Waverley annalist, 25 Welsh, 16, 131 rebellions of the, 28 'Welsh clerk', the, 146 Westgate, hundred of, 103 Westminster chronicler, the unknown 151 Westminster Hall, 34, 46 Westminster, royal palace of, 170 Weston, John, 50 Weston, William, n o , i n , 158, 168, 169, 220 Whethamstede, John, abbot of St Alban's, 198 White, John, 235 Whittingham, Sir Robert, 222 Wilkinson, B., 60, 92, 168 Wilkyns, John, 156 Willoughby, Richard de, C.J.K.B., 42 n.i, 76, 77, 180, 203 Wiltshire, earl of, see Scrope Wiltshire, sheriff of, 165 Winchester, Henry Beaufort, bishop of, 153 Windsor, 163 n.3, 171 n.3 castle, 28 wishing the king dead, 12 witnesses, 13, 37, 153, 156, 166, 171, 214 barons of the kingdom as, 52 n Wogan, Master Richard, 155 Wolf, Sir William, 146 wool, arrest of, 73 Worcester, Thomas Percy, earl of, 185, 186, 192, 205 Worcester, John Tiptoft, earl of, 160—2 Worcester, Florence of, 25 * Worcester, William', 198 words (as treason), 14, 16, 107, 116, 117-20, 122, 145 in derogation of the royal person, 145 Wrawe, John, 141 writs, issuing of, 36 quibusdam certis de causis, 190: attempt to extend to treason, 190 n.i supplying details of indictment by means of, 69 n.6 writings (as treason), 120 display of, 121 in rhyme, fabricating, bills, ballads, 121, 238 Wycher, Robert, 42 n Wydvile, Sir Richard, 164 Wyghtlok, John, 120, 121, 131 Wysham, Sir John, 52 Wytingham, Sir William, 32 Yate, Thomas, 237 Year Books, 61, 93, 98, 123, 192 York, 30, 47 citizens of, 164 gaol at, 51 n.3 York, Thomas Arundel, archbishop of, 229 York, John Kemp, archbishop of, 153 York, Richard le Scrope, archbishop of, 97, 157, 164, 167 York, Richard, duke of, 97, 121, 124, 132, 136, 140, 146, 174, 190 n.i, 198, 199, 203 Yorkshire, insurrection in, 106 ... Holdsworth, History of English Law (3rd edn, London, 1923), 11, 48-9 2 THE LAW OF TREASON IN ENGLAND plotting against the life of the lord from plotting against the life of the king: perhaps the earliest... Documents of the Middle Ages (London, 1896), pp 252-4 i4 THE LAW OF TREASON IN ENGLAND Thus the English law of treason of the later middle ages was founded on a Germanic base but contained also... through the eyes of the king and his legal advisers The other was the theory of treason of the barons and to a lesser extent of the people* This other doctrine was founded on a notion of the unity of