Modern world nations jamaica

AFGHANISTAN ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BAHRAIN BERMUDA BOLIVIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IRAQ IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAMAICA JAPAN KAZAKHSTAN KENYA BRAZIL KUWAIT CANADA MEXICO CHILE THE NETHERLANDS CHINA NEW ZEALAND COSTA RICA CROATIA NIGERIA NORTH KOREA CUBA NORWAY EGYPT PAKISTAN ENGLAND PERU ETHIOPIA RUSSIA FRANCE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA SAUDI ARABIA SCOTLAND GERMANY SOUTH AFRICA GHANA SOUTH KOREA GUATEMALA TAIWAN ICELAND TURKEY INDIA IRAN UKRAINE UZBEKISTAN Jamaica Janet H Gritzner South Dakota State University Series Consulting Editor Charles F Gritzner South Dakota State University Philadelphia Frontispiece: Flag of Jamaica Cover: The Archives Office is one of the buildings in Spanish Town Square, Jamaica CHELSEA HOUSE PUBLISHERS VP, NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Sally Cheney DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION Kim Shinners CREATIVE MANAGER Takeshi Takahashi MANUFACTURING MANAGER Diann Grasse Staff for JAMAICA EXECUTIVE EDITOR Lee Marcott PRODUCTION EDITOR Megan Emery PICTURE RESEARCH 21st Century Publishing and Communications, Inc SERIES DESIGNER Takeshi Takahashi COVER DESIGNER Keith Trego LAYOUT 21st Century Publishing and Communications, Inc ©2004 by Chelsea House Publishers, a subsidiary of Haights Cross Communications All rights reserved Printed and bound in the United States of America http://www.chelseahouse.com First Printing Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gritzner, Janet H Jamaica/by Janet H Gritzner v cm.—(Modern world nations) Includes index Contents: Introducing Jamaica—Natural environment—History—People and culture— Administration and government—Economy—Living in Jamaica today—Jamaica looks to the future ISBN 0-7910-7913-9 Jamaica—Juvenile literature [1 Jamaica.] I Title II Series F1868.2.G75 2004 972.92—dc22 2003028099 Table of Contents Introducing Jamaica Natural Environment 14 History 28 People and Culture 40 Administration and Government 56 Economy 68 Living in Jamaica Today 86 Jamaica Looks to the Future 96 Facts at a Glance History at a Glance Further Reading Index 100 102 106 107 Jamaica Introducing Jamaica O n a blustery January day, would you like to be on a tropical island? Come to Jamaica, a country of sun-drenched beaches, warm tropical breezes, and a rich cultural heritage Jamaica is an island nation and a close neighbor of the United States It is a masterpiece of tropical splendor and extraordinary vistas The natural landscape is filled with the multicolored hues of exotic plants and flowers and is subdued by the various green shades of dense rain forests, woodland and grass-covered meadows, and misty valleys Countless cascading waterfalls tumble down from the mountainous interior, feeding the rivers, which spread out like hundreds of fingers across the island White sand beaches rim the north and west sides of Jamaica, and the scenic Blue Mountains dominate the eastern side of the country Jamaica is a great place for a vacation, and the island paradise attracts thousands of visitors each year White sand beaches rim the north and west sides of the island and bring thousands of tourists to Jamaica each year Jamaica is located in the southwest Caribbean Sea, only about 550 miles (885 kilometers) south of Miami, Florida It is the thirdlargest island in the Greater Antilles, the island chain that also includes Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico Because it is so close to the United States, you or someone you know may have been to History at a Glance 1938 Violence and rioting take place on several sugar plantations Alexander Bustamante forms the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union and the Jamaica Labour Party Norman Manley establishes the socialist People’s National Party 1942 Bauxite is discovered in St Ann’s Parish and subsequently in many areas of the island 1944 The Constitution, based on universal adult suffrage, is put in place and ends the Crown Colony period 1951 Hurricane Charlie badly damages Kingston, Port Royal, and Morant Bay 1957 An earthquake measuring on the Richter Scale shakes Jamaica The epicenter is Hanover in St James Parish 1962 Jamaica achieves in independence from British rule Bustamante is the country’s first prime minister He is succeeded by Donald Sangster, who serves only a few months in office Hugh Shearer replaces Sangster 1963 Hurricane Flora strikes Jamaica 1966 Haile Selassie, emperor of Ethiopia, King of Kings, Conquering Lion of Judah, arrives on three-day state visit He addresses parliament and receives an honorary doctorate 1969 Norman Washington Manley dies The holiday for the queen’s birthday is discontinued, and National Heroes Day is established on October 20, 1969, to be celebrated on the third Monday in October each year thereafter 1972 Michael Manley, son of Norman Manley, heads a socialist government He forges links with Cuba over the objections of the United States The economy begins to decline and country goes through a period of unrest 1973 Jamaica helps found the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), together with the Barbados, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago 1977 Sir Alexander Bustamante dies at the age of 94 He is the last surviving National Hero of Jamaica 104 1980 A new government, led by Edward Seaga, is formed It has strong support from the United States Tourism recovers and expands 1981 Jamaica and the world mourn the death of Bob Marley, reggae superstar 1988 Hurricane Gilbert hits the island with winds of 120 miles per hour; 80 percent of houses on the south coast of the island are damaged or destroyed 1989 Michael Manley and the PNP win the general elections and return to office 1992 Michael Manley, prime minister and leader of the People’s National Party (PNP) for 23 years, leaves office because of ill health and is succeeded by Percival J Patterson 1993 Prime Minister Patterson and the PNP win general elections, and the JLP announces that it will boycott the parliament in protest of the “fraudulent” election conduct and the “partisan” role of the police 1997 Michael Manley dies 1999 The country erupts in riots after the government announced a 30 percent increase in the tax on gasoline Kingston and Montego Bay, where sugar cane fields were set ablaze, are particularly badly hit After three days of arson and looting, the tax is rescinded 105 Further Reading Banks, Russell The Book of Jamaica Harpercollins, 1996 Barrett, Leonard E The Rastafarians, Beacon Press, 1997 Benghiat, Norma Traditional Jamaican Cookery Penguin Books,1985 Cliff, Michelle Abeng Penguin, 1985 Dunn-Smith, Paulette and Wintlett Browne Jamaica: Living Together in Society Carlong Publishers, 1998 Gotlieb, Karla The Mother of Us All: A History of Queen Nanny, Leader of the Windward Maroons Africa World Press, 2000 Go-Local Jamaica http://www.go-kingston.com Jamaica Gleaner http://jamaica-gleaner.com Kurlansky, Mark A Continent of Islands Perseus Books,1992 Lewis, Mathew Journal of a West India Proprietor Kept during a Residence in the Island of Jamaica Edited by Judith Terry Oxford World’s Classics, 1999 Lucie-Smith, Edward Albert Huile–Father of Jamaican Painting Kingston Ian Randle Publishers, 2001 Morris, Pam, Sonia Glanville, and Wintlette Browne Jamaica: Living Together in Society Carlong Publishers, 2000 O’Sullivan-Sirjue, Jennifer, Eleanor Jones, Darcy Wright, and Elizabeth Stevens Jamaica: Land and People Carlong Publishers, 1998 Pawson, Michael and David Buisseret Port Royal Jamaica Norman: University of Oklahoma, 2000 (1975) Sherlock, Philip and Hazel Bennet The Story of Jamaican People Markus Wiener, 1997 Tanna, Laura Jamaican Folk Tales and Oral Histories Kingston: Institute of Jamaica Publications, 1993 White, Timothy Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley Guernsey Press,1983 Winkler, Anthony C Going Home to Teach LMH Publishing, 1995 106 Index Accompong Maroon Festival, 90 Accompong Maroons, 46, 47 ackee, 51, 52-53, 81, 82-83 ackee and saltfish, 51, 82 Africans, 11, 28, 30, 31, 36, 46-48, 50, 51, 54-55, 77, 91, 92 See also slaves age structure, 93, 97, 98 agriculture, 17, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, 31, 33-37, 45, 53-54, 64, 66, 69, 70, 72, 74-84, 91, 97, 98 air travel, 42, 66 Akan region (West Africa), 47 Alcan, 75 Alcoa, 75 Allen, Hurricane, 77 alluvial plains, 75 alluvial soils, 20 alumina See bauxite/alumina Anancy and Dawg (Anancy story), 55 Anancy stories, 55 Anglicans, 49 animal life, 26-27 Annotto Bay, 12 apartments (tourist), 72, 73 Appleton Estates, 77 apprenticeship, 36 Arabs, 11 Arawak people, 28-29 area, 11-12 art, 46, 91-92 Ash Wednesday, 63, 89 Ashanti people, 31, 55 assembly industries, 85 Bahais, 50 Baker, Lorenzo Dow, 78 balmists, 65 bammy, 51, 52 bananas, 37, 51, 70, 74, 76, 77-78 Baptists, 36, 49 Barbados, 11 Bauxite Levy of 1974, 38 bauxite/alumina, 14, 16, 25, 37, 38, 61, 66, 69, 70, 74-75, 85, 97 birds, 26 Black River, 20, 57 Black River Lower Morass, 20, 25 Black Uhuru, 88 Bligh, William, 82 Bloody Bay, 73 blue lignum vitae tree, 26 Blue Mountain Coffee, 78-80 Blue Mountain Peak, 16 Blue Mountains, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 22, 45, 47, 75, 76, 78-80 Blue Mountains/John Crow Mountains National Park, 25, 26, 72 bobsled team, 89 Bogle, Paul, 36 Boston Fruit Company, 78 Bounty (ship), 82 Boxing Day, 89 breadfruit, 51, 81-82 British Commonwealth, 11, 57 Buccaneers, 31-33 bush medicine, 63 Bustamante, William Alexander, 37, 59, 61 Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU), 61 cabinet, 57 callaloo, 81 Canada, 28, 30, 41, 54, 70, 73, 75, 85, 95, 99 capital See Kingston Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), 38 Caribbean Examinations Council Secondary Education Certificate, 62 Caribbean Islands, 11 107 Index Caribbean Plate, 24 Caribbean Sea, Carnival, 55, 88, 91 cars, 66-67 Cascade Mountains, 22 cassava, 80, 81 Castro, Fidel, 60 Cave River, 18 cell phones, 92 central and western plateau, 17-19 Charles II, 33 Charles Town, 47 chemical industries, 85 chickens, 84 Chinese, 11, 28, 37, 77, 91 Christianity, 36, 49-50 Christmas, 89, 90 Christmas Rebellion of 1831, 35 Church of God, 49 churches, 49 cities, 12, 42-45, 50, 94, 95, 98 Clarendon, 22, 57 Cliff, Jimmy, 88 coastal lowlands, 17, 19-20 Cockpit Country, 19, 25, 30, 47 cocoa (chocolate), 76, 80 coffee, 17, 25, 33, 76, 78-80 College of Agriculture, Science, and Education (CASE), 64 colonial period, 28, 30-37 Columbus, Christopher, 30 communications, 92 conch, 84 Congo, 48 constitution change in, 99 of 1944, 58 constitutional monarchy, 57 Cool Runnings (movie), 89 Cornwall, 57 counties, 56-57 creole language, 48 See also Jamaican patois cricket, 87, 88 crime and violence, 12, 41, 93, 94, 96, 98-99 crown colony, cruise ships, 44-45, 66, 71, 73 Cuba, 9, 11, 12, 30, 36 cultural-heritage tourism, 71, 72 culture, 8, 11, 12, 28, 42, 45-55, 86-95 currency, 38, 69 curries, 52, 84 dance, 89, 92 dancehall, 88 dasheen (taro), 80 Dawes, Kwame, 91 Day, The, 46 debt, 69 deforestation, 25 democracy, 56, 59-60, 61 democratic socialism, 59-60 desert, 14, 22 Diwali festival, 91 domestic help, 86 Dominican Republic, 11, 16, 74 Don Figueroa Mountains, 18-19 dreadlocked hair, 50 drugs, 98, 99 Dry Harbor Mountains, 18-19 dub poetry, 91 Dunns River Falls recreational park, 73 earthquakes, 12, 23, 24 East Indians, 11, 28, 37, 46, 51, 77 Easter Monday, 63, 89 Eastern Maroons, 48 eastern mountainous region, 17 economy, 8, 12, 25, 27, 33-34, 37, 38-39, 41, 43-45, 59, 61, 64, 6567, 68-85, 93, 94, 96, 98-99 ecotourism See sustainable tourism Edo people, 31 108 Index education, 36, 39, 41, 42, 62-64, 98, 99 elections, 57, 59-60 electricity, 93, 95 electronic information companies, 44 Emancipation Day, 89, 91 emigration, 39, 41 employment, 39, 41, 70, 77, 85 energy resources, 85 English language, 11, 46, 48 environmental concerns, 25, 26, 41, 71, 72, 75, 85, 98 ethnic diversity, 11, 28, 45-48, 57, 91, 99 Europeans, 11, 37, 46, 51 See also Great Britain Ewarton, 43 exports, 37, 41, 66, 70, 74, 76, 77, 78-80, 84, 85 family, 45, 54, 86 family planning, 93 Fanti people, 31 farms, 80-81 ferns, 26 field hockey, 89 finance, 36, 42, 97 First Maroon War, 48, 90 fish, 45, 51-53, 84 Fleming, Ian, 70 flooding, 19, 23, 25 Florida, 9, 11 folk remedies, 65-66 folk songs, 53 folklore, 46, 54-55, 92 food processing, 85 foods, 46, 50-54, 80-83 foreign debt, 12 foreign exchange, 41, 69, 70 foreign ownership, 70 forestry and forest industries, 8, 23, 25, 26, 33, 84-85 free market policies, 38, 59, 60 fruits, 37, 51, 52-53, 65, 70, 74, 77-78, 78-82, 82-83 future, 95, 96-99 ganja (marijuana), 50, 66 garment industry, 44, 69, 85 Garvey, Marcus Mosiah, 37, 50 Gilbert, Hurricane, 23 Glasspole, Florizel, 61 goats, 52, 82 Gold Coast (Ghana), 31, 47 Good Friday, 89 Gordon, George William, 36 government, 36, 37-39, 42, 56-61, 99 governor general, 57, 59 Grand Banks, Canada, 54 grandmothers, 86 Great Britain, 12, 28, 30-37, 41, 46, 48, 54, 57, 59, 63, 67, 76, 78, 85, 86, 90, 99 Great Houses, 33-35, 72 Greater Antilles, 8, 11 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 41, 68-69, 70, 76 Guadeloupe, 11 guesthouses, 72, 73 Guinea, 31 Haiti, 11, 12, 16, 74 Half-Way Tree, 42 Hanover, 57, 73, 84 health care, 36, 64-66, 93, 94 Hector’s River, 18 herbs, 65-66 Hibbert, Toots, 88 High Peak, 16 higher education See universities highland soils, 20-21 Hindus, 50, 91 Hispaniola, 9, 11 history, 28-39, 99 109 Index hogs, 84 holidays, 46, 55, 63, 88, 89-91 homicide, 94 horse racing, 80 Hosay, 91 hotels, 70, 71, 72, 73, 98 House of Representatives, 57, 59 hurricanes, 14, 23, 25, 33, 77 Hydro Aluminum, 75 Kingston, 11, 24, 30, 31, 41, 42-43, 50, 56, 63, 64, 71, 91, 92, 95 Kingston Harbor, 42 Kingston Metropolitan Area (KMA), 42-45, 85, 94 Kingston-Port Royal, 56 Kojo, 46, 90 Koromanti people, 47 Kumina, 46, 48 Ibo people, 31 imports, 69-70, 83 indentured workers, 36, 77 independence, 36, 37, 41, 57, 91, 96, 99 Independence Day, 89, 91 Labor Day, 89 landslides, 23, 24, 25 language, 11, 46, 48-49, 92 Latin America, 73 Lecky, T.P., 63 Leeward Islands, 11 Leeward Maroons, 47 Lesser Antilles, 11 life expectancy, 93, 94 lignum vitae tree, 25, 26 limestone, 16-18, 19, 45, 74 liming, 55 literacy rates, 93 literature, 46, 91 livestock, 33, 81, 83-84 lobster, 84 local markets, 80-82 location, 8, 11, 12, 70, 99 Long Bay, 72 Lucea, 57 Jamaica, meaning of, 28-29 Jamaica Black, 84 Jamaica Brahman, 84 Jamaica Festival, 91 Jamaica Hope, 83-84 Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), 37, 38, 59, 61, 99 Jamaica Red, 84 Jamaica School Certificate, 62 Jamaican Coffee Industry Board (CIB), 78 Jamaican dollar, 38, 69 Jamaican Farewell (folk song), 53 Jamaican hutia (coney), 26 Jamaican patois, 48-49, 92 Japan, 73, 80 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 50 jerk, 84 Jews, 50 John Crow Mountains, 17 Jumbie, 54, 55 Kaiser, 75 Karl and Other Stories (Velma Pollard), 91 karst formations, 17-18 magic, 46 mammals, 26 Manchester, 57 Mandeville, 42, 66 Mandingo people, 31 mangrove swamp, 19 Manley, Edna, 92 Manley, Michael, 37-38, 59-60, 61 Manley, Norman, International Airport, 42, 65-66 Manley, Norman Washington, 37, 59 110 Index mannish water, 52 Mansong, Jack (“Three-Fingered Jack”), 35 manufacturing, 42, 69, 85, 98 marijuana See ganja Marley, Bob, 51, 88 Maroon Wars, 30, 48, 90 Maroons, 19, 30-31, 33, 35, 46-48, 90 marriage, 86 Martinique, 11 May Day Mountains, 18-19 May Pen, 42, 57 media, 92 Melody Makers, 88 Mennonites, 50 mento, 88 Methodists, 49 Middlesex, 57 migration, 39, 40-41, 41, 45 Miller, Jacob, 88 mining/minerals, 14, 16, 25, 37, 38, 61, 74-75, 97, 98 Mocho Mountains, 18-19 Mocko Jumbies, 55 Mona, 42 mongoose, 26 Montego Bay (Mo Bay), 42, 43-45, 57, 66, 71, 73, 95 Montego Bay Marine Park, 25 Moore Town, 47 Morant Bay, 42, 57 Morant Bay Rebellion, 36 Moravians, 50 Morgan, Sir Henry, 31-33 Mossman’s Peak, 16 mountains, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18-19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 36, 43, 45, 47, 48, 75, 76, 78-80 movies, 87, 89 Munroe, Trevor, 59, 61 music, 42, 46, 48, 51, 53, 87-88, 89, 91, 92 Muslims, 50, 91 Nanny of the Maroons, 47-48 National Assessment Programme, 62 National Dance Theatre Company, 92 National Democratic Movement (NDM), 59 National Heroes Day (Queen’s birthday), 63, 89-90 national independence movement, 37, 91 national motto, 11, 45 National Workers Union (NWU), 61 natural environment, 8, 12-13, 14, 16-27, 99 natural hazards, 12, 14, 19, 23-24, 25, 33, 77 natural resources, 12, 14, 16, 25, 37, 38, 61, 93, 96, 97, 98 Negril, 66, 72 Negril Environmental Protection Area, 25 netball, 89 Nethersole, Noel, 61 New Year’s Day, 89 Chinese, 91 newspapers, 92 Nigeria, 31 North American Plate, 24 North Coast highway project, 66 Norway, 75 Nova Scotia, Canada, 30 Obeah, 48, 54-55 Ocho Rios, 42, 66, 71, 73 Olympics (Calgary), 89 orchids, 26 origins, 14, 16-17 ornamentals, 76, 80 out-migration See emigration Palisadoes strip, 42 Palmer, Annie, 34-35 111 Index Panama Canal, 12 pantomime, 92 parishes, 12, 56-57 Parliament, 59 Passage Fort, 30 patois See Jamaican patois Patterson, Percival James, 59, 60, 99 patty shops, 54 peas (red beans), 52, 54, 81 Pentecostals, 49 People’s National Party (PNP), 37, 59-60, 61, 99 peppers, 51, 81 per capita GDP, 69 per capita gross national income, 95 personality, of Jamaicans, 55 Phoenicians, 17 physical regions, 17-20 Pig an Long-Mout (Anancy story), 55 pimento (allspice), 33, 76, 80 pirates See buccaneers plains, 14, 19 plant life, 8, 19, 22, 23, 25-26, 27 plantations, 25, 28, 30, 31, 33-37, 53-54, 72, 76-78, 81, 91, 98 Plymouth Brethren, 50 poetry, 91 political parties, 37, 38, 57, 59-60, 61, 99 Pollard, Velma, 91 pollution, 75 popular culture, 11, 51, 86-95 population, 24, 40-45, 93, 99 population density, 41 population distribution, 12, 24, 41-45, 98 population growth, 40-41, 93 pork, 84 Port Antonio, 42, 43, 57, 66, 70, 78 Port Maria, 57 Port of Kingston, 66, 71 Port of Montego Bay, 66, 73 Port Royal, 12, 24, 31, 32, 72 Port Royal earthquake, 24, 31 Portland, 57 Portland Bight Protected Area, 25 Portmore, 42, 95 ports, 30, 31, 42, 44-45, 66-67, 71, 73 poverty, 12, 41, 50, 57, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98 preserves, 25, 26, 72 president, 99 primary education, 62, 98 prime minister, 37-38, 57, 59 privatization, 38 Progeny of Air (Kwame Dawes), 91 Prospect Great House, 33 Providence HMS, 82 Puerto Rico, 9, 11 pukumina/pocomania, 48 purchasing power parity (PPP), 66, 95 quality of life, 95 radio, 92 railroads, 42-43 rain forests, 8, 23, 25 rainfall, 19, 22, 23 rainshadow effect, 22 Rastafarians, 50-51, 73 recreation, 71, 88-89 reggae, 42, 51, 88 Reggae Boyz, 89 regions, 17-20 religion, 46, 48, 49-51 remitted money, 41 rendzina, 20 reptiles, 26 republic, Jamaica becoming, 99 resort cottages, 72, 73 restaurants, 54, 73, 87, 98 112 Index reverse migration, 45 Revivalists, 49 rice, 51, 52-53 Rio Grande River, 17, 19-20, 78 roads, 43, 66-67, 93, 98 rocksteady, 42, 88 Roman Catholics, 49 root crops (tubers), 80 Rose Hall Great House, 33-34 rum, 69, 76, 77 rural settlements, 45, 54, 94, 95 St Andrew, 42, 56-57, 94, 95 St Ann, 57 St Ann’s Bay, 30, 42, 57 St Catherine, 22, 42, 45, 57, 72, 94, 95 St Elizabeth, 57 St James, 44, 57, 95 St Mary, 33, 57 St Thomas, 56 saltfish, 51, 52-53, 82 Sangster International Airport, 66 Santa Cruz Mountains, 18-19 Santiago de la Vega, 30 See also Spanish Town Savanna-la-Mar, 42, 57 Scotts Hall, 47 Seaga, Edward, 38, 59 secondary education, 62-63 Secondary School Certificate, 62 Selassie (Ras Tafari), Haile, 50 Senate, 57 Seventh-Day Adventists, 49 Sevilla Nueva (New Seville), 20 sewage disposal, 93, 95 Shaba Ranks, 88 Shaggy “Mr Bombastic,” 88 Sharpe, Sam (“Daddy”), 35 Shearer, Hugh, 60 Sierra Leone, 30 Sir John Peak, 16 ska, 42 slave revolts, 33, 35, 36 slaves, 19, 28, 30-31, 33, 35-36, 37, 46-48, 51, 54-55, 76, 77, 81, 82, 91 See also Maroons soca (social calypso), 88, 91 soccer, 88, 89 social structure, 45 soil erosion, 25 soils, 20-21 Spain, 12, 30, 31, 33 Spanish Town, 12, 30, 31, 42, 57, 72, 95 special event tourism, 71, 72 sports, 87, 88-89 standard of living, 93-95, 96 stews, 52 stopover tourists, 72, 73 sugar, 30, 31, 33-35, 36-37, 53-54, 69, 74, 76-77, 78, 96 Sugar Loaf, 16 Surrey, 56 sustainable tourism (ecotourism), 27, 71, 72 swallowtail butterfly, 26 swallowtail hummingbird (“doctor bird”), 26 sweet potatoes, 80, 81 Taino Indians, 28-29, 30, 52 Taino Museum, 72 tea, 51, 52, 65, 66 television, 89 terra rossa, 20 theater, 92 Tosh, Peter, 88 tourism, 8, 25, 27, 33-34, 37, 41, 43-45, 66-67, 69, 70-73, 94, 98 trade, 37, 38, 42, 69-70, 74-75, 76, 77, 78-79, 84 Trade Union Act of 1919, 60-61 Trade Union Congress (TUC), 61 trade union movement, 37, 60-61 trade winds, 22 113 Index village (district), 45 volcanic mountains, 14, 16 voting rights, 59 traditional remedies, 65-66 traffic, 43, 66-67 transportation, 42-43, 98 trees See forestry and forest industries Trelawny, 57 Trinidad and Tobago, 11 tropical climate, 21-23 tropical storms, 23 underemployment, 69 unemployment, 69, 93, 94, 96, 99 United Church, 49-50 United Fruit Company, 70, 78 United Kingdom, 75 United States, 8, 9, 11, 12, 28, 37, 41, 69, 73, 75, 78, 80, 85, 95, 99 Unity Church, 50 universities, 42, 63-64 University and Allied Workers Union (UAWU), 60 University of Technology, Jamaica, 42 University of the West Indies, 42, 63, 91 upland plateau soils, 20 upper class, 42 vegetables, 65, 80-82 Wailer, Bunny, 88 Wailers, 88 water features, 8, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19-20, 99 water pollution, 75 water resources, 16-17 water supply, 22, 93, 95 weather/climate, 8, 14, 19, 21-23, 25, 33, 77, 99 West End, 73 West Indies, 11, 14 Westmoreland, 57, 73, 84 White Marl, 72 Windward Islands, 11 Windward Maroons, 47 women, 86 Workers Party of Jamaica (Communist party), 59 Wray, J., and Nephew, Ltd., 77 Yallahs River, 19, 20 yams, 51, 76, 80, 81 Yoruba people, 31 youth at risk, 97, 98 114 Picture Credits page: 9: 10: 15: 18: 21: 29: 32: 34: 38: 43: 44: 47: New Millennium Images © Lucidity Information Design, LLC © Lucidity Information Design, LLC New Millennium Images New Millennium Images AP/Wide World Photos AP/Wide World Photos New Millennium Images © Bettmann/CORBIS KRT/NMI KRT/NMI AP/Wide World Photos 49: 53: 58: 60: 65: 71: 79: 83: 87: 90: 97: Cover: © Howard Davies/CORBIS 115 © CORBIS © Howard Davies/CORBIS 21st Century Publishing AFP/NMI © Howard Davies/CORBIS KRT/NMI AP/Wide World Photos KRT/NMI AP/Wide World Photos AP/Wide World Photos KRT/NMI About the Contributors JANET H GRITZNER is a Professor of Geography at South Dakota State University at Brookings She started her career as a cultural geographer, but now teaches courses in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) She has worked and traveled in a number of countries in Africa (e.g., Senegal, Gambia, Botswana, Kenya) and the Caribbean (e.g., Jamaica, Antigua, Bahamas, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico) She has had a lifelong interest in studying Caribbean food ways She has spoken to many audiences about the culture history of Jamaica food habits and is in the process of writing a book on the range and diversity of diet in the Caribbean This fascinating topic is as much as anything an excuse to sample the many delicious foods eaten by people throughout the Caribbean region She has no objection, however, of trying new foods wherever she travels in the world CHARLES F (“FRITZ”) GRITZNER is Distinguished Professor of Geography at South Dakota University in Brookings He is now in his fifth decade of college teaching and research During his career, he has taught more than 60 different courses, spanning the fields of physical, cultural, and regional geography In addition to his teaching, he enjoys writing, working with teachers, and sharing his love for geography with students As consulting editor for the MODERN WORLD NATIONS series, he has a wonderful opportunity to combine each of these “hobbies.” Fritz has served as both President and Executive Director of the National Council for Geographic Education and has received the Council’s highest honor, the George J Miller Award for Distinguished Service 116 ... Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gritzner, Janet H Jamaica/ by Janet H Gritzner v cm.— (Modern world nations) Includes index Contents: Introducing Jamaica Natural environment—History—People and culture—... Jamaica today Jamaica looks to the future ISBN 0-7910-7913-9 Jamaica Juvenile literature [1 Jamaica. ] I Title II Series F1868.2.G75 2004 972.92—dc22 2003028099 Table of Contents Introducing Jamaica. .. 56 Economy 68 Living in Jamaica Today 86 Jamaica Looks to the Future 96 Facts at a Glance History at a Glance Further Reading Index 100 102 106 107 Jamaica Introducing Jamaica O n a blustery January