CH.WN.Aus.aFM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:18 AM Page AFGHANISTAN AUSTRIA BAHRAIN BERMUDA CHINA CUBA EGYPT ETHIOPIA REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA GERMANY KUWAIT IRAN IRAQ ISRAEL MEXICO NEW ZEALAND PAKISTAN RUSSIA SAUDI ARABIA SCOTLAND SOUTH KOREA UKRAINE CH.WN.Aus.aFM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:18 AM Page CH.WN.Aus.aFM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:18 AM Page Austria Alan Allport Series Consulting Editor Charles F Gritzner South Dakota State University Chelsea House Publishers Philadelphia Frontispiece: Flag of Austria Cover: Farmland with conical haystacks surrounding the village of St Georgen in the Lieser River Valley, Carinthia, Austria Austria Copyright © 2002 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Allport, Alan, 1970– Austria / by Allan Allport p cm — (Modern world nations) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7910-6775-0 Austria—History—Juvenile literature Austria—Social life and customs—Juvenile literature I Title II Series DB17 A293 2002 943.6—dc21 2002003711 Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Text and cover design by Takeshi Takahashi Printed in the United States of America Bang 21C 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper CH.WN.Aus.aFM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:18 AM Page Table of Contents Introduction The Land 15 The Early History of Austria 31 The Austrians 49 The Austrian Republic 61 Austria’s Economy 75 Living in Austria Today 85 The Future of Austria 97 Facts at a Glance History at a Glance Glossary Further Reading Bibliography Index 99 100 102 103 104 105 CH.WN.Aus.aFM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:18 AM Page CH.WN.Aus.aFM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:18 AM Page Austria CH.WN.Aus.C1.Final.q 4/9/02 11:17 AM Page Austria has long been renowned for its beautiful Alpine scenery, but few know that this country’s history spans more than a thousand years Something of Austria’s rich architectural and religious traditions can be seen in this view of the 12th century Klosterneuburg Abbey on the Danube River CH.WN.Aus.C1.Final.q 4/9/02 11:17 AM Page Introduction A n American asked to describe something stereotypically Austrian might come up with a tourist’s montage of picturesque lakes and mountains, baroque churches, coffeehouses, and Mozart operas Perhaps the American would also mention The Sound of Music, the Rodgers and Hammerstein stage musical that was turned into a hugely successful 1965 movie starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer Generations of musical fans have grown up knowing and loving The Sound of Music, itself an adaptation of the real-life story of the von Trapp family And, next to Mozart, the von Trapp family—or at least the film version of their lives—is perhaps Austria’s greatest cultural export However, a moviegoer who saw The Sound of Music without knowing anything else about Austria might be a bit perplexed by some of the story’s details How, for instance, did Captain Georg CH.WN.Aus.C8.Final.q 4/9/02 11:21 AM Page 98 98 Austria transport and communication have taken their toll For all of their collective wealth, modern Austrians rely on a relatively small and precious amount of sustainable land and water that they cannot afford to see spoiled They will have to harness their native ingenuity to the task of securing economic growth and prosperity while protecting the natural environment on which they depend And they must work in partnership alongside those neighboring countries with which they share these finite resources The identity dilemma is another enduring challenge The success of the democratic Austrian Federal Republic in the second half of the 20th century has created among its people a genuine sense of national self-consciousness; very few Austrians today would see the old dream of Anschluss with another German-speaking state as a viable or meaningful option However, there is a danger that pride in the unique Austrian achievement could ossify into a sullen, insular attitude toward the world Austrians are already wrestling with the very real question of European integration as well as the tension between the older indigenous community and those new Austrians who have settled in the country since World War II How will Austria’s economic structure adapt to globalization, which it is in some ways ill prepared to handle? Can the Austrian state maintain its commitment to a comprehensive social security system with rising costs and a troubling national debt? There are no simple solutions to any of these problems However, Austrians would well to remember that their society has traditionally flourished when it is at its most cosmopolitan, welcoming, and curious Mozart, Wittgenstein, and Freud all had a vigorous intellectual relationship with the world beyond Austria’s borders, and many of the talents who so enriched Austria’s culture were originally foreigners to its soil CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 99 Facts at a Glance Land and People Official Name Capital and Seat of Government Other Major Cities Language Area Population Population Density Religion Highest Point Mountain Ranges Major Rivers Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich) Vienna (1991 population: 1,533,000) Graz (1991 population 232,000), Linz (202,000), Salzburg (143,000), Innsbruck (114,000) German 32,378 square miles (83,858 square kilometers) 8.07 million (1998 census) 249 persons per square mile (1998 census) 78 percent Roman Catholic, percent Protestant, 17 percent none or other Grossglockner, 12,460 feet (3,798 meters) Austrian Alps (Bavarian, Carnic, Kitzbühel, Lechtal, Ötzal Ranges) Danube, Drava, Enns, Inn, Mur Economy Currency Chief Agricultural Products Major Industries Natural Resources Euro (replaced Austrian schilling in January 2002) Grain, fruits, potatoes, sugar beets Construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, chemicals, lumber and wood processing, paper and paperboard, communications equipment, tourism Iron ore, oil, timber, magnesite, lead, coal, lignite, copper, hydropower Government Form Suffrage Legislative Assembly Head of Government Head of State Political Divisions Federal Republic 19 years of age, universal Compulsory for presidential elections Bicameral: two legislative houses, National Council (Nationalrat), Federal Council (Bundesrat) Chancellor President Nine self-governing Länder (provinces): Burgenland, Carinthia, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol, Vienna, and Vorarlberg 99 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 100 History at a Glance Earliest known human settlement of Austria 1000–400 B.C Halstatt civilization 400–15 B.C Celtic civilization (kingdom of Noricum) 15 B.C.–405 A.D Roman occupation 782 Franks establish Eastern March 880 Magyars conquer Eastern March 955 Eastern March re-established by Frankish King Otto I 976 Leopold of Babenberg made Margrave of Eastern March Beginning of Babenberg period 1246 Death of the last Babenberg, Duke Frederick II 1273 Rudolf of Habsburg elected Holy Roman Emperor 1278 Rudolf conquers Otaker II of Bohemia at the Battle of the Marchfeld and becomes Duke of Austria Beginning of Habsburg period 1365 University of Vienna founded 1440 Frederick III elected Holy Roman Emperor Habsburgs continue to hold the title almost without interruption until the empire’s dissolution in 1806 1516 Charles V becomes king of Spain, completing his enormous territorial inheritance 1521 Charles hands over power in Austria to his brother Ferdinand Division of the Habsburg family into Austrian and Spanish houses 1526 King Louis of Bohemia and Hungary killed by Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Mohács Ferdinand claims both titles but is able to gain complete control only of Bohemia 1529 Ottomans unsuccessfully besiege Vienna 1618–1648 Thirty Years’ War 1683 Ottomans attempt second unsuccessful siege of Vienna In the ensuing rout, Austria conquers all of Hungary 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession 1716–1750 Main years of Baroque artistic period 1740–1748 War of the Austrian Succession 1756–1763 Seven Years’ War 1781–1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composing in Vienna 1792–1815 French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars Abolition of Holy Roman Empire (1806) Period ends with Congress of Vienna 7000 B.C 100 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 101 History at a Glance 1815–1848 1848–1849 1848–1897 1866 1867 1897–1918 1914–1918 1916 1918 1919 1927 1931 1933–1934 1938 1939–1945 1955 1966 1986 1995 1999 2002 Main years of Biedermeier artistic period Revolution throughout Austrian Empire Hungarian uprising quelled by Russian troops Franz-Josef becomes emperor Main years of Historicist artistic period Austro-Prussian War “Compromise” (Ausgleich) with Hungary: Empire renamed Austria-Hungary Main years of Jugendstil artistic period World War I, precipitated by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo (1914) Death of Emperor Franz-Josef World War I ends with collapse of Austro-Hungarian Empire End of the Habsburg period Treaty of St Germain Federal Republic of Austria created “Black Friday” police action against left-wing demonstrators leaves over 90 dead Collapse of the Creditanstalt bank ushers in the Great Depression Political crisis Chancellor Dollfuss suspends parliament, suppresses Social Democrat uprising, is killed in unsuccessful Nazi putsch Anschluss (union) between Austria and Nazi Germany World War II Ends with Austria occupied by France, Great Britain, United States, and USSR Austrian State Treaty Second Federal Republic created End of Grand Coalition between socialists and People’s Party Kurt Waldheim elected president under great controversy Austria joins European Union (EU) Right-wing Freedom Party of Austria joins government Diplomatic sanctions imposed by EU Austria replaces its own currency, the schilling, with the EU euro 101 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 102 Glossary Anschluss: The unification of Austria with Nazi Germany in March 1938, which brought the country under the leadership of Adolf Hitler until Germany’s defeat at the end of World War II Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP): The successor to the Christian Social Party, a right-of-center political movement that, along with the Social Democrats, has governed Austria throughout most of the postwar period Austrian State Treaty: The 1955 agreement that returned postwar Austria to the status of an independent country Among other provisions, the treaty demanded that Austria remain politically neutral during the Cold War Babenbergs: The first of Austria’s long-ruling dynasties, which controlled the country from 976 to 1246 Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ): The controversial extreme-right political party that joined the Austrian coalition government in the 1980s and 1990s Habsburg: The dynasty that ruled Austria from 1278 until the dissolution of its empire in 1918 Holy Roman Empire: A loose confederation of hundreds of small, mostly German states, which was founded in 800 A.D by Charlemagne and ruled almost without interruption from Vienna from the 15th century until its disbandment in 1806 Proporz: A system of “proportionality” in which the major Austrian political parties assign government positions according to their relative electoral strength A compromise agreement said to characterize the atmosphere of the post-1945 Austrian state St Germain, Treaty of: One of the many peace treaties signed in 1919 ending World War I, which broke up the old Habsburg Empire into several nation-states, including the Federal Republic of Austria Social Democratic Party (SPÖ): One of Austria’s major political parties, originally Marxist but now moderately left wing 102 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 103 Further Reading The Library of Congress has published an excellent introduction to Austria as part of its Country Survey series, available both in print (Washington: U.S Government Printing Office, 1994) and on the World Wide Web (lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/attoc.html) Other useful websites full of information include the Austria Café (www.austria-cafe.com/) and the Republic of Austria’s own English-language homepage (www.austria.gv.at/e/oesterreich/index.htm) The best general history of Austria in print is probably Gordon BrookShepherd’s The Austrians: A Thousand-Year Odyssey (New York: Carroll and Graf, 1996) An interesting book on one of Austria’s most important rulers is Alan Warwick Palmer’s Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Franz Josef (New York: Grove Press, 1995), while What Life Was Like: At Empire’s End: Austro-Hungarian Empire 1848–1918 (New York: Time-Life Books, 2000) is a good introduction to the period for younger readers William M Johnston’s The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History 1848–1938 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983) provides a useful background to the work of Sigmund Freud and other turn-of-the-20th-century Austrian thinkers Wittgenstein’s Vienna by Allan Janik and Stephen Toulmin (Chicago: Ivan R Dee, 1996) is a challenging read, but it, too, reveals much about the intellectual milieu of the great philosopher Mozart: A Life by Maynard Solomon (New York: HarperCollins, 1996) is a recent and highly praised biography of Austria’s most famous musical son Rolf Toman, Gerald Zugmann, and Achim Bednorz’s Vienna: Art and Architecture (Köhl: Könemann, 1999) is a large and wellillustrated survey of one of the most beautiful cities in Europe Those lucky enough to be visiting Austria will find both Susan Roraff and Julie Krejci’s Culture Shock! Austria (Portland, Ore.: Graphic Arts Center, 2001) and Jonathan Bousfield and Rob Humphreys’ The Rough Guide to Austria (London: Rough Guides, 2001) indispensable Finally, no reading list about Austria would be complete without The Sound of Music: The Making of America’s Favorite Movie by Julia Antopol Hirsch and Robert Wise (New York: McGraw Hill, 1993), which includes information about the real-life von Trapp family Maria von Trapp tells The Story of the Trapp Family Singers in her own words, too (New York: HarperCollins, 2002) 103 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 104 Bibliography Bousfield, Jonathan, and Rob Humphreys The Rough Guide to Austria (London: Rough Guides, 2001) Brook-Shepherd, Gordon The Austrians: A Thousand-Year Odyssey (New York: Carroll and Graf, 1996) Encyclopedia Britannica (www.britannica.com/) Fichtner, Paula Historical Dictionary of Austria (Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1999) Johnson, Lonnie Introducing Austria: A Short History (Riverside, Calif.: Ariadne Press, 1989) Riemer, Andrew The Habsburg Café (Angus and Robertson, 1993) Roraff, Susan, and Julie Krejci Culture Shock! Austria (Portland, Ore.: Graphic Arts Center, 2001) Sandford, John, editor Encylopedia of Contemporary German Culture (New York: Routledge, 1999) Solsten, Eric, and David McClave Austria: A Country Study (Washington: U.S Government Printing Office, 1994) See also lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/attoc.html Statistics from the 2001 New York Times Almanac (New York: Penguin, 2001), the CIA World Factbook 2001 (www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/) and the Encyclopedia Britannica (www.britannica.com/) 104 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 105 Index Acid rain, 27, 28 Agriculture, 15, 18, 20, 25, 26, 50, 76, 77-78 Alpine West, 22-23 Alps, 16-17, 18, 20, 22, 27, 78, 97 Animal life, 17-18 Anschluss, 46-47, 54-55, 65, 67-69 Architecture, 36 Area, 13, 16 Arts, 93-95 Atomic energy, 28 Austerlitz, Battle of, 43 Austrian Habsburgs, 38, 40 Austrian People’s Party, 63-64, 70, 71-73 Austrian Republic, 61-73 and Anschluss, 46-47, 54-55, 65, 67-69 creation of, 31 First, 11-12, 46-47, 53-54, 58-59, 61, 64, 65-69, 75 and government, 62-65 and Nazis, 10, 12-13, 54-56, 57, 61, 64, 66, 67, 69, 71-73 and occupation, 69-70 and political parties, 27, 28, 50, 53, 58, 62, 63-64, 65-67, 70, 7173, 81 Second, 61, 63-65, 69-71, 81, 98 and Treaty of St Germain, 23, 46-47, 53, 61, 65 and World War II, 69, 73, 75 Austrian School of economics, 82 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 11, 45, 46 Autobahn, 21, 27, 88 Avars, 33 Babenbergs, 33-35 Banks, 81 Bavarians, 33 Black Friday, 66 Blenheim, Battle of, 40 Borders, 16 Bosnia, 46 Braunau, 25 Brenner Pass, 21 Burgenland, 16, 20, 22, 26-27, 61, 92-93 Buses, 88 Capital city See Vienna Carinthia, 16, 22, 23, 61, 92 Catholicism, 39, 42, 53, 89, 91 Cattle, 23 Celtic tribes, 32 Central Foothills, 22, 25 Chancellor, 62 Charlemagne, 33, 36 Charles V, Emperor, 38, 39, 40 Charles VI, Emperor, 40, 42 Christianity, 32, 36, 91 Christian Social Party, 50, 53, 65, 66-67, 70 Christmas, 91, 92 Cities, 25, 26, 50, 86-87 See also Vienna Climate, 17, 18, 20, 23, 27 Clothing, 88 Coffeehouses, 9, 40, 89 Cold War, 70, 82, 83 Communications, 78 Constance, Lake, 18 Constitution, 61 Copper, 76 Countryside, 86, 88 Creditanstalt, 75, 76 Croatia, 43, 46 Croats, 43, 44, 45, 54 Culture, 9, 13, 26, 34-35, 36, 59, 89, 93-95, 98 Currency, 83 Czechoslovakia, 46 Czech Republic, 43 Czechs, 43, 44, 45, 54 Dairy-farming industry, 20, 22, 23 Danube River, 18, 21, 25, 28-29, 32, 35, 97 Democracy, 63 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 66-67 105 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 106 Index Dornbirn, 22 Easter, 91, 92 Eastern March, 26, 33 Eastern Plains, 22, 26-27 Ecological issues, 18, 27-29, 80-81, 97-98 Economy, 20, 22, 23, 25, 57, 64, 66, 69, 75-83, 98 Education, 42, 50-51, 54, 70, 89-90 Electrical power, 77, 81 Employment, 57, 58, 81 Energy resources, 28, 76-77, 81 English language, 89 Enlightenment, 42, 43 Esterházy Palace, 27 Ethnic Groups Law, 54 Euro, 83 European Free Trade Association, 83 European Union, 28, 29, 73, 78, 81, 82-83 Exports, 25, 78 Family life, 51 Fasching, 91-92 Fatherland Front, 66, 67 Federal Council (Bundesrat), 62 Federal provinces, 16 Ferdinand (brother of Charles V), 38, 39 Flag, 34 Föhn, 20 Foods, 88-89 Forests, 17-18, 20, 25, 27-28, 76, 88, 97 Francis I, Emperor, 43, 44 Frankish empire, 33, 36 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 45-46 Franz Josef, Emperor, 44, 45, 46 Frederick II, Duke, 35 Frederick III, Emperor, 36-38 Frederick the Great, 42, 44 Freedom Party of Austria, 58, 64, 71-73 Future, 97-98 Galicia, 43, 46 Germanic tribes, 32-33 German language, 35, 42, 46, 52, 53-54, 59 Germans, 44, 46, 53-54 Germany and Anschluss, 46-47, 54-55, 65, 67-69 and Babenbergs, 33-35 and Prussia, 44-45 Globalization, 76, 98 Government, 28, 62-65 Grand Coalition, 71-73 Graz, 25 Great Depression, 75 Green Party, 27, 28 Grossglockner, 16 Guest workers, 57, 58 Gypsies, 54 Habsburgs, 10-11, 22, 31, 32, 35-40, 42-47, 50, 63, 65, 93 Haider, Jörg, 71-73, 83 Hallstatt civilization, 32 Haydn, Franz Joseph, 27, 94 Hayek, Friedrich, 82 Health problems, 89 Heimwehr, 66, 67 History, 13, 31-40, 42-47 and Anschluss, 46-47, 54-55, 65, 67-69 and first people, 32-33, 49-50, 76 and Habsburgs, 10-11, 22, 31, 32, 35-40, 42-47, 50, 63, 65, 93 before Habsburgs, 32-35 and landscape, 15, 21 and origins of name, 26, 33 and World War II, 54, 55-56 See also Austrian Republic Hitler, Adolf, 12, 25, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73 Hohenzollerns, 45 Holidays, 88, 91-93 Holocaust, 55-56, 69, 73 Holy Roman Empire, 36, 39, 43, 45 Hungarians, 42, 44, 54 106 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 107 Index Hungary, 33, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 65 Hydro dams, 77 Napoleon Bonaparte, 23, 43, 44 National character, 51-53, 58-59 National Council (Nationalrat), 62, 64 National Day, 91 National identity, 97, 98 National industries, 81-82 Nationalism, 44, 46, 58 Natural gas, 25, 76-77 Natural landscapes, 15-19, 20-23, 25-29, 97-98 Natural resources, 23, 25, 32, 76, 77, 81 Nazis, 10, 12-13, 54-56, 57, 61, 64, 66, 67, 69, 71-73 Neusiedler See, 18 “Nibelunglied,” 34-35 Noricum, 32 Immigrants, 54-58, 71, 73 Imports, 77 Industry, 25, 76, 81-82 Innsbruck, 23 Iron, 32, 76 Iron Mountain (Erzberg), 25, 76 Italians, 44 Jews, 53, 55-56, 69, 73 Josef, Emperor, 42-43 Judicial system, 63 Kreisky, Bruno, 71 Krimml Falls, 23 Lager mentality, 50, 51 Lakes, 9, 18, 20, 23, 25 Language, 33, 42, 46, 52, 54, 59, 89 Lechfeld, battle of the, 33 Leopold, Emperor, 40 Leopold I, Emperor, 33 Leopold V, Emperor, 35 Lifestyle, 85 Linz, 25 Livestock, 77 Location, 16, 76 Louis XIV, King of France, 40 Lower Austria, 16, 20, 22, 26, 61 Luther, Martin, 38-39 Oil, 25, 76, 77, 81 Otakar II, 35, 36 Otto I, King, 33 Ottoman Turks, 21, 39-40, 93 “Ötzi,” 49-50 Magyars, 33 Manufacturing, 78-79 Marchfeld, battle of the, 35 Maria Theresa, Empress, 40, 42, 94 Metternich, 44 Middle Ages, 23, 25, 35, 36-38 Mining, 23, 25, 32, 76, 81 Minorities, 44, 53-54, 98 Mountains, 9, 16-17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 76, 78, 88, 97 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 9, 23, 94 Music, 93-95, 98 Parliament, 61, 62, 64 Pastures, 20, 25 Poland, 46 Poles, 44 Political parties, 27, 28, 50, 53, 58, 62, 63-64, 65-67, 70, 71-73, 81 Pollution, 18, 27, 28, 29 Population, 13, 20, 51, 54-57 Pragmatic Sanction, 42 Precipitation, 20 President, 61, 62 Princip, Gavrilo, 46 Privatization, 82 Proporz, 64, 65 Protestantism, 39, 53 Protestant Reformation, 38-39 Provinces, 61, 62-63 Prussia, 42, 44-45 Railroads, 28, 87, 88 Recycling, 28 107 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 108 Index Reformation, 53 Refugees, 57-58, 73 Regions, 22-23, 25-27 Religion, 36, 38-39, 42, 53, 69, 89, 91 Renner, Karl, 70 Richard “the Lionheart”, King, 35 Romanians, 44 Romans, 21, 32-33, 76 Rudolf I of Habsburg, Count, 35-36 St Germain, Treaty of, 23, 46-47, 53, 61, 65 St Stephen’s cathedral, 36 Salt, 23, 32, 76 Salzburg, 16, 22, 23, 61, 76, 93 Salzkammergut, 18, 25 Schnürlregen, 20 Schuschnigg, Kurt, 67-68 Schutzbund, 66 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 25 Seipel, Ignaz, 66 Serbia, 46 Serbs, 44, 45-46 Service industry, 79-81 Settlement patterns, 20-22 Silver, 23 Skis, 78 Slovakia, 43, 54 Slovaks, 44, 54 Slovenes, 54 Slovenia, 43 Sobieski, John, King of Poland, 39-40 Social Democratic Party, 50, 63, 64, 65-66, 67, 70, 81 Social partnership, 64-65 Society, 50-51, 77 Soil, 20 Sound of Music, The, 9-10 Soviet Union, 56-57, 70, 82 Spanish Habsburgs, 38, 40 Stresa Front, 67 Styria, 16, 20, 22, 25, 35, 61, 76, 93 Textile industry, 22 Thirty Years’ War, 39 Timber industry, 23 Tourist industry, 15, 23, 25, 27, 28, 52, 77, 79-81, 86, 88 Trade, 18, 21, 25, 77, 78 Transportation, 21, 27, 28, 87-88 Tyrol, 16, 22-23, 61, 92 United States, 72 Universities, 89-90 Upper Austria, 16, 20, 25, 61 Vegetation, 17-18, 27 Vienna, 16, 25, 26, 33-36, 39-40, 45, 50, 51, 58, 61, 65, 68, 69, 70, 78, 86-87 University of, 36, 89 Vienna Woods, 26 Von Trapp family, 9-10, 12-13 Vorarlberg, 16, 22, 61 Waldheim, Kurt, 71-72 War of the Spanish Succession, 40 Welfare-state system, 90-91, 98 Wines, 25, 26, 89 Women, role of, 51 Woodlands, 76 World War I, 11, 46 World War II, 54, 55-56, 69, 73, 75 Yugoslavia, 46, 71 108 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 109 Picture Credits page: 8: © Adam Woolfitt/Corbis 10: Associated Press, AP 11: © Michael Maslan Historic Photographs/ Corbis 14: © Eye Ubiquitous/Corbis 19: © Adam Woolfitt/Corbis 24: © Adam Woolfitt/Corbis 30: Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis 34: © Historical Picture Archive/Corbis 37: Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis 41: © Bettmann/Corbis 48: © José F Poblete/Corbis 55: 56: 60: 68: 72: 74: 79: 80: 84: 87: 90: 96: © Corbis © Corbis © Dallas and John Heaton/Corbis © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis Associated Press, AP © José F Poblete/Corbis © Owen Franken/Corbis © Tim Thompson/Corbis © Jim Zuckerman/Corbis © Otto Lang/Corbis © Austrian Archive/Corbis © Roman Soumar/Corbis Cover: © Adam Woolfitt/Corbis Frontis: Flag courtesy of theodora.com/flags Used with permission 109 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 110 About the Author ALAN ALLPORT was born in Whiston, England, grew up in East Yorkshire, and now lives in Philadelphia A Ph.D candidate in the Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania, with a special interest in 19th and 20th century European history, he is currently working on projects connected to the social and cultural histories of the two world wars The author would like to thank Tom Deveson, whose family heritage in, intimate knowledge of, and love for Austria have been invaluable in the writing of this book 110 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 111 CH.WN.Aus.zBM.Final.q 4/9/02 11:20 AM Page 112 ... Allport, Alan, 1970– Austria / by Allan Allport p cm — (Modern world nations) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7910-6775-0 Austria History—Juvenile literature Austria Social life... Introduction The Land 15 The Early History of Austria 31 The Austrians 49 The Austrian Republic 61 Austria s Economy 75 Living in Austria Today 85 The Future of Austria 97 Facts at a Glance History at... Trapp led his family out of Austria and into exile — a decision only recently honored by the Austrian government von Trapp become a naval officer in the first place since Austria is a landlocked