Modern world nations chile

CH.MWN.Chl.aFM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:24 PM Page AFGHANISTAN ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BAHRAIN BERMUDA BOLIVIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IRAQ IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAMAICA JAPAN KAZAKHSTAN KENYA BRAZIL KUWAIT CANADA MEXICO CHILE THE NETHERLANDS CHINA NEW ZEALAND COSTA RICA CROATIA NIGERIA NORTH KOREA CUBA NORWAY EGYPT PAKISTAN ENGLAND PERU ETHIOPIA RUSSIA FRANCE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA SAUDI ARABIA SCOTLAND GERMANY SOUTH AFRICA GHANA SOUTH KOREA GUATEMALA TAIWAN ICELAND TURKEY INDIA IRAN UKRAINE UZBEKISTAN CH.MWN.Chl.aFM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:24 PM Page CH.MWN.Chl.aFM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:24 PM Page Chile Richard A Crooker Kutztown University Series Consulting Editor Charles F Gritzner South Dakota State University Philadelphia CH.MWN.Chl.aFM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:24 PM Page Frontispiece: Flag of Chile Cover: Reflections of the Andes Mountains CHELSEA HOUSE PUBLISHERS VP, NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Sally Cheney DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION Kim Shinners CREATIVE MANAGER Takeshi Takahashi MANUFACTURING MANAGER Diann Grasse Staff for CHILE EXECUTIVE EDITOR Lee Marcott PRODUCTION EDITOR Megan Emery PICTURE RESEARCH 21st Century Publishing and Communications, Inc SERIES DESIGNER Takeshi Takahashi COVER DESIGNER Keith Trego LAYOUT 21st Century Publishing and Communications, Inc ©2004 by Chelsea House Publishers, a subsidiary of Haights Cross Communications All rights reserved Printed and bound in the United States of America http://www.chelseahouse.com First Printing Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crooker, Richard A Chile/by Richard A Crooker v cm.—(Modern world nations) Includes bibliographical references and index Contents: Physical landscapes—Chile through time—People and culture—Government and politics—Economy—Living in Chile today—Chile looks ahead ISBN 0-7910-7912-0 Chile—Juvenile literature [1 Chile.] I Title II Series F3058.5.C76 2004 983—dc22 2003028098 CH.MWN.Chl.aFM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:24 PM Page Table of Contents Introduction Physical Landscapes 12 Chile Through Time 32 People and Culture 50 Government and Politics 66 Economy 82 Living in Chile Today 100 Chile Looks Ahead 116 Facts at a Glance History at a Glance Glossary Further Reading Websites Index 120 122 124 127 127 128 CH.MWN.Chl.aFM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:24 PM Page CH.MWN.Chl.aFM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:24 PM Page Chile CH.MWN.Chl.C01.Final.q 2/20/04 8:25 PM Page Introduction C hile has a little of everything It is rich in copper, fruits, forests, and fish It is a country of dramatic scenery and many climates Cool waters stroke its shore and icy glaciers crown its peaks Sighs of volcanoes and jolts of earthquakes shake its ribs Squeezed between the heights of the mountains and the depths of the sea, Chile is a geologic marvel Despite this physical diversity, a sense of nationhood among its people unifies the country Chile is situated on the extreme southwestern coast of South America The Pacific Ocean lies to the west; Argentina and Bolivia are to the east No country in the world has such an extraordinary shape as Chile Its territory consists of a long, narrow ribbon of land that runs north to south for approximately 2,700 miles (4,400 kilometers) Its maximum width is barely 100 miles (160 kilometers) With an area of 292,260 square miles (756,950 square kilometers), Chile is a little smaller than Texas The nation has the world’s driest desert and CH.MWN.Chl.C01.Final.q 3/1/04 6:41 PM Page Chile is located on the southwestern coast of South America, with the Pacific Ocean to the west and Argentina and Bolivia to the east The country has a very unusual shape, consisting of a narrow strip of land running approximately 2,700 miles (4,345 km) along the South American coast However, its maximum width is less than 100 miles (161 km) and its total area of 292,260 square miles (756,950 square kilometers) makes it slightly smaller than Texas CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 124 Glossary Aísen: Chile’s eleventh administrative division (also Region XI) Andes: The largest major mountain system in South America Andean condor: The national bird of Chile Antofagasta: Chile’s second administrative division (also Region II) Its namesake is the city of Antofagasta, the largest city of the division Altiplano: In Spanish, “high plain.” This is an elevated Andean plain that stretches across the borders separating Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru Araucania: Chile’s ninth administrative division (also Region IX) It is the homeland of the Araucanian Indians (see below) Araucanian: The general name applied to the Indians occupying the valleys just south of the Bío Bío River at the time of European arrival Atacama: Chile’s third administrative division (also Region III) Aymara: The main indigenous Indian group in the Andes altiplano region of Bolivia, Argentina, Peru, and Chile Bío Bío: Chile’s seventh administrative division (also Region VII) Its namesake is the Bío Bío River Concepción is the largest city in the division Callampa: Chilean word for mushroom and slang for shantytown, a hastily built settlement on the edge of a city Communism: A one-party political system that leads a nation toward Marxist socialism Conservative: In politics, a person or party that wishes to preserve traditions or existing governmental institutions and opposes any changes to these Coquimbo: Chile’s fourth administrative division (also Region IV) Its namesake is the city of Coquimbo, the largest city in the division Criollo: In Chile, a criollo is a Spaniard born in America Cuenca: The national dance of Chile Encomienda system: The Spanish colonial system that allowed an individual Spaniard to use Indians for labor in a particular area FTA: See Free Trade Agreement 124 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 125 Free Trade Agreement (FTA): This agreement charges no taxes or very low taxes on goods that countries exchange, in order to reduce the prices of the goods Garúa: A thick summer fog that forms over the cold Humboldt Current Gaucho: Argentine cowboys, who became legendary in song, prose, and poetry Gauchos migrated into Chile’s Patagonia areas, east of the Andes Huemul: This large deer appears on Chile’s coat of arms, but Chileans hunted it to near extinction Humboldt Current: A north-flowing ocean current that affects Chile’s climate and agriculture Inquilino: A tenant farmer who works for an estate owner for little or no pay In return, the inquilino lives on the estate with his family and farms a small plot of land Liberal: In politics, a person or party that favors governmental change or reforms to institutions that gives freedom that is more personal to the individual Los Lagos: The Lakes in Spanish This is the name of Chile’s tenth administrative division (also Region X) Magallanes: Chile’s twelfth administrative division (also Region XII) This is the southernmost region of Chile and includes Tierra del Fuego Mapuche: The warlike Araucanian tribe that survived the Spanish invasion and fought the Spaniards until the 1880s; it is the most populous native group in Chile today Maule: Chile’s seventh administrative division (also Region VII) Mestizo: People of mixed Indian and European ancestry Mestizos make up about 70% of Chile’s population Marxist-Leninist socialism: The belief that society should be classless, the state should own all means of production, and all workers should perform equal work and receive equal pay (See Communism) Metropolitan Santiago: The smallest but most populous of Chile’s 13 administrative divisions Mercosur: Spanish acronym for Southern Cone Common Market Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay are the main members Chile is an associate member 125 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 126 Glossary Mount Aconcagua: Highest peak in the Andes Mountains and the Southern Hemisphere It is located in Argentina near the Argentine-Chilean boundary New Song: A type of Chilean folk music inspired by the hardships of poor miners, tenant farmers, and factory workers O’Higgins, General Bernardo: The Chilean nation’s George Washington He is the namesake of Chile’s sixth administrative division (also Region VI) Patagonia: A Texas-size desert plateau region that makes up most of southern Argentina; small areas extend into Chile Panaderia: A small neighborhood bakery Peninsulares: The peninsulares were colonial Spaniards born in the country of Spain, which is part of the Iberian Peninsula Pudú: The world’s smallest deer; Chileans have hunted it to near extinction Rainshadow: A dry area behind rain-blocking mountains Tarapacá: Chile’s first administrative division (also Region I) The namesake of this region is the largest town in this desert region Valparaíso: Chile’s fifth administrative division (also Region V) The namesake of this region is the coastal city of the same name Viceroyalty: The largest administrative division in the Spanish Empire 126 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 127 Further Reading Allende, Isabel My Invented Country: A Nostalgic Journey Through Chile Translated from the Spanish by Margaret Sayers New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003 Bowman, Isaiah Desert Trails of Atacama New York: America Geographical Society, 1924 Castillo-Feliú, David William, Melissa Fitch Lockhart, and Darrell B Lockhart Culture and Customs of Chile Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 2000 Central Intelligence Agency CIA Fact Book Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 2002 Ercilla y Zúñiga, Alonso de La Araucana Madrid: Ediciones Catedra, 2000 Minnis, Natalie Insight Guide: Chile Maspeth, NY: Langenscheidt Publishers, Inc., 2000 Mistral, Gabriela The Selected Poems of Gabriela Mistral Translated from the Spanish by Langston Hughes Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957 Neruda, Pablo, Selected Poems Translated by Nathaniel Tarn Boston: Houghton Mifflin, [1970], 1990 Toledo Olivares, Ximena, and Eduardo Zapater Alvarado Geographía General y Regional de Chile Santiago, Chile: Editorial Universitaria, 1991 WEBSITES Chile Nationmaster.com http://www.nationmaster.com Condorito Yahoo, Inc http://espanol.entertainment.yahoo.com/comics/condorita Pablo Neruda Blues for Peace http://www.bluesforpeace.com/neruda.htm Victor Jara Lyrics Connection http://www.arlo.net/lyrics/victor-jara.shtml 127 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 128 Index Aconcagua, Mount, 14 Aconcagua River, 21, 23, 90 administrative divisions, 75 agriculture, 8, 11, 21, 23, 27, 35-36, 37-38, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 51, 52, 68, 89-91, 92, 95, 96 air pollution, 102-104, 118-119 air travel, 14 Aisén Region, 75, 95-98 Alacaluf (Kawashkar) Indians, 35, 51, 95 Alive! (movie), 14 All Saints’ Day, 115 Allende Gossens, Salvador, 46-47, 61, 64, 70-71, 72 Allende, Isabel, 61, 101 alluvial fans, 20-21, 26 alluvium, 21 alpaca, 28-29 altiplano, 14, 17, 51 Alwin, Patricio, 48-49 American Revolution, 39 Andean condor, 29 Andean foothills, 11 Andean music, 62 Andean streams, 20-21, 27 Andes Mountains, 10, 12, 14-17, 20, 24, 27, 85, 89, 113, 117 Andina mines, 93 Angol, 94 animal life, 28-31, 119 Antarctic Current, 25 Antarctica, 75, 79 Antofagasta, 18, 52, 85, 88, 110 appellate courts, 74, 75 aquifers, 21 Araucana, La (Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga), 58-60 Araucanian Region, 51, 52, 53-54, 94, 95 Araucanian tribes, 33-35, 36, 53 araucaria pine, 27 area, Argentina, 8, 10, 14, 19, 24, 27, 41, 44, 52, 78, 79, 88, 96, 117-118 Argentine immigrants, 54 Arica, 52, 78, 88 aristocracy (ruling class), 37, 41, 45, 47, 64, 66, 117 Armed Forces Day, 115 arts, 49, 62-65 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, 80 Assumption of the Virgin, 115 Atacama, 85 Atacama Desert (El Norte Grande; The Big North), 22-23, 42 Atacameño Indians, 33, 51 Aymara Indians, 33, 51 Baez, Joan, 64 Balmaceda, José Manuel, 43-44 beaches, 18 benches, 18 Bethlehem Steel, 89 Bío Bío River, 21, 23, 36, 52, 90, 92, 93 Bío Bío subregion, 93 Bío Bío valley, 92 birds, 29 Boers, 54 Bolivia, 8, 10, 14, 42, 51, 52, 79, 88 bombo (drum), 64 Bonaparte, Joseph, 39 Bosnia and Herzegovina, immigrants from, 54 boundaries, 8, 10, 14, 19, 42, 79 disputes over, 78-79 Bowman, Isaiah, 14 breads, 106, 107-108 breweries, 43 bullfights, 41 128 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 129 Index cabinet, 73 Calama, 89 Caldera, 42 California, 43 callampa (settlement), 101 camelids, 28-29 capital See Santiago Carretera Austral (Southern Highway), 96-97 cars, 103, 117-118 Cartagena, 112 Casas (Homes) (magazine), 111 Catholicism, 37, 46, 56-58 Central Valley, 11, 12, 18, 19-22, 24, 27, 51, 52, 53, 85, 94 Cerro Azul, 16 Cerro Hudson, 16 chamber of deputies, 74 Chango Indians, 33 charango (mandolin-like instrument), 62 Charles IV, 39 Charñal, 88 chemical products, 82 Chile, meaning of, 10 Chilean Antarctica, 75, 79 Chilean Patagonia, 95, 96 Chilean Socialist Workers Party, 45, 46, 47 Chiloé Island, 19, 29, 54, 93, 95 Chilotes, 54 Choapa River, 23 Chono Indians, 35 Christian Democrat Party, 46, 47, 81 Christian Orthodoxy, 58 Christmas, 10, 115 Chuquicamata mine, 86, 89 cities, 17, 18, 24, 25, 26, 36, 41, 43, 45, 51-52, 53, 54, 78, 88, 89, 91-93, 94, 100-106, 108, 109, 110, 118-119 See also Santiago cliffs, 18 climate/weather, 8, 10-11, 12, 14, 21, 22-26, 117 coal, 53, 93, 99 coast, 12, 17-19, 24, 26 Cochrane, 96 Codelco, 86 collectivized farms, 47 colonial period, 32, 33, 35-39, 41, 50, 53, 56-57, 104-105 communes, 75, 78 communications, 42-43, 68-69, 83, 110-112, 117 Communist Party, 45, 46, 47, 61 Concepción, 17, 24, 26, 36, 52, 91, 92-93, 110 Concon, 112 Condor, El (newspaper), 110 Condorito (Little Condor) (magazine), 111 congress, 43-44, 47, 74, 80, 81 conservatives, 45, 46, 70, 81 See also Christian Democrat Party Constitution(s) of 1833, 66, 67 of 1891, 66, 67 of 1925, 45, 56-57, 67, 70, 72 of 1981, 67, 72, 73-74, 80 Copiapó, 42 Copiapó River, 23 Copiapó valley, 89 copper, 8, 21, 26, 46, 47, 53, 68, 82, 83, 85-86, 88, 93, 95, 118 copper smelting, 86, 88 Coquimbo, 85, 89, 90 councils, 78 coups See military coups Coyhaique, 97 Crimean War, 55-56 criollos, 37, 38-39, 50 Croatian immigrants, 54 129 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 130 Index cuenca (national dance), 62 culture, 21, 49, 56-65, 100-115, 116-117, 119 Cuncos Indians, 35 cyclonic storms, 23, 24-25 daily life, 100-115 dairy industry, 95, 96 dams, 17 dance, 62 De Valdivia, Pedro, 35-36 deer, 29, 30 Defoe, Daniel, 19 democracy, 32, 44, 45-47, 48-49, 66-70, 73-75, 79, 80-81, 117, 119 desert, 8, 22-23, 26, 52, 78, 85, 117 Desolación (Desolation) (Gabriela Mistral), 60 Diaguita Indians, 33 dictatorships, 45-46, 47-49, 64, 65, 70-73, 119 earthquakes, 8, 16-17 Easter, 115 Easter Island, 19 Eastern European immigrants, 54 economy, 10, 11, 17, 21, 32, 43, 44-45, 68-69, 80, 82-86, 88-99, 102, 117-118, 119 education, 41, 58, 66, 109-110, 119 1891 revolt, 43-44 electricity, 17 Elqui River, 23 Elqui valley, 89 empanada, 106 employment, 52, 53, 69, 91, 108 encomienda system, 37-38 energy resources, 17, 82, 83, 90, 93, 98-99 Ercilla (magazine), 111 Ercilla y Zúñiga, Alonso de, 58-60 Escondida mine, 86 estancias ranches, 54 eucalyptus trees, 94-95 executive branch, 73-74, 80 exports, 30, 43, 68, 82, 88, 92, 93, 95, 98, 118 family, 108, 119 far south, 98-99 fine arts, 62 fish oil, 88-89 fishing, 8, 17, 29-30, 52, 54, 88-89, 95, 97, 98, 104, 107, 113 fishmeal, 88, 92, 104 fjords, 18 flax, 95 flour, 43 folk music, 62-65 foods, 27, 89, 106-108 foreign aid, 32 foreign investment, 83-85, 86, 88 foreign relations, 79-80 forest fires, 24 forests/forestry, 8, 17, 26-27, 27, 92, 94-95, 119 France, 39 immigrants from, 54 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), 80, 118 free trade policy, 80, 83-84, 118 French Revolution, 39 frontiers, 67-68, 95-96 fruits, 8, 11, 82, 89-91, 92, 95, 96 future, 116-119 garúa (fog), 26 gauchos (cowboys), 96 German immigrants, 54, 56, 57, 94, 96, 110 130 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 131 Index German language, 54 glaciers, 8, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24, 75, 98 gold, 21, 35, 36, 37, 85 Good Friday, 115 government/politics, 10, 21, 32, 41-49, 61, 64-65, 66-76, 78-81, 117, 119 “Gracias a la vida” (I Give Thanks to Life) (Viola Para), 64 Gráfico, El (The Graphic) (magazine), 111 grains, 43, 68, 90, 95, 96 grapes, 89-90 grasses, 26, 27, 90 Great Britain, 32, 39, 43, 68, 79 immigrants from, 53, 54, 57 Great Depression, 46 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 82 guanaco, 29 Guarello Island, 93 Ibáñez, Carlos, 45-46, 70 Ice Age, 16, 18, 21 ice fields, 16, 25 Immaculate Conception Day, 115 immigrants, 43, 50, 52, 53, 54-56, 57, 93 imports, 82-83, 92 Inca Empire, 32, 35 independence, 38-39, 41, 62 Independence Day, 62 Independent Democratic Union, 81 Indians, 10, 27, 32, 33-36, 37-38, 42, 50-51, 53, 56-57, 67, 94, 95 indigenous peoples See Indians infant mortality rate, 109 inquilinos (tenant farmers), 38 intendente (subtreasurer), 75 Internet, 110 Inti Illimani, 62 iodine, 85 Iquique, 23, 52, 85, 88, 92, 110 Ireland, 53 iron, 89, 93 irrigation, 89 Islam, 58 islands, 12, 18, 19, 25, 29, 75, 78, 93, 95, 98-99 isolation, 117 Italian immigrants, 54, 56 haciendas (livestock ranches), 90, 91 health care system, 51, 109, 112, 119 Heights of Macchu Picchu (Pablo Neruda), 61 higher education, 110 history, 32-39, 41-49, 117 holidays, 10, 62, 114-115 hollow frontier, 68 horses/horseracing, 113 housing, 101, 106 Huachipato, 92-93 Huasco, 89, 93 Huasco River, 23 huemul deer, 29, 30 Huilliche Indians, 33-35, 51 Humboldt Current, 25-26, 29, 30, 88, 107 humitas, 106 hydroelectricity, 17, 90 Jara, Victor, 64-65 John Paul II, 78 Juan Fernández islands, 19 Judaism, 58 judicial branch, 73, 74-75 junta, 72 La Serena, 90 Labor Day, 115 131 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 132 Index Lakes Region, 21-22, 51, 52, 53, 54, 94, 95 languages, 53, 54, 56 latifundia (pastoral estates), 37-38, 41, 45, 46, 47 lead, 95 Lebu Peninsula, 93 leftists, 64-65 See also liberals legislative branch, 70, 74 leisure, 11, 17, 52, 88, 92, 94, 112-113 liberals, 46 See also Allende Gossens, Salvador; Chilean Socialist Workers Party; Communist Party; Socialist Party Libertadores, Los, (The Liberators) tunnel, 24 life expectancy, 51, 109 Limarí River, 90 Limarí valley, 89 limestone, 93 linen industry, 95 literacy rates, 58, 119 literature, 58-61, 116-117, 119 lithium, 85 livestock, 17, 26, 27, 54, 89, 90, 91, 95, 96, 98 Llaima, 16 llama, 28-29 Llanquihue, 54 Loa River, 23, 89 location, 8, 10, 32, 117 Lota mines, 93 Lutherans, 57 Madre de Dios (Mother of God), 25 Magallanes Region, 52-53, 54, 75, 93, 98 Magallanes Strait, 98-99 magazines, 110, 111 manufacturing, 43, 45, 82, 91, 92, 94, 118 Mapuche Indians, 33-35, 36, 42, 51, 53, 67, 94 Mapuche language, 53 María Elena, 85 marine climate, 22, 24-25 marine mammals, 30 marsupials, 29 Marxists-Leninists, 46, 64, 70, 81 See also Allende Gossens, Salvador; Chilean Socialist Workers Party; Communist Party; Socialist Party Maule, 90 mayors, 78 meals, 108 meatpacking industry, 95, 96 media, 110-112, 119 Mediterranean climate, 22, 23-24, 27 melting pot, 52-56, 117 mercantilism, 38-39 Mercosur, 80 Mercurio, El (newspaper), 110 mestizos, 37, 38, 41, 43, 50, 52-56, 60, 67, 94 metric system, 113 Metropolitan Santiago, 51, 75, 90, 91, 92, 95, 101, 102-103 middle Chile, 90-93 middle class, 43, 102, 113 Middle Eastern immigrants, 55-56 military coups, 45-46, 47-48, 61, 65, 70-72 military government, 47-49, 70-73 minerals/mines, 8, 21, 26, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 52, 53, 68, 82, 83, 85-86, 88, 89, 92-93, 95, 98, 99 Ministers of Defense of the Americas, 80 132 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 133 Index missionaries, 37 Mistral, Gabriela, 60, 61 molybdenum, 85 Moneda, La, 62 mountains, 8, 10, 12, 14-17, 20, 24, 27, 85, 89, 96, 98, 113, 117 music, 62-65 North End, 94-95 northern Chile, 85-86, 88-90 ocarina, 63 O’Higgins, General Bernardo, 41, 90 Ona tribe, 35 orchestras, 62 Organization of American States (OAS), 80 Osorno, 54, 94 Napoleon Bonaparte, 39 nation building, 41 National Ballet, 62 national bird, 29 National Independence Day, 115 National Library, 62 National Renewal Party, 81 National Security Council, 74 National Stadium, 65 National Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 48-49 nationalization, 47 nationhood, natural gas, 83, 98-99 natural resources, 8, 17, 21, 26-27, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 52, 53, 68, 82, 83, 85-86, 88, 89, 92-93, 95, 98, 99, 117 Naval Victory Day, 115 navy, 41 Neruda, Pablo, 60-61, 116-117, 119 New Song music, 64-65 New Year’s Day, 114 newspapers, 110 nitrates, 42, 43, 44, 53, 68, 85, 88 Nixon, Richard, 47 Nobel Prize, to Chilean poets, 60-61 Norte Chico, El (The Little North), 23, 89-90 Pacific Ocean, 8, 18, 25, 88, 98, 117 Palace of Fine Arts, 62 palo de lluvia (rain stick), 63-64 panaderias (bakery shop), 107-108 Panama, 42 paper and paper products, 82, 92, 94-95 Para, Viola, 64 parillada, 106-107 Party for Democracy, 81 Passions and Impressions (Pablo Neruda), 61 pastel de choclo, 106 Patagonia, 54 Patagonia Plateau, 15 Patagonian Andes, 13-16, 25 Peket, 99 penguins, 29 peninsulares, 37 performing arts, 62-65 Peru, 19, 42, 79, 115 Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation, 42 petroleum, 82, 98-99 physical landscapes, 8, 12, 14-31 Picunche Indians, 33, 34-35, 36 pine trees, 27 Pinochet, Augusto, 47-49, 64, 65, 70-73, 80, 119 pisco (grape brandy), 89 133 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 134 Index Pizarro, Francisco, 35 planners, 106 plant life, 26-27, 30-31 Plaza de Armas, 105 plazas, 100, 104-105 poetry, 60-61, 116-117, 119 political parties, 45, 46, 47, 61, 73, 81 politics See government/politics pollution, 102-104, 118 popular music, 64 Popular Unity Party, 47, 61 population, 21, 25, 50-52, 67-68, 90, 91, 93 population distribution, 21, 25, 51, 67-68, 90, 91, 93, 100 population growth, 51 Portales, Diego, 41 Portillo, 113 ports, 18, 23, 25, 39, 43, 52, 83, 88, 89, 90, 91-92, 93, 94, 97 poverty, 45, 102, 104, 106, 109, 111, 119 precipitation, 22-23, 24-25 president, 73-74, 75, 80, 117, 119 primate city, Santiago as, 51 Protestantism, 57, 58 provinces, 75, 76, 78 pudú deer, 29 Puerto Aisén, 96, 97 Puerto Montt, 17, 18, 24, 25, 52, 54, 94, 95, 96 pulp industry, 94-95 Punta Arenas, 25, 52, 54, 98, 99 Que Pasa (magazine), 111 quena (cane flute), 63 queñoa tree, 27 radiata pine, 94-95 Radical Social Democratic Party, 81 radio, 111 railroads, 42, 43, 52, 68, 88, 91 rain forest, 27 rain shadow, 24, 25 rainfall, 22-23, 24-25 regional summits, 80 religion, 56-58, 66, 73 reservations, 53, 67 resorts, 112-113 restaurants, 106-107, 108 rightists See conservatives Rio Group, 80 roads, 24, 52, 68, 88, 91, 96-97, 112, 119 Robinson Crusoe (Daniel Defoe), 19 Robinson Crusoe Island, 19 rukas (huts), 33 rural areas, 102 Russian Revolution, 45 Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Day, 115 San Ambrosio islands, 19 San Antonio, 92, 93, 112 San Félix islands, 19 San Martín, José de, 41 Santa María de Iquique, 44 Santiago, 24, 26, 36, 42, 43, 44, 45, 52, 62, 65, 75, 91, 105, 110, 119 Santiago Times (newspaper), 110 seasons, 10-11 Selkirk, Alexander, 19 Senate, 74 Serbian immigrants, 54 shape, 8, 10 sheep, 54, 98 shopping centers, 108 silver, 21, 36, 53, 68, 85, 95 skiing, 11, 17, 113 slaves/slavery, 27, 35-36, 41 snow, 23, 24 134 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 135 Index soccer, 113 social groups, 37-38, 41, 43, 45, 101-102 Socialist Party, 81 See also Chilean Socialist Workers Party sodium nitrate, 21, 26 soils, 26-27 southern beech, 27 southern Chile, 93-99 Spain, 32, 33, 35-39, 41, 50, 53, 56-57, 104-105 immigrants from, 54 Spanish language, 56 sports, 11, 17, 113 steamship lines, 42-43, 68 steel mill, 92-93 Stones of Chile, The (Pablo Neruda), 61 street riots, 46 streets, 104, 106 strikes, 45 suburbs, 101 subways, 101, 106 Summit of the Americas, 80 supermarkets, 108 Supreme Court, 74-75 Swiss immigrants, 54 terrorism, 80 theater, 62 thunderstorms, 24 Tierra del Fuego, 19, 25, 29, 54, 78, 93, 98, 99 time, 113-114 tipla (four-stringed instrument), 62 Tocopilla, 18, 30, 88, 99 Tofo, El, 89 tola bush, 27 tourism, 17, 22, 89, 90, 92, 94 trade, 30, 32, 41, 42-43, 44, 68-69, 80, 82-84, 88, 92, 93, 95, 117, 118 trade unions, 45 transportation, 24, 42-43, 52, 68-69, 88, 91, 94, 96-97, 98, 101, 103, 106 trees, 26-27, 94-95 See also forests/forestry tsunami, 17 tundra climate, 22, 25-26 unemployment, 46, 102, 119 United Nations, 79 United States, 32, 47, 57, 67, 70, 80, 83, 110 upper class, 92, 101-102, 113, 119 Talcahuano, 52, 91, 92, 104 tamarugo tree, 26-27 Tarapacá, 76, 78, 85 taxes, 10 Tchilli, 10 Tehuelche tribe, 35 telegraph system, 42-43, 68 telephones, 110 television, 111, 112, 119 Temuco, 52, 53, 94 Teniente, El, mine, 93 tennis, 113 terraces, 18 territories, 73, 75-76, 78 Valdivia, 17, 94, 105 Valdivia, Pedro de, 36, 54 Valparaíso (administrative division), 90 Valparaíso (city), 17, 23, 39, 42, 43, 52, 78, 91-92, 110 Valparso (province), 78 vegetables, 82 vica, 28-29 Villarica, 16, 36 Viña del Mar, 52, 91, 92, 112 vizcacha, 29 135 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 136 Index volcanoes, 8, 14, 16, 19 voting rights, 66, 67, 70, 73 War of Independence, 39, 41 War of the Pacific (Chile-Peruvian War), 42, 79, 115 water features, 8, 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 89, 90, 98-99, 112-113, 117 water pollution, 104, 119 water supply, 17, 21, 83 weights and measures, 113 Wellington, 25 wells, 21 whales, 30 wheat, 43, 68, 90, 95, 96 Wheelwright, William, 42-43 wilderness areas, 30-31 winds, 14 wine, 90 wool, 54, 98 Yámana (or Yahgan) Indians, 35 zampoñas (bamboo panpipes), 62 Zapallar, 112 Zarao Mountains, 19 zinc, 95 136 CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 137 Picture Credits page: 9: 13: 15: 20: 28: 34: 40: 48: 55: 59: 63: © Lucidity Information Design, LLC © Lucidity Information Design, LLC New Millennium Images New Millennium Images © Grahm Deden; Ecoscene/CORBIS AFP/NMI © CORBIS AFP/NMI KRT/NMI AP/Wide World Photos © Peter Guttman/CORBIS 69: 71: 77: 84: 87: 97: 105: 107: 114: 118: Cover: New Millennium Images 137 Notimex/NMI AFP/NMI 21st Century Publishing KRT/NMI Notimex/NMI Reuters Photo Archive/NMI Reuters Photo Archive/NMI KRT/NMI AP/Wide World Photos AP/Wide World Photos CH.MWN.Chl.zBM.Final.q 2/20/04 8:41 PM Page 138 About the Author DR RICHARD A CROOKER is a geography professor at Kutztown University in Pennsylvania, where he teaches physical geography, oceanography, map reading, and climatology He received a Ph.D in Geography from the University of California, Riverside Dr Crooker is a member of the Association of American Geographers and the National Council for Geographic Education He has received numerous research grants, including three from the National Geographical Society His publications deal with a wide range of geographical topics He enjoys reading, hiking, bicycling, kayaking and boogie boarding CHARLES F (“FRITZ”) GRITZNER is Distinguished Professor of Geography at South Dakota University in Brookings He is now in his fifth decade of college teaching and research During his career, he has taught more than 60 different courses, spanning the fields of physical, cultural, and regional geography In addition to his teaching, he enjoys writing, working with teachers, and sharing his love for geography with students As consulting editor for the MODERN WORLD NATIONS series, he has a wonderful opportunity to combine each of these “hobbies.” Fritz has served as both President and Executive Director of the National Council for Geographic Education and has received the Council’s highest honor, the George J Miller Award for Distinguished Service 138 ... Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crooker, Richard A Chile/by Richard A Crooker v cm.— (Modern world nations) Includes bibliographical references and index Contents: Physical landscapes—Chile... occasionally fierce, thundershowers take place The Atacama Desert is renowned as the world s driest desert Arica has the world s lowest average annual precipitation, a scant 0.03 inches (0.762 millimeters)... square miles (756,950 square kilometers), Chile is a little smaller than Texas The nation has the world s driest desert and CH.MWN.Chl.C01.Final.q 3/1/04 6:41 PM Page Chile is located on the southwestern