AFGHANISTAN ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BAHRAIN BERMUDA BOLIVIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BRAZIL CANADA CHILE CHINA COSTA RICA CROATIA CUBA EGYPT ENGLAND ETHIOPIA FRANCE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA GERMANY GHANA GREECE GUATEMALA ICELAND INDIA INDONESIA IRAN IRAQ IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAMAICA JAPAN KAZAKHSTAN KENYA KUWAIT MEXICO THE NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND NIGERIA NORTH KOREA NORWAY PAKISTAN PERU THE PHILIPPINES PUERTO RICO RUSSIA SAUDI ARABIA SCOTLAND SENEGAL SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH KOREA SPAIN SWEDEN TAIWAN TURKEY UKRAINE UZBEKISTAN VENEZUELA VIETNAM Afghanistan Second Edition Jeffrey A Gritzner University of Montana with additional text by John F Shroder, Jr University of Nebraska, Omaha Series Editor Charles F Gritzner South Dakota State University Frontispiece: Flag of Afghanistan Cover: The Masjid-e Jami Mosque in Herat is one of Afghanistan’s most beautiful works of architecture Afghanistan, Second Edition Copyright © 2007 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gritzner, Jeffrey A Afghanistan / Jeffrey A Gritzner; with additional text by John F Shroder — 2nd ed p cm — (Modern world nations) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7910-9209-7 (hardcover) Afghanistan—Juvenile literature I Shroder, John F., 1939- II Title III Series DS351.5.G75 2006 958.1—dc22 2006012724 Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Series and cover design by Takeshi Takahashi Printed in the United States of America Bang Hermitage 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper All links and Web addresses were checked and verified to be correct at the time of publication Because of the dynamic nature of the Web, some addresses and links may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid Table of Contents Introducing Afghanistan Physical Landscapes 14 Early History and Culture 25 The Age of European Imperialism 37 The Soviet Invasion and Its Aftermath 58 People and Culture 79 Afghanistan’s Government and Economy 87 Afghanistan Looks Ahead Facts at a Glance History at a Glance Bibliography Further Reading Index 98 103 106 108 109 110 Afghanistan Second Edition Introducing Afghanistan B efore the last two decades of warfare there, visitors to Afghanistan often had the feeling that they had stepped into the past The cultural landscape was almost medieval in character Massive vertical windmills in the Hari Rud Valley and the mosaics of carefully tended fields and gardens could both have been described by Arab geographers in the seventh century A.D The traveler also would have seen many karez (or qanat) These enormous horizontal wells were driven into the aquifers near the base of distant mountains and their presence is betrayed by the regularly spaced mounds of earth that snake across the landscape These mounds mark the entrances of the vertical shafts that are used in the excavation and maintenance of the karez The visitor would have seen many picturesque walled villages with beehive-domed dwellings and bazaars (markets) enlivened by the sounds of artisans at work combined with the pungent odors of Introducing Afghanistan spices and herbs One could visit an encampment of the Pashtun (or Pushtun) nomads, with their black goat’s hair tents and often-complaining camels The name Pashtun is widely used to identify individuals or groups associated with the many Pashtunspeaking tribes of Afghanistan and Pakistan The Afghans themselves—proud, self-confident, and hospitable—are a people who have defied colonization Through time, they have defended their freedom in the face of the most powerful armies on Earth In 1952, in his book Beyond the High Himalaya, Supreme Court Justice William O Douglas wrote: We of the West have all the rudiments of civilization, all the dividends of a mounting standard of living But the Afghans—one thousand years behind us in many respects—have a warmth of human relations that is often missing all the way from New York City to San Francisco Ironically, in recent decades, both internal strife and the imposition of outside “civilization” upon the people of Afghanistan have contributed to the erosion of the “warmth of human relations” so admired by Justice Douglas and many others who know this land and its people The sturdiness of Afghanistan’s people is matched by the country’s natural landscapes Rugged mountains and extensive desert plains dominate Afghanistan’s physical geography More than 100 peaks in the region’s towering Pamir Knot—often called the “Roof of the World”—rise above 20,000 feet (6,100 meters), including many that are located in Afghanistan The country’s highest mountain, Nowshak, rises to 24,557 feet (7,485 meters), on the Pakistan border—higher than any peak in the Western Hemisphere Several peaks in the central ranges exceed 14,000 feet (4,270 meters) in elevation The region is geologically active and the mountains are still growing This activity also contributes to frequent seismic (earthquake) activity that poses a constant threat to life and property History at a Glance B.C 11000 Fourth Millennium Sixth century 331 Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of settled agricultural populations in southern Afghanistan South-central regions of Afghanistan are intimately associated with the Indus Civilization; a relationship that persists into the second millennium B.C The kingdoms of Bactria and Sogdiana are established in Afghanistan; the prophet Zoroaster rises to prominence in Bactria; the region is later incorporated into the Archaemenid Empire Bactria, Sogdiana, and surrounding regions fall to forces of Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander the Great); Greco-Bactrian dominance continues until ca 130 B.C A.D Mid-seventh century Tenth–twelfth centuries Thirteenth century Sixteenth century Nineteenth century 1893 1936 1964 Islam expands into Afghanistan The Ghaznavid Empire, among the most important indigenous Afghan empires, flourishes during this period; it extends from Kurdistan to Kashmir and is known for its patronage of the arts, literature, and science Invasions by Mongol and Turco-Mongol forces— particularly destructive are the 1220 and 1221 campaigns of Genghis Khan From the sixteenth through the seventeenth century, Afghanistan is contested between the Persian Safavids and Indian Mughals Great Britain and Russia seek control over Afghanistan in what has become known as the Great Game; AngloAfghan wars occur in 1839–1842 and 1878–1880 The Durand Line separating Afghanistan and British India is drawn through the middle of the Pashtun tribal lands, thus serving as a basis for subsequent conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan Afghanistan signs a trade agreement with the Soviet Union and a treaty of friendship with the United States A constitution providing for a democratic government is drafted, but lack of agreement on its provisions prevents implementation 106 1979 Soviets dispatch 85,000 troops to Afghanistan at the request of Prime Minister Amin; he is then assassinated and replaced by Babrak Karmal—a more moderate leader supported by the Soviets; mullahs and khans declare a jihad, and mujaheddin guerrillas attack government and Soviet troops 1988 A peace accord is signed by Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Soviet Union, and the United States 1994 Conflict increases among ethnic factions; the Taliban capture Kandahar as a first step in their effort to stabilize the country 1996 The Taliban gain control of Kabul; U.S support for the Taliban increases 1999 The United States initiates UN economic sanctions punishing the Taliban for providing sanctuary to Osama bin Laden; discussions regarding a U.S military offensive against the Taliban government and al-Qaeda continue 2001 Terrorist attacks in the United States attributed to al-Qaeda trigger a massive military offensive designed to curb terrorism 2002 A provisional government is established in Kabul; the military offensive continues 2004 Hamid Karzai is elected president 2005 Parliament is elected and the military occupation of Afghanistan by the United States and ISAF continue 2006 American University of Afghanistan, which provides an Englishlanguage, coeducational learning environment, opens 107 Bibliography Arberry, A.J The Legacy of Persia Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1953 Bergen, Peter L Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden New York: Free Press, 2001 Central Intelligence Agency The World Factbook—Afghanistan Found online at: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index/html Collins, Joseph J The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: A Study in the Use of Force in Soviet Foreign Policy Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1986 Department of the Army Area Handbook for Afghanistan (Pamphlet 550–65, 4th edition.) Washington, D.C., 1973 Douglas, William O Beyond the High Himalaya Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1952 Dupree, Louis Afghanistan Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1973 Efendi, Evliya Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa, in the Seventeenth Century (Joseph von Hammer, trans.) London: OrientalTranslation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1846 Ehrenreich, Barbara “Christian Wahhabists.” The Progressive, January 2002 Frye, Richard N The Heritage of Persia Cleveland, Ohio: World Publishing Company, 1963 Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev Remembers (Strobe Talbott, trans and ed.) London: Andre Deutsch, 1971 Mackinder, H.J Democratic Ideas and Reality New York: Henry Holt, 1919 National Geographic Society Afghanistan and Pakistan Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, December 2001 Nollau, Gunther and Hans J Wiche, Russia’s South Flank New York: Praeger, 1963 Rashid, Ahmed Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000 Shah, Sonia “Veiled Solidarity.” The Progressive, January 2002 Wilber, Donald N Afghanistan: Its People, Its Society, Its Culture New Haven, Conn.: HRAF Press, 1962 108 Further Reading Bodansky, Yossef Bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America Rocklin, Calif.: Prima Publishing, 1999 Cohen, Saul B., ed The Columbia Gazetteer of the World New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, vol Ewans, Martin Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics New York: Harper Perenial, 2002 Hopkirk, Peter The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia London: John Murray, 1990 McEvedy, Colin The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1961 Rasanayagam, Angelo Afghanistan: A Modern History London: I.B Tauris, 2005 Sabini, John Islam: A Primer Washington, D.C.: Middle East Editorial Associates, 1983 Textor, Robert B Cultural Frontiers of the Peace Corps Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966 Web sites News and Information on Afghanistan http://www.afghanistans.com/ Information on Afghan Culture, History, Politics, Society, Languages http://www.afghan-web.com/ Afghanistan: A Country Study http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html A Life Revealed: The Story of Sharbat Gula http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/afghangirl/ Afghanistan: A Land in Crisis http://www.nationalgeographic.com/landincrisis/ 109 Index Abbasid Caliphate, 30–31 Abdur Rahman Khan, 37 policies, 38 Ab-i-Stada Lake, 23 Achaemenid Empire court compositions of, 33 expansion of, 11, 28 gardens, 36 provinces of, 11 Afghan definition, 11, 13 Afghanistan foundations of, 11 future, 86, 98–102 introduction, 8–13 isolation, nationalism, 48, 82 today, 25–27, 69, 84–86 Afghanistan (Dupree), 46–47, 51 agriculture crops, 8, 14, 20, 26, 35, 42, 93–94 early, 8, 26–27, 29, 32, 34–35 and the economy, 14, 19–20, 57, 93–97 irrigation, 19–20, 93 land use, 27, 29, 35, 43 Alexander the Great army, 18, 30 Algeria, 47 al-Qaeda in Afghanistan, 70, 73–76, 78, 101 establishment, 75 Amanullah, Emir/King of Afghanistan monarchy, 39–41, 46, 48, 89 Amin, Hafizullah assassination, 58–59 Amu Darya River, 32 fish in, 24 flow of, 18–19, 24 land around, 17–18 ancient history, 27–30 Ancient Paleolithic age populations, 25 Anglo-Afghan wars, 18 attempts to control Afghanistan, 37–39 Anjoman Tarikh-e Afghanistan, 34 Arabian Sea petroleum reserves around, 71 ports of, 43, 45, 51 Aral Sea, 18 Argentina energy companies, 72–73 Arghandab River, 18–19 dams, 42 Aryan migrations, 11, 93 Ashoka, 30 Asia, 77, 83 ancient, 27, 32 climate, 15 control of, 37, 46, 51 gas and oil reserves, 70–72 landscape, 10, 13, 18 Bacheh Saqqo control of Kabul, 39, 41 Bactria kingdom establishment of, 11, 28, 30, 34 Badakhshan Province, 26 Balkh literary centers, 33 Baluch people, 23, 82 crops of, 26 Bashardost, Ramazan, 91 Beyond the High Himalaya (Douglas), Bierce, Ambrose, 13 Bin Laden, Osama and al-Qaeda, 73–76, 101 attempt to capture, 76–78 Brahui, 82 Bronze Age, 11 Buddhism, 84 Mahayana, 32 Buxoro, 36 Byzantine Empire, 49 Caspian Sea petroleum reserves around, 71 CENTO See Central Treaty Organization 110 Index Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), 45 China, 24 early, 32 support to Afghanistan, 59 Xinjiang region, 13 Christianity doctrines, 69 followers of, 49, 84 influences on, 32 Climate and weather aridity, 10, 14–15, 20, 22 precipitation, 10–11, 14–15, 19, 27, 94 temperature ranges, 11, 15 variations, 11, 20 winds and dust, 11, 14 cold war, 39, 42–43, 44 communications improvements in, 65 telephones, 43 Communism, 45, 48 and religion, 46 retreat of, 60 values, 49, 58, 64, 68, 90 conflicts aftermath of, 19, 25, 61–63, 80–81, 85–86, 90, 95, 97 amongst ethnic factions, 8, 38, 50–51, 56–63, 75, 82, 90 Anglo-Afghan wars, 18, 37–39 early invasions, 27, 30 with Pakistan, 50–52 and peace accords, 45 Soviet invasion, 25, 34, 58–63, 73–76, 85, 100 student protests, 43, 55 United States occupation, 75–76, 85, 100–101 Constitutional period, 52–56 Cretaceous period, 17 Culture, 79–81 architecture, 32, 34 arts, 8, 32 early contributions, 32–36 education, 41, 48, 55, 58, 72, 81 ethnic divisions of, 8, 11, 14, 38, 66, 82, 91–92, 98–100 language, 82–83 literature, 32–36 religion, 32, 46, 58, 83–84 sciences, 36 tourisms, Curzon, George, 38–39 Daoud Khan, Muhammad, 55 assassination, 57–58 government of, 42–48, 50–53 modernization, 48–49, 56–57 return of, 56–57 Dara-e Kur, 26 Darius III, 30 Daruntah Gorge, 19 Deh Morasi Ghundai, 26 Democratic Ideas and Reality (Mackinder), 38–39 Dostrum, Rashid Uzbek forces of, 61–62 Douglas, William O Beyond the High Himalaya, Dupree, Louis, 64–65 Afghanistan, 46–47, 51 Dupree, Nancy, 64–65 Durand Line, 42 establishment, 37, 51 Durrani, Ahmad Shah, 37 economy, 93–97 agriculture, 14, 19–20, 27, 57, 93–97 currency, 53 developments, 42–43 early, 93 effects on, 14, 51, 96–97 manufacturing and industry, 34, 36, 41–43, 56–58, 94–97 poverty, 80, 87, 97 trade, 27, 41, 43, 52, 71–73, 84, 94–96 unemployment, 55 ecosystems, 14 alpine tundra, 22 changes to, 20–24, 26–27, 29 mountain forests, 22 111 Index plains, 22 semidesert, 22 Efendi, Evliya, 29 Ehrenreich, Barbara, 69 environmental issues deforestation, 20 lack of water, 19, 61, 80–81 overgrazing, 20 pollution, 61 salinization, 20, 29–30, 42 soil degradation, 20, 29 Eslam Qal’eh, 19 Europe, 43, 83 concepts, 39 imperialism, 25, 37–57, 78 Protestants, 69 Union, 71 interim, 59, 89 loya jirgeh, 39, 89 military, 56–57 monarchy, 39–42, 46, 48, 53–54, 89, 99 theocratic, 70, 88–89, 100 Great Britain control of India, 38, 88 fight for control over Afghanistan, 18, 37–39, 51 and World War II, 41 Greece, 84 architecture of, 34 influence of, 30, 32, 35 Gula, Sharbat, 79–80 Faryab Province, 36 Firdousi, 32 Shahname, 33 France military, 47 Gandhara, 11 Ganges River, 32 Genghis Khan, 32 Geoponika, 34–35 Germany reunification, 71 trade, 52 and World War II, 41–42, 47 Ghar-e Mordeh Gusfand, 26 Ghaus, Muhammad, 63 Ghaznavid Empire, 31–32 Ghazni, 23, 91 literary centers, 33 Ghowr Province, 26 Ghuzz mercenaries, 32 government, 87–93 constitutional period, 52–57, 89 corruption and instability, 80, 87–88, 91–93, 97–99 democratic, 89–92, 101 and foreign affairs, 39, 41–46, 49, 51, 54, 57, 88, 93 Hari Rud River, 18 flow of, 19 Hari Rud Valley, Hashim, Muhammad improvements of, 41–42 Hassan, Mullah Muhammad, 63 Hebrew beliefs influence on, 32 Hekmetyar, Gulbuddin forces of, 61–62 Helmand River, 10 dams, 42 flow of, 19 land around, 17, 18 settlements along, 11 Helmand Valley Authority (HVA), 42 Hephthalites, 30 Herat Province, 11, 19 control of, 62 land around, 17 literary centers, 33 Hesar Mountain, 19 Heslin, Sheila, 71 Hinduism, 84 Hindu Kush Mountains, 19, 43, 83 earthquake, 17 streams in, 24 Huntington, Samuel P., 69 HVA See Helmand Valley Authority 112 Index Inayatullah, 40 independence, 39, 88 India, 83 borders, 10 British control of, 37–38 Islam in, 18 riches, 18 trade, 43 Indus Civilization language, 11 Indus River, 19 Indus Valley, 93 Islam in, 18 insect-borne diseases and contaminated water, 24, 61 malaria, 24 International Monetary Fund, 53 Iran ancient, 11, 28, 36 borders, 13, 17, 19 Chabahar port, 43 climate, 15 culture, 82 exiles and refugees in, 61, 80 government, 52, 54, 100 land features of, 19 trade, 96 Iraq invasion of Kuwait, 78 United States invasion of, 77–78, 101 Iron Amir, 37 Islam Shia, 84 spread of, 18, 30, 32, 34, 36, 49, 72, 77, 84, 88 Sunni, 49, 84 Islamic early, 30–32 fundamentalists, 69–70, 90, 100 law, 49, 56, 63–64, 66–67, 69, 88–89, 92, 100 opposition, 59–60 students, 63 terrorists, 75 Israel, 84 conflicts, 77–78 Italy and World War II, 41 Jalalabad Plains, 19 control of, 39, 62 Jami, 33 Japan, 32 and World War II, 47 Judaism, 84 Jurassic period, 15 Kabul, 84 capital city, 39, 41, 57, 59, 61–62 capture and control of, 66, 72 climate, 15 government, 63 improvements in, 45, 52 land around, 17–19 literary centers, 33 schools in, 48, 54, 72 valley, 19 Kabul River flow of, 18–19 Kandahar, 19, 23, 39, 84 early, 26, 37 gardens, 36 government, 63, 72, 76 improvements in, 45 religious conservatism in, 49–50 riots in, 50 schools in, 72 support to, 59 Taliban capture of, 62 Karez destruction of, 61 excavation and maintenance of, 8, 29–30 watermills of, 34 Karmal, Babrak, 56, 59 Kart Empire, 32 Karzai, Hamid, 89, 91 Kashmir, 32 Kenya terrorism in, 75 Khan, Ismael, 62 Khash Rud River, 18 113 Index Khomeini, Ayatollah, 77 Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev Remembers, 43–44 Khrushchev Remembers (Khrushchev), 43–44 Khyber Pass, 19 importance of, 10, 17–18 Koh-e Baba Mountain, 17 rivers in, 19 Konduz River, 19 Koran studies of, 33, 49, 63 Korea, 32 Kowkcheh River, 18 Kurdistan, 32 Kushan nomads, 30 Kuwait Iraq invasion of, 78 Kyrgyz, 82 land features changes to, 20, 26–27 desert plains, 9–11, 14–15, 17, 20, 22, 29 mountains, 8–11, 14–15, 17–20, 22–23, 29, 82 valleys, 15, 17–18 landscapes challenges of, 14 early, 8, 26 ecosystems, 14, 20–24, 26–27, 29 land features, 8–11, 14–20, 22–23, 26–27, 29, 82 location, 13 soils, 20, 30, 42 water features, 8, 10, 14, 18–20, 24, 29–30, 35, 95 wildlife, 9, 20–24, 26–27, 29 language Dari, 83 diversity, 82–83 Pashtu, 83 Lashkar Gah, 19 Lydian Empire, 36 Macedonian Empire, 30 Mackinder, Halford Democratic Ideas and Reality, 38–39 Mahmud, Sardar Shah, 41 creation of Pashtunistan, 42 Majid, Abdul, 63 manufacturing and industry, 96 carpets, 36, 95 development of factories, 41–43, 56–58 fertilizer, 34 furniture, 95 soap, 95 textiles, 43, 95 Masoud, Ahmad Shah, 61, 75 Mauryan Empire, 30 Mawlawiya Dervishes, 33 Mediterranean Sea petroleum reserves around, 71 Merv, 11 Mesopotamia, 18 Middle Paleolithic age advancements and changes during, 25 military, 80 airfields, 47 government, 56–57 training, 48, 56–57 troops, 50–52, 54–55, 92 Mongol Empire, 18 expansion of, 32 Mongolia, 32 Morghab River flow of, 19 Mousterian populations, 25 advancements of, 26 Mughal Empire attempt to control Afghanistan, 37 Muhammad prophet of Islam, 30, 49 mujaheddin conservatives, 59 government control, 61–62 supporters, 59–60, 73–74 Mundigak, 26 Munkrat, 67 Musahiban tribal elements, 41 114 Index Muslim, 54, 84, 100 religious leaders, 39, 46, 49, 70, 77 Nadir Shah assassination, 41 coronation, 41 Najibullah, Muhammad, 59, 61 Namakzar Lake, 29 Nasir ad-Dawlah Subuktigin, 31 National Revolutionary Party, 57 NATO See North Atlantic Treaty Organization natural hazards droughts, 97 earthquakes, 9, 17, 95 fire, 26 floods, 20, 27, 30 natural resources gems, 17, 95 minerals, 17, 94–95 natural gas, 17, 94–95 petroleum, 17, 43, 94–95 Neolithic age advancements and changes during, 25 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 45 Nowshak (mountain) height of, Omar Khayyám, 33 Omar, Mullah Muhammad, 63 OPEC See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Operation Enduring Freedom, 75–77 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 70 Oxus River See Amu Darya River Pakistan borders, 10, 13, 17–18, 76–77 conflicts with Afghanistan, 43, 50–52 exiles and refugees in, 59, 61–62, 79–80 government, 54, 73 military, 51, 57, 75 Pashtun tribes in, 9, 47, 82 riches, 18 today, 10–11 trade, 43, 96 United States aid to, 42, 50–51 Palestine conflicts, 77 government, 47 Pamir Knot height of, location, 17 Panjshir River, 24 Paropamisus range climate, 15 Parthian Empire, 30 Pashtun Durrani, 59, 82 fighting amongst, 51, 59, 91 Ghilzai, 59, 82 language, 83 leaders, 89 lifestyle of, 9, 11, 52, 82 rebellions, 37, 47, 56, 61–63 tribal lands, 9, 42 Pashtunistan creation of, 42–43, 47, 50 supporters, 52 people and culture, 79–86 family life, 84–86 gender roles, 39, 48, 52, 64–67, 70, 81, 86, 89–91 and human relations, 9, 13 isolation of, 9, 13–14, 41, 51, 80 sturdiness, traditional clothing, 39, 48–52, 64–66 traditionalists, 46–47, 49, 52, 55, 57, 60 wars’ effect on, 60–63, 79–81, 85–86 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan, 56 Khalq faction, 58 Parcham faction, 58–59 Persia ancient, 11, 18, 37–38 gardens, 36 troops, 18 115 Index Persian Gulf, 45, 73 Peshawar, Pakistan, 18, 61 valley, 19 petroleum politics, 70–73 resources, 17, 43, 94 population birth- and death rates, 61, 80 density, 13, 80 early, 25–26, 30 growth, 81 and life expectancy, 24, 80 statistics, 80–83 precipitation lack of, 14 and moisture, 27 rainfall, 10, 15, 19, 94 snow melt, 10–11, 19 Prehistory, 25–27 Progressive, The, 66, 69 Purdah and the chadri, 48–52, 64–66 Pushtu Tulena, 34 Rabbani, Burhanuddin Tajik forces of, 61–62 Rashid, Ahmed, 70 Taliban, 62 Rawalpindi, Treaty of, 39 religion diversity, 83–84 early contributions to, 32 leaders, 58 Republic of Afghanistan established, 57 Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan, 66 Roman Empire architecture of, 34 expansion of, 30 influence of, 35 Rumi, 33 Russia See Soviet Union Safavid Empire attempt to control Afghanistan, 37 Safed Koh range, 10, 17, 76 Saffarid Emirate, 31 Salang Pass climate, 11 Salang River, 24 Salang tunnel, 43 Samanid Empire, 31 Sana’i, 33 Sassanian Empire, 30, 49, 84 Sattagydia, 11 Saudi Arabia aid to Afghanistan, 59, 74 removal of United States troops, 77–78 Scythians settlements, 11, 30 SEATO See Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Seleucid Empire, 30 Seljuk sultanate, 32 September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks aftermath of, 13, 75–76, 78, 91, 101 Shah, Sonia, 66 Shahdom of Khwarezm, 32 Shahname (Firdousi), 33 Shamanism, 83 Shinwari Pashtun, 39 Silk Route, 32 Sistan Basin, 19 Baluch people of, 23 Socialism, 56 reform, 59 Sorkh Kowtal temple complex at, 34 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 45 Soviet Union (Russia) collapse of, 46, 60, 70 fight for control of Afghanistan, 37–38, 41, 45–48, 51, 54 former lands of, 13 invasion of Afghanistan, 25, 34, 58–63, 73–76, 85, 100 military, 43, 46–48, 54, 58–59, 75 modernization attempts, 41–44, 46–48, 51–52, 54–57 116 Index peace accords, 39 rebellious regions, 39 trade agreement, 96 and World War II, 41 Spin Ghar Mountains, 77 Tahirid Emirate, 31 Tajikistan borders, 13, 18, 82 Taliban disabilities of, 63 fall of, 70, 78 formation of, 63 leaders of, 63, 90 punishments, 64, 66 removal of, 46, 75–76, 78, 89, 93–94, 97 riots of, 50 rise of, 63–70, 72–73, 75 United States support for, 72–73 viewpoint, 63–64, 66–69, 77–78, 89 violence and terrorism, 64, 68, 75 Taliban (Rashid), 62 Tamerlane, 32 Tanzania terrorism in, 75 Taraki, Nur Muhammad, 56 assassination, 58 presidency, 58 Tartar troops, 18 terrorism acts of, 13, 75–76, 91, 101 training, 75 Timurid Empire, 32 Tora Bora, 79 trade early, 27 expansion of, 41, 43 exports, 94, 96 relations, 52, 54 routes, 71–73, 84 Transcaspia, 38 Transportation airports, 45, 47, 54 improvements in, 65 roadways, 18, 43, 45, 54 waterways, 18 Turabi, Nuruddin, 63 Turkestan Mountains, 17 Turkey ancient, 31, 36 government, 73 Turkistan, 38 Turkmenistan borders, 13, 18–19 climate, 15 Turkoman, 36, 82 Unai Pass, 19 United Nations, 89, 93 Afghanistan membership to, 42 economic sanctions, 78 United States, 43, 64 aid to Afghanistan, 42–47, 51, 54, 59–61, 75, 93 aid to Pakistan, 42, 50, 51 energy companies, 70–73 and the fall of the Taliban, 70 government, 47, 50–51, 54, 56, 72, 75, 77, 91 invasion of Iraq, 77–78, 101 military, 13, 44–48, 54, 73, 75–78, 94 occupation of Afghanistan, 46, 73, 75–77, 85, 94, 100–101 terrorist attacks on, 13, 75, 91, 101 trade, 52 and treaty of friendship, 45 Uzbekistan borders, 13, 18, 82 vegetation of the alpine tundra, 22 domestication, 26, 93 effects on, 20, 22, 26–27, 29 of the mountain forests, 22 of the plains, 22 of the semidesert, 22 Vietnam War, 54 Wakhan Corridor, 13 establishment of, 38 Marco Polo sheep, 22 117 Index water features, 35 aquifers, groundwater, 19, 29 irrigation, 10, 18–20 mismanagement and damage, 19–20, 24, 29, 61, 80–81 resources, 10, 14, 19, 24, 95 rivers and streams, 10, 18–19, 24, 30 seas and lakes, 18, 29 springs, 29 Wilber, Donald, 68–69 wildlife, 20–24 of the alpine tundra, 22 camels, diversity, 23–24 domestication, 26–27, 93–94 effects on, 20, 22–23, 26 of the mountain forests, 22 of the plains, 22 of the semidesert, 22 World War II Afghanistan during, 41–42 aftermath, 39, 42, 47 Yamin ad-Dawlah Mahmud, 31–32 Yeltsin, Boris, 67 Yousuf, Muhammad, 52 Zahir, Muhammad exile, 56, 89 reign of, 41–42, 52, 55 Zaranka, 11 Zionists, 47 Zoroaster, 34 dualism, 32 followers of, 49, 83–84 prophet, 11, 32 118 Picture Credits page: 10: 12: 16: 21: 28: 31: 35: 40: 44: 50: 53: 60: © REZA; Webistan/CORBIS © Lucidity Information Design, LLC © Lucidity Information Design, LLC © Ric Ergenbright/CORBIS © Ric Ergenbright/CORBIS © Paul Almasy/CORBIS Associated Press, AP © Bettmann/CORBIS © Reuters/CORBIS SABA Associated Press, AP Associated Press, AP Associated Press, AP 65: 68: 74: 81: 85: 90: 92: 96: 99: 100: 102: Cover: © Associated Press, AP 119 Associated Press, APTN Associated Press, AP Associated Press, AP © Lynsey Addario/CORBIS © Caroline Penn/CORBIS Associated Press, AP Associated Press, AP Associated Press, AP Courtesy John F Shroder Courtesy John F Shroder Courtesy John F Shroder About the Contributors JEFFREY A GRITZNER is the chairman of the Department of Geography, the Asian Studies Program, and the International and Cultural Diversity Cluster at the University of Montana He coordinates the Montana Geographic Alliance He has traveled extensively in Afghanistan JOHN F SHRODER, Jr is regents professor of geography and geology at the University of Nebraska, Omaha, where he and another faculty member started the nation’s only Afghanistan Studies Center in 1972, and where he is now the research coordinator Shroder is also the codirector of Southwestern Asia (Afghanistan and Pakistan) Regional Center for the GLIMS (Global Land Ice Measurements from Space) Project that is designed to assess snow, ice, and water resources for a chronically drought-torn region with high resolution ASTER satellite imagery This current project is part of his long-running Atlas of Afghanistan Project that has been collecting data and mapping the country for more than 30 years Series Editor CHARLES F GRITZNER is distinguished professor of geography at South Dakota State University in Brookings He is now in his fifth decade of college teaching, research, and writing In addition to teaching, he enjoys writing, working with teachers, and sharing his love of geography with readers As the series editor for Chelsea House’s MODERN WORLD CULTURES and MODERN WORLD NATIONS series, he has a wonderful opportunity to combine each of these hobbies Gritzner has served as both president and executive director of the National Council for Geographic Education and has received the Council’s highest honor, the George J Miller Award for Distinguished Service to Geographic Education 120 ... A Afghanistan / Jeffrey A Gritzner; with additional text by John F Shroder — 2nd ed p cm — (Modern world nations) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7910-9209-7 (hardcover) Afghanistan Juvenile... State University Frontispiece: Flag of Afghanistan Cover: The Masjid-e Jami Mosque in Herat is one of Afghanistan s most beautiful works of architecture Afghanistan, Second Edition Copyright ©... Government and Economy 87 Afghanistan Looks Ahead Facts at a Glance History at a Glance Bibliography Further Reading Index 98 103 106 108 109 110 Afghanistan Second Edition Introducing Afghanistan B efore