Woman in chemistry and physics

Women in Chemistry and Physics A Biobibliographic Sourcebook Edited by Louise S Grinstein, Rose K Rose, and Miriam H Rafailovich Foreword by L illi S Hornig GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Women in chemistry and physics : a biobibliographic sourcebook / edited by Louise S Grinstein, Rose K Rose, and Miriam H Rafailovich ; foreword by Lilli S Homig p cm Includes index ISBN - 3 -2 -0 (alk paper) Women chemists— Biography Women physicists— Biography I Grinstein, Louise S II Rose, Rose K III Rafailovich, Miriam H QD21.W 62 1993 540' 92'2— dc20 -40224 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available Copyright © 1993 by Louise S Grinstein, Rose K Rose, and Miriam H Rafailovich All rights reserved No portion o f this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent o f the publisher Library o f Congress Catalog Card Number: 92-40224 ISBN: -3 -2 -0 First published in 1993 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc Printed in the United States o f America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z 39.48-1984) 10 This book is dedicated to Jack Richman, to Esther H Rose, M.D., and in memory of Zitta Zipora Friedlander CONTENTS FOREWORD Lilli S Hornig xiii PREFACE Louise S Grinstein, Rose K Rose, and Miriam H Rafailovich Fay Ajzenberg-Selove (1926- xvii ) Victoria McLane Gladys Amelia Anslow (1892-1969) George Fleck Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854-1923) Marjorie Malley 18 Laura Maria Caterina Bassi (1711-1778) Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie 24 Ruth Mary Rogan Benerito (1916- ) Jane A Miller 30 Ruth Erica Leroi Benesch (1925- ) K Thomas Finley and Patricia J Siegel Joan Berkowitz (1931- 42 ) Susan Klarreich 50 Marietta Blau (1894-1970) Leopold Halpern 57 Katharine Burr Blodgett (1898-1979) K Thomas Finley and Patricia J Siegel 65 viii CONTENTS Mary Lowe Good (1931- Mary Letitia Caldwell (1890-1972) Soraya Svoronos 72 Debra L Banville 77 Marjorie Constance Beckett Caserio (1929- ) Margaret A Cavanaugh 218 85 ) Edward Hochberg Anna Jane Harrison (1912- ) Harold Goldwhite 230 ) Nina Matheny Roseher 237 Caroline Stuart Littlejohn Herzenberg (1932- Renate Wiener Chasman (1932-1977) Deborah Chasman and Ernest D Courant 94 Lois Fischer Black ) Barbara B Mandula 243 Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910- Gabrielle-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise du Chatelet (1706-1749) ) Harold Goldwhite 101 253 Darleane Christian Hoffman (1926- ) Glenn T Seaborg ) Leon Gortler 106 261 Hypatia (ca.370-ca.415) Eda C Kapsis Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori (1896-1957) Jane A Miller Erika Cremer (1900- ix Jeanette Gecsy Grasselli (1928- Emma Perry Carr (1880-1972) Mildred Cohn (1913- CONTENTS 120 273 Irene Joliot-Curie (1897-1956) Paris Svoronos ) Jane A Miller 128 Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934) Soraya Svoronos 136 Marie Maynard Daly (1921- ) Rose K Rose 145 Cecile Andree Paule DeWitt-Morette (1922- ) Bryce DeWitt Helen Marie Dyer (1895- 150 ) Ariel Hollinshead 162 Gertrude Belle Elion (1918- ) 169 Gladys Ludwina Anderson Emerson (1903-1984) Paris Svoronos ) Nina Matheny Roscher 284 Joyce Jacobson Kaufman (1929- ) Walter S Koski 299 Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze Lavoisier (1758-1836) Adriane P Borgias 314 Leona Woods Marshall Libby (1919-1986) Ruth H Howes 320 Kathleen Yardley Lonsdale (1903-1971) Maureen M Julian 329 Rosalind Elsie Franklin (1920-1958) Mary Clarke Miksic Nina Matheny Roscher and Chinh K Nguyen Margaret A Cavanaugh Shirley W Harrison Ines Hochmuth Mandl (1917- ) 201 354 ) Edward Hochberg 361 Jane Haldimand Marcet (1769-1858) ) Rose K Rose and Donald L Glusker 346 Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860-1944) 191 Raymond B Seymour 337 Icie Gertrude Macy (1892-1984) 180 Jenny Pickworth Glusker (1931- Isabella Helen Lugoski Karle (1921- Pauline Gracia Beery Mack (1891-1974) Miles Goodman Helen Murray Free (1923- 277 207 M Elizabeth Derrick 371 CONTENTS Maria Gertrude Goeppert Mayer (1906-1972) Trudy D Rempel CONTENTS xi Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards (1842-1911) 375 Louise Sherwood McDowell (1876-1966) Mary R S Creese andThomas M Creese 515 Florence Barbara Seibert (1897-1991) Janet B Guernsey 382 Grace Medes (1886-1967) Ariel Hollinshead 526 Mary Lura Sherrill (1888-1968) Paris Svoronos 387 Lise Meitner (1878-1968) Sallie A Watkins 393 Marie Meurdrac (1600s) Will S DeLoach 403 Helen Cecilia DeSilver Abbott Michael (1857-1904) K Thomas Finley and Patricia J Siegel Helen Vaughn Michel (1932- 405 ) Frank Asaro George Fleck 530 Maiy Fairfax Greig Somerville (1780-1872) Geoffrey Sutton and Sung Kyu Kim Giuliana Cavaglieri Tesoro (1921- 538 ) Raymond B Seymour 547 Beatrice Muriel Hill Tinsley (1941-1981) Gillian R Knapp 553 410 Anne Barbara Underhill (1920- 420 Katharine Way (1903- ) Theresa A Nagy 562 Elizabeth Cavert Miller (1920-1987) James A Miller Agnes Fay Morgan (1884-1968) Margaret A Cavanaugh Elizabeth Amy Kreiser Weisburger (1924- ) Adriane P Borgias 449 Soraya Svoronos 455 Creese 461 George B Kaujfman and Jean-Pierre Adloff 470 George Fleck 476 ) 613 ) 626 a p p e n d ix a : Chronological List of Biographees 641 a p p e n d ix b : Biographees by Place of Birth, Place of Work, and Field of Scientific Interest 643 ) a p p e n d ix c: References in Biographical Dictionaries and Other Collections 649 502 ) Nancy M Tooney ) Carol A Biermann and Ludwig Biermann 488 Agnes Pockels (1862-1935) Sarah Ratner (1903- 605 Ruth H Howes 495 M Elizabeth Derrick 595 Pnina G Abir-Am Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921- Mary Locke Petermann (1908-1975) Lucy Weston Pickett (1904- Elizabeth M Cavicchi Chien-Shiung Wu (1912- Marguerite Catherine Perey (1909-1975) Mary L Moller 581 Dorothy Maud Wrinch (1894-1976) Mary Engle Pennington (1872-1952) Mary R S Creese and Thomas M ) Ann E Kaplan Frances Gertrude Wick (1875-1941) Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin (1900-1979) Francis T Bonner 572 434 Dorothy Virginia Nightingale (1902- Melba Newell Phillips (1907- ) Murray J Martin, Norwood B Gove, Ruth M Gove, and Agda Artna-Cohen 508 a p p e n d ix d : Association and Organization Codes 653 a p p e n d ix e : Title Codes 659 xii CONTENTS a p p e n d ix f : a p p e n d ix g : Periodical Codes 665 Publisher Codes 689 in d e x 699 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 799 FOREWORD Lilli S Hornig Biographies of women scientists are few and far between Almost by definition such women are unusual and therefore likely to be interesting This lack of information would be surprising were it not for the fact that the lives and works of women in almost any field of endeavor have attracted relatively little literary effort Except for a handful of women leaders whose popular appeal derives from power or the struggle to attain it—Elizabeth I, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Catherine the Great, Lucrezia Borgia—the lives and works of women for the most part have been cloaked in obscurity Even those who have attained some measure of fame are likely to have reached that state more through their rela­ tionships to or with men than through their achievements in the arts, the sciences, or literature Historians and biographers have preferred to define women in terms of their love affairs or their intrigues, or even their marriages, rather than granting them fully autonomous intellectual or artistic status Emilie du Chatelet is much better known for her long affair with Voltaire than for her mathematics; the Duchess of Cavendish for unconventional behavior than for her redoubtable intellect In the last two decades, with the reawakening of the women’s movement and the contemporaneous flowering of social history in its various forms, that situation has begun to change Women in the arts and the humanities, seeking to discover their own professional or creative roots, have turned to the examination of women artists, writers, and political leaders in increasing numbers Even so, women scientists have found few chroniclers, with a few obvious exceptions; Marie Curie remains interesting to the public, although even her unique achievements have been somewhat obscured by time A few years ago, when a male scientist whose father had been a Nobel Prize winner himself became a Nobel laureate, the science press hailed the unusual event as a first, with no mention whatsoever of Irene Joliot-Curie Rosalind Franklin’s central contribution to the determi­ nation of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) eventually became known to the world at large through Anne Sayer’s account of the events that James Watson had gone to some trouble to distort in his self-aggrandizing Double XIV FOREWORD Helix Countless other women mathematicians and scientists remain unsung There are no easy ways to find biographical information about them beyond the barest outlines in such publications as American Men and Women of Science or World Who’s Who in Science In particular, it is difficult for someone who is not a specialist to learn about their work Although modem technology makes it easy to conduct literature searches, a mere compilation of titles is insufficient; we need interpreters to guide us through the significance of work in disciplines outside our own For the first time, this information gap in intellectual history will be bridged by this book As a comprehensive collection of biobibliographies of women in the physical sciences over nearly three centuries, it opens to general view not only the life stories of these women but also the significant contributions to their disciplines that made them noteworthy In particular, it should help to disabuse the public, and especially students, of the popular notion that women scientists are a rare breed, that they are somehow different from women who achieve distinction in the arts or humanities or even in business The history of women’s participation in the sciences is one of unremitting struggle to be allowed to study these fields in the first place, and then to be allowed to work as full-fledged scientists rather than assistants to men Women have stmggled to have publications accepted and proposals funded, to gain admission to professional societies and their several benefits, and finally to be rewarded in the usual ways with recognition, election to honorary academies, and prizes Many women experienced difficulties in juggling work and home life Some chose not to marry; others had no children, and still others eventually divorced In any case, the idea that there are hardly any women scientists remains firmly entrenched in the minds of the public and of practicing scientists alike This stereotype itself delivers a mixed message: To a few hardy pioneers among young women it signals opportunities for achieving distinction, but to the great majority of people it suggests that there is indeed something about the sciences that is unsuitable for women, or vice versa—that women really are not good enough to science Without arguing the merits of the case either way, it must be stressed that there are, in fact, tens of thousands of women scientists At advanced professional levels, the sciences attract far greater numbers of women than the much more conventionally suitable humanities These women sci­ entists work that is significant and of lasting importance Furthermore, their numbers have increased dramatically over the last two decades, largely as the result of equal opportunity laws that made the exclusion or differential treatment of women from any aspect of education and work illegal Despite these gains, however, the belief that science and women are somehow incompatible persists, and women scientists remain somehow less visible than their achievements war­ rant Educating scientists is an expensive undertaking even at the undergraduate FOREWORD XV level Given that anything other than a uniform price per student would be politically unwise and an administrative nightmare, coeducational institutions long ago must have seen the advantage of steering women into the less expensive departments, thus enabling them to subsidize the education of their brothers in the sciences Indeed, in Making Affirmative Action Work in Higher Education, the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education observed just this phenomenon in at least two traditionally all-male institutions, Williams and Princeton, when they became coeducational Historically, most if not all coeducational colleges and universities restricted women’s access to science departments, either by simple fiat, by requiring substantially higher qualifications of women, or by ingenious regulations such as one at Cornell that allotted only a few “ female beds’’ to the more expensive departments All-female colleges, however, often could not afford to offer any real science at all Conversely, those wealthy enough to so found their women students quite amazingly interested in science A century ago, when Wellesley College was newly established, nearly 40 percent of its graduating classes had majored in just two fields, chemistry and mathe­ matics Why, then, does the myth of women’s scarcity among scientists persist, even among women themselves? For one thing, traditions die hard in education be­ cause they are so easily transmitted by both precept and example The male scientists who learned their science in an environment devoid of women in professional roles, but peopled with female secretaries and research assistants, have also internalized the notion that women are not real scientists but good helpers When the time comes for them to run the departments and make the decisions about whom to admit and whom to hire, they will tend to shape their environment in the image of the one they know Women who aspire to careers in science, on the other hand, also see that same environment but from a different perspective, from the outside, and the message most of them read is that this environment is unfriendly The women who are portrayed in these pages are the products of such a skewed system, although clearly some escaped its influence by staying in women’s colleges for most or all of their careers, some by working in industry, where the yardstick of accomplishment is less who you are and more how much money you can make for the company Most of these women, however, simply relied on sheer ability and dedication to transcend the limitations that a bigoted policy tried to impose These essays illustrate not only the outstanding qualities of mind and character displayed by these women scientists but the great variety of the backgrounds and educational milieus that produced them, the human strengths and weaknesses they developed, and the scope of the researches they undertook Women such as these enlarge our understanding of ourselves and give us reason to take pride in the heritage they leave to us PREFACE Louise S Grinstein, Rose K Rose, and Miriam H Rafailovich The recent proliferation of women’s consciousness groups and women’s studies programs has raised questions about women’s participation in chemistry and physics Histories of science, existing survey-type books devoted exclusively to women in science, and general biographical dictionaries provide an extremely limited picture of the role women have played in the growth and development of these sciences Only a handful of women are likely to be noted, such as the Nobel laureates Gerty Cori, Marie Curie, Gertrude Elion, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Irene Joliot-Curie, and Rosalyn Yalow This volume aims to present a definitive archival collection of original essays on a larger group of individuals featuring their work as well as their lives Seventy-five representative women were selected from different countries who have gained recognition through (a) attainment of advanced degrees despite extensive familial and societal pressures; (b) innovative research results in some aspect of chemistry or physics; (c) influence exerted in teaching and guidance of students both at the undergraduate and graduate levels; (d) active participation and leadership in professional societies; (e) extensive scholarly publications; (f) participation on journal editorial boards A woman was deemed eligible for inclusion if her work satisfied several of these criteria, even though in terms of any one she may not have been particularly outstanding To provide the volume with a certain historical dimension, the scope was limited to those deceased or else bom before 1933 Entries are arranged in alphabetical order Where a woman has been known by more than one name, we have tried to use the name under which much of her professional work has been published For purposes of stylistic uniformity and consistency in the volume as a whole, contributors were asked to follow a set format Each chapter has three sections— biography, work, and bibliography Cross-reference to other women discussed in the volume is given by an asterisk following the first mention in a chapter of the individual’s name Since space limitations have forced us to shorten some contributors’ essays, the reader is cautioned not to interpret the length of any Women in Chemistry and Physics FAY AJZENBERG-SELOVE (1 - ) Victoria McLane BIOGRAPHY Fay Ajzenberg was bom in Berlin on February 13, 1926, of Russian parents The family experienced a series of reversals of fortune Her father, Mojzesz (Misha) Ajzenberg was bom in Warsaw, which at that time was a part of Russia His family was poor, but he managed to obtain a full scholarship, a remarkable accomplishment for a Jew He graduated from the School of Mines in St Pe­ tersburg and worked as a coal miner (part of his training) and mining engineer Her mother, Olga (Naiditch) Ajzenberg, who came from a wealthy family, had studied piano and voice at the St Petersburg Academy of Music They were married in 1910 The Ajzenbergs and their first-bom daughter, Yvette, fled to Germany in 1919 to escape the revolution Her father remained a lifelong anti-Communist Her mother refused to talk about her life in Russia and would only say that it was a blessing that they were able to leave In Germany her father worked as an investment banker, owning his own company, and the family became quite wealthy However, during the Depression he went bankrupt, so they made another move in 1930 Her father joined the family sugar beet factory in France as a chemical engineer and partner, and eventually the business acquired a number of factories and distilleries The Ajzenbergs once again prospered Fay Ajzenberg went to school at the Lycee Victor Duruy, and later at Le College Sevigne in Paris Her family believed in the education of women, and they provided her with private tutors to study anything in which she was inter­ ested She remembers that she was never given any dolls but was usually given money to buy what she wanted and yet specifically discouraged from buying dolls The presents she does remember receiving are an erector set and huge numbers of books The greatest influence in Ajzenberg’s early life was her father, whom she adored According to Ajzenberg-Selove, he was a totally honest man, somewhat puritanical, quiet, and not at all demonstrative Her father would help her with 692 APPENDIX G ENH Elsevier North Holland, Inc., Amsterdam; New York EP Exposition Press, Smithtown, NY ES Elsevier Scientific Publishing C o., Amsterdam; New York ESCOMS 693 APPENDIX G HBJ Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York; Orlando, FL; Lon­ don Hea Heath, Boston, MA ESCOM Science Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands HEdL Health Education League, Boston, MA Ever Everest, Madrid, Spain HemP Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington, DC FaRi Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., New York Herm Hermann, Paris, France FarSoc Faraday Society HeyP Heyden Press, New York; London FASEBB FASEB, Bethesda, MD HHSP HHS Publication, Arlington, VA Fay Fayard, Paris, France Hilg A Hilger, Ltd., Bristol, England FDAR Food and Drag Administration, Rockville, MD Hirz S Hirzel, Leipzig, Germany FemNor Feminists Northwest, Seattle, WA HouMif Houghton Mifflin C o., Boston, MA FGSYU Ferkauf Graduate School, Yeshiva U , New York HP Haddam Press, Haddam, CT FHSC Friends Home Service Committee, London HR Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, PA Fisch Bermann Fischer, Vienna, Austria Hub H Huber, Bern, Switzerland FollPC Follett Publishing C o., Chicago, IL HUP Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA FR Fellowship of Reconciliation, London IAEAP International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria Free Freeport, New York IARCSP International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France FrlnP Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia, PA IASHJ FrP W H Freeman Publishers, San Francisco, CA Israel Academy o f Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, Is­ rael Galli Gallimard, Paris, France ICS Institute o f Clinical Science, Philadelphia, PA GatP Gateway Press, Baltimore, MD IR Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm GAUL G Allen and University, Ltd IS Interscience, New York GauVil Gauthier-Villar, Paris, France ISIP ISI Press, Philadelphia, PA GBSP Gordon and Breach Scientific Publications, New York IUCN IUC, Utrecht, Netherlands GC de Gray ter & C o., Berlin JAcP Jerusalem Academic Press, Jerusalem, Israel GCPC Garden City Publishing C o., Garden City, NY JB Joynson-Bravers, Oxford, England GillP Gillick Printing, Berkeley, CA JCEEP Journal o f Chemical Education, Easton, PA GRC Gale Research Corp., Detroit, MI JHP Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD Gree W H Green, St Louis, MO KA Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA.; Dordrecht, Netherlands GroSoc Grolier Society Karg S Karger, Basel; New York Gross Grosset, New York KL Kodansha, Ltd., Tokyo GS Grane & Stratton, New York Knop A A Knopf, New York GSAP GSA, Boulder, CO KRC Kraus Reprint Corp., New York GSI Gesellschaft fur Schwerionerforschung, Darmstadt, Germany KynP Kynoch Press, Birmingham, England HAP Harwood Academic Publishing, London LerP Lemer Publications, Minneapolis, MN HarBro Harper & Brothers, New York LHP Locust Hill Press, West Cornwall, CT HarpR Harper & Row Publishers, New York LHROBG Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green, London 694 APPENDIX G 695 APPENDIX G LiBr Little, Brown & C o., Boston, MA NutFNY Nutrition Foundation, New York LippP J B Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA NYASNY NY AS, New York LisP A R Liss, Inc., New York NYCTT N Y College for the Training of Teachers, New York Lit Little, Boston, MA OryP Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ Litlve J J Little & Ives, New York OSH Oosthock, Scheltema and Holkema, Utrecht, Netherlands LSUP Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA OSU Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Luch Luchterband, Darmstadt, Germany OUP Oxford University Press, England; New York MD M Dekker, Inc., New York ParH Paragon House, New York Meth Methuen, London Pay Payot, Paris, France MGH McGraw-Hill Book C o., New York PCC Pierce Chemical C o., Rockford, IL Miles Miles Laboratories, Inc., Elkhart, IN PCHS Philadelphia Child Health Society, Philadelphia, PA Mir V G Mir Publishing C o., M oscow, USSR PengS Penguin Special, London MITC MIT, Cambridge, MA PerP Pergamon Press, Oxford; New York; London Mos C V Mosby, St Louis, MO PH Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ; New York MPC Macmillan Publishing C o., New York PioP Pioneer Press, London MPIEP Max Planck Institute of Extraterrestial Physics, Garching, Germany PIP Plenum Press, New York PPP Pan-Pacific Press, Tokyo MtHC Mt Holyoke College, Dept, of Chemistry, South Hadley, MA Praeg Praeger, New York Prau Prault, Paris, France MTPBRC MTP Biennial Revue C o., London Munks Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark Mur J Murray, London NAII National Association o f Ice Industries, Chicago, IL NAP National Academy Press, Washington, DC NASNRC NAS-NRC, Washington, DC Print S P Press International, Bethesda, MD PriSci Princeton Scientific, Princeton, NJ ProP Progress Publications, Chicago, IL PRP Park Row Publishers, New York PSCP Pennsylvania State College, State College, PA PTTC Paul, Trench, Trubner & C o., Ltd., London PUP Princeton University Press, London; Princeton, NJ Putn Putnam, New York PWN Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw, Poland QHS Quaker Home Service, London RanC Rand Corp., Santa Monica, CA RBBEC Research Bureau, Brooklyn Edison Company, Brooklyn, NY ReP Reidel Publishing, Boston; Dordrecht, Netherlands; London NASW NAS, Washington, DC NBSW NBS, Washington, DC NBWTAU National British Women Total Abstinence Union, London NF Nobel Foundation, Stockholm NHP North Holland Publishing C o., Amsterdam; London Nijh Martin Nijhoff, Boston; Dordrecht, Netherlands Nort W W Norton, New York NoyP Noyes Publication, Park Ridge, NJ RhP Reinhold Press, New York NRCC NRCC, Ottawa, Canada RivP Riverside Press, Cambridge, MA NRCP NRC Press RocChu Rockwell & Churchill, Boston, MA NSAC Nuclear Science Advisory Committee to NSF and USDOE RonCo Ronald C o., New York NT IS National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA RoyP Roy Publishers, New York NUP Norwegian University Press, Oslo RP Raven Press, New York 696 APPENDIX G 697 APPENDIX G RSCL Royal Society o f Chemistry, London UCBLBe University of California, Berkeley, Bancroft Library RSLP RSL, London UCCP University College Cardiff Press, Cardiff, Wales RSNZ Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, NZ UColP University o f Colorado Press, Boulder, CO RUSNY Regents o f the University o f the State of NY, Albany, NY UCP University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL RutUP Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ; London UDV Unger & Domrose Verlag, Berlin SaC Saunders C o., Philadelphia, PA UHawP University o f Hawaii, Honolulu, HI SatRP Saturday Review Press, New York UM University o f Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia SchoB Schocken Books, New York UMP University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA SchPC Schenkman Publishing C o., Cambridge, MA UPenP University o f Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA SchulP Schulte, New York UPP University Park Press, Baltimore, MD Schum H Schuman, New York US SciP Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI Urban & Schwartzenberg, Berlin; Munchen, Germany; Vi­ enna, Austria SciSer Sciences Service, Washington, DC USAEC U S Atomic Energy Commission SciTP Science Tech Publishers, Madison, WI USBE U S Bureau o f Education, Washington, DC Scrib Scribners, New York USCFST Segh U S Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific & Technical Infor­ mation Seghers, Paris, France SFP USDAP USDA, Washington, DC San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA USDCTS U S Dept, of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington, DC USDHHP U S Dept, of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD USDOEP USDOE Publishers USEPAM U S Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Environ­ mental Research Laboratory SI Slack, Inc., Thorofare, NJ SI1UP Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL SimSch Simon & Schuster, New York SJP St James Press, Chicago, IL SMP St Martin’s Press, New York SP Salem Press, Pasadena, CA USEPAP U S Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL SteveP G Stevens Publishing, Milwaukee, WI USEPAR StP Stamperia Palese, Venice, Italy U S Environmental Protection Agency, Office o f Reserve Development SupH Superlative House, Inc., New York USGPO U S Government Printing Office, Washington, DC SV Springer-Verlag, Vienna, Austria; Berlin; New York USNTIS U S National Technical Information Service TechP Technomic Publishing C o., Inc., Lancaster, PA UTokP University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo Teuben Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany UTorP University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada TeuVer Thom C C Thomas, Springfield, IL UTP University of Texas Press, Austin, TX Tickn Ticknor & C o., Boston, MA Vail P Vaillant, London TJCorp Text & Journal Corp., Bangkok, Thailand ValC Value Communications, La Jolla, CA TroAs Troll Associates, Mahwah, NJ VC Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany UAHP University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL VCHP VCH Publishers, New York UB Universita di Bologna, Bologna, Italy VNRh Van Nostrand, Reinhold C o., Inc., New York Ubel R Ubel Associates, New York Vos L V oss, Leipzig, Germany UC University of California, Los Angeles, CA Watt Watts, New York University o f California, Berkeley, CA WhiBar Whitcomb & Barrows, Boston, MA UCBek 698 APPENDIX G WI Wiley Interscience, New York Wil W iley & Sons, New York; London WilWi Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore,MD WIS Weizmann Institute o f Science, Rehovoth, Israel WPC Walker Publishing C o., Inc., New York WS World Science, Singapore WUP Washington University, St Louis, MO YMedP Yearbook Medical Publishers, Chicago, IL ZNO Zaklad Narodowy im Ossolinskich, Wroclaw, Poland INDEX Page numbers in italics refer to main entries in the sourcebook Absorption spectroscopy, 12, 14, -8 Accelerator physics, -9 Acoustics, 358, 359 Adam, Neil Kensington, 505 Adams, Charles, 544 Adams, Roger, 496 Adloff, Jean-Pierre, 474 Aebersold, Paul C , 13 Aitken, John, 505 Ajzenberg-Selove, Fay, -8 Allison, Samuel K , 245 Almazy, Felix, 81 Altenburger, K , 57 Alvarez, Luis, 414 Alvarez, Walter, 414 Ambler, Ernest, 616 Amino acid metabolism, 510-512 Anderson, Carl D , 282 Anslow, Gladys Amelia, 9-17 Applied chemistry, 520-522 Arago, Francois, 539 Archaeometry, 412-415 Arteriosclerosis, 184, 185 Asaro, Frank, 412—414 Astronomy, 275, 276 Astrophysics, 457, 458, 556, 557, 566 Atkinson, Elizabeth, 462 Atomic physics, 379, 380 Atomic spectra, 492, 493 Audouze, Jean, 555 Ayrton, Hertha Marks, 18-23 Ayrton, William Edward, 19 Babbage, Charles, 543 Bacterial pyrogens, 527, 528 Bacteriological chemistry, 464-466 Baeyer, Otto von, 398 Bangham, D H , 192, 194 Bardeen, John, 573 Bames, James, 65 Barschall, Heinz, Bassi, Laura Maria Caterina, 24-29 Baumann, Carl, 421 Becquerel, A Henri, 138, 596 Becquerel, Jean A E M , 80 Benerito, Ruth Mary Rogan, 30-41 Benesch, Reinhold, -4 Benesch, Ruth Erica Leroi, 42-49 Benzene crystallography, 332-334 Bergmann, Max, 608 Berkowitz, Joan, 50-56 Berliner, Ernst, 86 Bernal, John D , 193, 197, 254-256, 258, 607-610 Berson, Solomon A , 629, 631, 632 Berthollet, Claude Louis, 318, 540 Beta decay, 615-618 Beta rays, 397—400 Bethe, Hans, 574 Biochemistry, -4 , 110-113, 122, 123, 146-148, 163, 164, 171, 172, 301-303, 362, 363, 388, 389, 423, 700 424, -483, -5 , 527, 528, 584, 630-632 Biomolecular research, 607-611 Biophysics, 630-63 Biot, Frangoise Gabrielle Brisson, 539, 545 Biot, Jean Baptiste, 539 Black, James, 170 Blau, Marietta, 57-64 Bloch, Felix, 112 Blodgett, Katharine Burr, 65-71 Bodenstein, Max, 128, 130 Bodichon, Barbara Leigh-Smith, 18, 19 Bohr, N iels, 150, 400, 574, 606 Boltwood, Bertram Borden, 139 Boltzmann, Ludwig, 395 Bone density studies, 340 Bonhoeffer, Karl Friederich, 128 Bonnycastle, John, 538 Bom, Max, 59, 331, 376, 377 Bowman, H L , 254 Boyle, Robert, 27 Bradner, Donald B , 534 Bragg, W Henry, 254, 255, 257, 3 334, 498 Bragg, W Lawrence, 195, 257, 385 Branson, Herman R , 146 Bricker, Clark, 299 Bridgman, Percy W , 597 Broglie, Louis de, 151 Bromley, D Allan, 95, 97 Brougham, Henry, 539, 540, 543 Buechler, Alfred, 51, 53 Busbridge, Ida, 608 Butenandt, Adolph F.J., 182 Byron, Ada (later Countess o f Lovelace), 540, 545 Caldwell, Mary Letitia, 72-76, 108, 146 Cannon, Annie Jump, 457 Cannon, J R , 256 Carbohydrate metabolism, 122, 123 Carcinogenesis, 163, 164 See also Carcinogens; Chemical carcinogenesis Carcinogens, 208-21 Cardinal Lambertini (Pope Benedict XIV), 24, 25 Carlisle, C H , 255 INDEX Carlson, Anton Julius, 348 Carr, Emma Perry, 77-84, 239, 496, 498, 499, 531-535 Carter, Edna, 600 Cartier, Pierre, 156 Caserio, Fred, 87 Caserio, Marjorie Constance Beckett, - 93 Cavendish, Henry, 318 Celestial mechanics, 542-545 Cellular creatine, 146-148 Chadwick, James, 281, 282 Chain, Ernest, 255 Chance, Britton, 109 Chandrasaker, Subrahmanyan, 563 Chasman, Chellis, -9 Chasman, Renate Wiener, 94-100 Chatelet, Gabrielle-Emilie, 101-105 Chemical carcinogenesis, 423, 424, 584 Chemical education, -8 , 8 -9 , 240, 372, 373, 403, 404, 533-535 Chemical taxonomy, 408, 409 Chemistry o f nutrition, 73 Chemistry o f short-lived isotopes, 266 Chemotherapy, 163, 164, 171, 172 Cheney, Margaret, 521 Chittenden, Russell, 347 Choquet-Bruhat, Yvonne, 154, 156 Clairaut, Alexis, 103, 539 Clark, George Lindenberg, 496, 498 Clarke, Hans, 256 Clarke, Hans T , 509, 511 Claude, Albert, 481 Clinical chemistry, 388, 389 Cohen, Solly G , 95 Cohn, Mildred, 106-119 Combustion science, 103, 104 Compton, Arthur H , 376, 574 Compton, Karl, 385 Condon, Edward U , 489, 491 Cooley, Thomas J., 350 Corey, Robert, 208 Cori, Carl Ferdinand, 109, 110, 120-123 Cori, Gerty Theresa Radnitz, 109, 110, 120-127 Cosmology, 323, 324, 556, 557 Crawford, Bryce, 498 701 INDEX Cremer, Erika, 128-135 Crick, Francis, 196, 197 Cross, Charles R , 358 Crosslinking agents, 548, 549 Crowfoot, Dorothy See Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot Crystallography See Benzene crystallography; DNA crystallography; Insulin crystallography; Penicillin crystallography; Vitamin B 12 crystallography; X-ray crystallography; X-ray diffraction Curie, Marie Sklodowska, 20, 136-144, 7 -2 , 299, 348, -4 , 627, 630 Curie, Pierre, 137, 138, 140, 141, 277, 278 Curtis, Harry A , 347 Cuvier, Georges, 540 Cyclol bond, 607-611 Daly, Marie Maynard, 73, 145-149 Darwin, Charles, 408 Darwin, George, 503 Davey, Wheeler P , 496, 597 David, Jacques-Louis, 318 Davy, Humphry, 539 Day, Jesse, 230 Debieme, Andre Louis, 141, 472 -4 Debye, Peter, 385, 534 DeDuve, Christian, 121 De Kruif, P H , 145 Deming, Quentin B , 146 Devaux, Henri, 504, 505 DeWitt, Bryce, 151-154 DeWitt-Morette, Cecile Andree Paule, Drown, Thomas, 518 Dunn, Thelma, 163 Dupin, Antoine, 315 Durant, Henry Fowle, 382 Du Vigneaud, Vincent, 108-111, 163, 164 Dyer, Helen Marie, 162-168 Dyson, Freeman F., 151, 155 Earle, Wilton, 163 Eblin, Larry, 230 Eddington, Arthur S., 457 Eddy, Bernice, 164 Edwards, Raymond, 218 Einstein, Albert, 57, 58, 128, 393, 574 Electrical conductivity, 358, 359 Electric arc, 19-21 Electricity and magnetism, 492, 493 Electromagnetic radiation, 384, 385 Elion, Gertrude Belle, 169-179 Ellis, Charles D , 399 Elworthy, K David, 156 Emerson, Gladys Ludwina Anderson, 180-190 Emerson, Oliver Huddleston, 181, 182 Endicott, Kenneth M , 163 Enzyme chemistry, 73 Enzymes, 122, 123, 362, 363 Errera, Jacques, 534 Euclid, 538 Euler, Leonard, 539 Evans, Herbert M , 182, 184 Exner, Franz, 396, 398 Experimental chemistry, 317, 318 Experimental physics, 27, 28, 275, 276 150-161 Diagnostic chemistry, 202, 203 Dielectrics, 384, 385 Diller, Irene, 527 Diophantus, 275 Dipole moments, 533-535 Dirac, Paul, 151, 376 DNA crystallography, 194-198 Doazan, V , 565 Dobbrow, Marie, 80 Dole, Nathan Haskell, 405, 407 Doyle, Marjorie, 411 Drake, Francis, 413, 414 Faber, Sandra M , 554, 555 Fabric finishes, 32, 33, 339-342 Failla, Gioacchino, 628 Fankuchen, Isadore, 197 Faraday, Michael, 373, 543 Farrer, Charles, 516 Feenberg, Eugene, 490, 492 Fehnel, Edward A , 51 Fermi, Enrico, 282, 320-323, 376-380, 399, 400, 575, 627 Feshbach, Herman, Feynman, Richard P., 151, 155, 156 702 Fiber coatings, 548, 549 See also Fabric finishes Filament materials, 68 Firklan, Karl, 163 Fischer, Emil, 395 Florey, Howard, 255 Floyd, Norma F., 389 Fluorescence, 598-601 Folkers, Karl, 182, 256 Forrester, S D , 506 Foster, Mary Louise, -12, 14 Fowler, William, Francium, 471-474 Franck, James, 320, 376, 378, 398 Franklin, Rosalind Elsie, 191-200 Free, Alfred, 201, 203 Free, Helen Murray, 201-206 Friedburg, L Henry, 107 Friedel-Crafts reaction, 451, 452 Frisch, Otto R , 59, 61, 393, 397, 400 Fuoss, Raymond, 51 Gamow, George, 400 Gaposchkin, Sergei Ilarionowitsch, 458 Garvan, Francis P , 82 Gas chromatography, 129-131 Gases, 65-6 Geiger, Hans, 399 Geochemistry, 412-415 Geometry, 275, 276 Giles, C H , 506 Gilman, Henry, 82 Gingerich, Owen, 457 Glaser, Otto Charles, 606 Glazebrook, Richard T , 19 Gleason, Josephine, 600 Gleditsch, E., 58 Glucose, 123 Glusker, Donald, 207, 208 Glusker, Jenny Pickworth, 207-217, 259 Glycogen, 122, 123 Goldhaber, Gertrude, 628 Goldhaber, Maurice, 628 Good, Billy Jewel, 219 Good, Mary Lowe, 218-229 Gortner, Ross A , 421 Gosling, Raymond, 193, 195-197 INDEX Gove, Norwood B , 576 Grasselli, Jeanette Gecsy, 230-236 Grasselli, Robert, 231 Green, David, 510, 511 Green, G Kenneth, 96, 98 Greenstein, Jesse, 563 Grosvenor, Louise, 598 Guillemin, Roger, 630 Gunn, James E , 554, 555 Haber, Fritz, 128 Hahn, Dorothy A , -4 , 533 Hahn, Otto, 129, 282, 393, 395-400 Hamilton, Mary G , 483 Hammett, Louis, 107 Hardy, William Bates, 505 Harrison, Anna Jane, 237-242, 499 Hart, James D , 413, 414 Hauptman, Herbert, 286 Hawk, D B , 184 Hedges, R.E.M , 414 Heisenberg, Werner, 376 Heitler, Walter, 151, 152 Helmholtz, H.L.F von, 406 Hemoglobin studies, -4 Hendel, James, 107 Henri, Victor, 80, 81, 496, 498 Herschel, John, 543 Herzenberg, Caroline Stuart Littlejohn, 243-252 Herzfeld, Karl, 376, 379 Hevesy, Georg de, 128, 630 High-energy physics, 11-13 High-temperature reactions, -5 Hilbert, David, 375, 376 Hill, A J., 547 Hinton, Joan, 322 Hitchings, George, 170-172 Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot, 207, 208, 253-260, 333, 608 Hoffman, Darleane Christian, 261-272 Hoffman, Marvin, 262 Home economics, 43 -4 , 520-522 Hoobler, Icie Gertrude Macy See Macy, Icie Gertrude Hopkins, Frederick Gowland, 606 Houssay, Bernardo, 121 INDEX Howell, Janet T , 10 Hulubei, Horia, 473 Human blood, 350, 351 Human milk composition, 350, 351 Humboldt, Alexander von, 540 Hupfeld, H H , 399 Hyde, Earl K , 474 Hydrodynamics, 19-21 Hypatia, 273-276 Immunology, 171, 172 Infrared spectroscopy, 232 Ingold, Christopher K , 333 Insulin crystallography, 257-259 Insulin studies, 630-632 Ionization measurements, 59-61 Isotopic labeling, 108, 110-113 James, Anthony Trafford, 129 Janak, J., 129 Jeanpetre, John, 408 Jeffreys, Harold, 607 Jensen, Hans, 378-380 Joliot, Frederic, 140, 150, 151, 278-282 Joliot-Curie, Irene, 137, 139, 140, 142, 150, 277-283, 471 -4 Jost, Res, 152 Karle, Isabella Helen Lugoski, 284-298 Karle, Jean Marianne, 285 Karle, Jerome, 284-286 Karlik, Berta, 393 Kasner, Edward, 573 Kaufman, Joyce Jacobson, 299-313 Kelly, Margaret Winstein, 496 Kelvin, Lord, 139 Kharasch, Morris S , 80 Kirwan, Richard, 318 Kistiakowsky, George Bogdan, 498 Klein, Felix, 355 Klein, Oskar, 399 Klug, Aaron, 193, 198 Kohlrausch, Friedrich, 355, 357, 358 Komberg, Arthur, 121 Koski, Walter S , 300, 302 Kovarik, Alois Francis, 11 Krebs, Hans, 109, 110 703 Lacroix, Sylvestre Francois, 539, 543 Lagrange, Joseph Louis, 539 Lamb, Willis E Jr., 489 Langevin, Paul, 139, 278, 279 Langmuir, Irving, -6 , 505, 533, 610 Laplace, Pierre-Simon de, 538, 540 Larson, Mr., 411 Larson, Richard, 555 Laue, Max von, 128, 257, 393 Lauritsen, Thomas, 2, Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 314-318 Lavoisier, Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze, 314-319 Lawrence, Ernest O , 11, 12, 411, 489, 613 Leavitt, Henrietta S , 457 Lee, T D , 614, 615 Leloir, Louis, 121 Lemon, Harvey B , 65 Lewis, Gilbert Newton, 533 Lewis, Margaret, 527 Lewis, Robert C , 347 Libby, Leona Woods Marshall, 320-328 Libby, Willard Frank, 322, 323 Lieshout, Ruurd van, 576 Lipids, 146-148 Lipmann, Fritz, 110, 111 Long, E R., 527 Lonsdale, Kathleen Yardley, 329-336, 498 Lonsdale, Thomas, 330, 332 Low, Barbara, 259 Lucas, Ramart, 397 Luminescence, 384, 385, 598-601 Lyell, Charles, 540, 544 Lyell, Mary Homer, 540, 545 Mack, Pauline Gracia Beery, 337-345 Macy, Icie Gertrude, 346-353, 436 Magendie, Francois, 540 Maltby, Margaret Eliza, 354-360, 456, 490 Mandeville, Bernard, 103 Mandl, Ines Hochmuth, 361-370 Marcet, Jane Haldimand, 371-374, 539, 545 Marshall, John Jr., 321, 322 704 Martin, Archer John Porter, 129 Martin, Donald S Jr., 262 Martin, Fernando Wood, 531 Masters, Dexter, 574 Mathematical analysis, 103, 104, 607, 608 Mathematical physics, 27, 28, 155, 156 Mathieu, Marcel, 193 Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, 102, 103 Mayer, Joseph, 376-379 Mayer, Maria Gertrude Goeppert, 322, 375-381 McCollum, E V , 348 M cDowell, Louise Sherwood, 382-386, 596, 598 Medes, Grace, 387-392 Meitner, Lise, 59, 78, 282, 393-402 Meloney, Marie, 139 Mendel, Lafayette B , 347, 348 Mendeleev, Dmitrii Ivanovich, 471 Mering, Jacques, 193 Merritt, Ernest G , 383, 385, 596, 598, 599 Metal complexes, 20-223 Meurdrac, Marie, 403-404 Meyer, S., 60 Meyer, Stefan, 395, 473, 598 Michael, Arthur, 406, 408 Michael, Helen Cecilia DeSilver Abbott, 405-409 Michaelis, Leonor, 146 Michalitsianos, Andrew, 565 Michel, Helen Vaughn, 410-419 Michel, Maynard C , 411, 412 Milledge, Judith Grenville-Wells, 331 Miller, Elizabeth Cavert, 420-433 Miller, James A , -4 Millikan, Robert A , 346 Milne, Edward A , 455 Mirsky, A E , 146 Mitchell, Maria, 516, 545 Mohler, Fred Loomis, 12 Mohler, Nora M , 12, 13 Molecular spectroscopy, 498, 499 Mondzak, Morris, 626 Monge, Gaspard, 539 Monomolecular films, 6 -6 INDEX Mooney, Rose, 30 Moore, Walter, 59 Morgan, Agnes Fay, 185, 348, 434-448 Morris, Harold P , 583 M oseley, Henry Gwynn Jeffrey, 471 Mossbauer, Rudolph, 247 Mossbauer spectroscopy, 2 -2 , 249, 615-618 Moszkowski, Steven A , 616 Moussa, F., 548 Mrozowski, Stanislaw, 320 Muller, Norbert, 499 Muller, Roland, 129 Mulliken, Robert S , 82, 320, -4 9 Mullins, Mary, 50 Murchison, Charlotte Hugonin, 540, 545 Murchison, Roderick, 540, 542, 544 Mutagens, 208 -2 Nay or, Nellie, 262 Needham, Joseph, 607 Neoplastic tissue studies, 480-483 Nemst, Walther H , 128, 355 Neuberg, Carl, 361-363 Neumann, John von, 376 Neutron activation analysis, 12-415 Newton, Isaac, 538 Newtonian physics, 103, 104 Nichols, Edward Leamington, 385, 591, 597-599 Nichols, William R , 516-518 Nicholson, John William, 05-607 Nightingale, Dorothy Virginia, 449-454 Nishina, Yoshio, 399 NMR spectroscopy, 8 -9 , 110-113 Nonreflecting glass, 67, 69 Norman, Jimmy, 244 Norrish, Ronald G W , 192, 194 Nuclear fission, 397-400 Nuclear reactions, -249, 26 -2 6 , -283, 323, 324, -400, 415, 57 -5 7 , 615-618 Nuclear spectroscopy, 4, -9 Nuclear stability, 379, 380 Nuclear structure, 3, 4, 60, -9 , 40142 Number theory, 275, 276 INDEX Nutrition, 163, 164, 184, 185, 339-342, 350, 351, 436-438 Ochoa, Severo, 121, 122, 510 O ’Fallon, Nancy, 246 Oppenheimer, Frank, 489 Oppenheimer, J Robert, 151, 376, 489 Ordway, John M , 517 Organic synthesis, 171, 172, 408, 409, 533-535 Orozco, Fernando, 82 Ostriker, Jeremiah, 555 Ostwald, W , 504, 506 Otis, Herbert, 626 Palade, George, 481, 482 Palmaer, K W , 282 Pappenheimer, Alwin M , 480 Parity violations, 615-618 Parsons, T R , 254 Pasteur, Louis, 408 Patterson, Lindo, 208 Patterson, Mary, 435 Pauli, Wolfgang, 152, 376, 399 Pauling, Linus, 208, 256, 499, 610, 631 Pavlovec, Amalia, 483 Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia Helena, 5 - 705 153, 355, 356, 377, 384, 385, 492, 493, 598-601 Pickering, William Henry, 382 Pickett, Lucy Weston, 81, 82, 495-501, 533, 535 Pickworth, Jenny See Glusker, Jenny Pickworth Planck, Max, 128, 395, 396 Playfair, John, 539 Pockels, Agnes, 502-507 Poisson, Simeon Denis, 539, 540 Polanyi, Michael, 128, 130 Pollard, William, 574 Pollution, 53, 54 Polonium, 140-142 Polymer chemistry, 548, 549 Porter, Rodney, 480 Powell, H M (Tiny), 254 Priestley, Joseph, 315, 318 Prior, Fritz, 129, 131 Protactinium, 397-400 Protein chemistry, 480-483 Proteins, 146-148 Proton particle tracks, 59, 60 Przibram, Karl, 598 Ptolemy, 275 Pulmonary elastin, 362, 363 460 Peacock, George, 543 Peng, H W , 151 Penicillin crystallography, 257-259 Pennington, Mary Engle, 461—469 Perey, Marguerite Catherine, 470-475 Perlman, Isadore, 412, 413 Perrin, Jean, 278, 473 Perutz, Max, 43 Petermann, Mary Locke, 476—487 Pettersen, H , 59 Pharmacology, 171, 172, 301-303 Philipp, Kurt, 399 Phillips, Melba Newell, 488-494 Photochemistry, 130 Photographic emulsions, 57, 59-61 Physical chemistry, 31, 32 Physical geography, 544, 545 Physical inorganic chemistry, 220-223 Physical organic chemistry, 8 -9 Physics education, 11, 12, 14, 15, 152, Quantum chemical calculations, 301-303 Quantum mechanics, 379, 380 Quimby, Edith, 628 Quinke, Professor, 504 Racker, Ephraim, 510, 511 Radiation measurements, 58, 60 Radioactivity, 140-142, 281-283, 400, 471-474 Radioactivity data collection, 575-577 Radiochemistry, 264-266 Radioimmunoassay, 630-632 Radioisotopes, 246-249 Radium, 140-142 Raman spectroscopy, 232 Randall, J T , 601 Randall, John, 193, 195 Ratner, Sarah, 508-514 Ray, Francis Earl, 582 Rayet, G , 565 706 Rayleigh, Lord, 503, 505, 506 Reaction mechanisms, 8 -9 , 110-113 Rees, Martin, 555 Refrigeration engineering, -4 6 Reimann, Stanley P , 387 Rhoads, Cornelius, 480 Ribosomes, 480-48 Richards, Ellen Henrietta Swallow, 338, 515-525 Richards, Hugh, Richards, Robert Hallowell, 517 Richards, Theodore William, 471 Rideal, Eric, 505 Riecke, Eduard, 355 Riley, Dennis, 255 Rittenberg, David, 108, 510 Roberts, John D , -8 Roe, Joseph H , 163 Roentgen, Wilhelm, 138, 596 Roller, Duane, 626 Roman, Nancy, 563 Rona, Elisabeth, 59 Rosenfeld, Leon, 152 Roswit, Bernard, 628 Rothrock, A M , 107 Rous, Francis Peyton, 146 Rowland, F Sherwood, 87 Rubens, Heinrich, 395 Rumford, Count (bom Benjamin Thompson), 316, 317 Rusch, Harold, 421, 422 Russell, Bertrand, 573, 607 Russell, Henry Norris, 455, 456 Rutherford, Ernest, 139, 376 Sachs, Raymond, 554 Sachs, Robert, 378, 380 Sandstrom, Michael, 421 Sanford, Kay, 163 Sanitary chemistry, 520 -5 2 Sargent, Wallace, 555 Savic, Pavlo P , 282 Sayre, Anne, 198 Scarselli, Flaminio, -2 Schally, Andrew, 630 Schiff, Kathe, 255, 259 Schild, Alfred, 154 Schlundt, Herman, 449 INDEX Schmidt, Frederick C , 411 Schoenheimer, Rudolph, 108, 510, 511, 627 Schrodinger, Erwin, 59, 331 Science policy, 222, 223, 240 Scott, Charlotte Angas, 65 Seaborg, Glenn T , 412, 413 Sedge wick, 544 Seguin, Armand, 317, 318 Seibert, Florence Barbara, 526-529 Seitz, Frederick, 601 Selove, Walter, Sevringhaus, Elmer L , 477 Shapley, Harlow, 455, 456, 458 Sherman, Henry C , 72 Sherrill, Mary Lura, -8 , 346, 496, 498, 499, 530-537 Shirley, David, 414 Sidgewick, Nevil Vincent, 534 Siekevitz, Philip, 481 Skinner, H W B , 399 Slattery-Vincent, Mabel K , 597 Smith, Alexander, 77 Smith, Edgar Fahs, 461, 462, 465 Smith, Harlan J., 154, 554 Smith, Lester, 256 Smuts, Jan, 606 Solar energy, 52, 54 Solomon, Jacques, 279 Somerville, Mary Fairfax Greig, 538-546 Somerville, William, 539-542 Spectroscopy See Absorption spectroscopy; Atomic spectra; Infrared spectroscopy; Molecular spectroscopy; Mossbauer spectroscopy; NMR spectroscopy; Nuclear spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; Ultraviolet spectroscopy Spencer, Dr., 163 Spin-orbit coupling, 379, 380 Standardized tuberculin, 527, 528 Steacie, Edgar W R , 238 Steindler, Olga, 395 Stephens, J F., 334 Stephenson, Marjory, 331 Stevenson, Louisa Stone, 495, 497, 498 Stewart, Alfred Walter, 79 Stewart, Sarah, 163, 164 707 INDEX Stieglitz, Julius, 77, 347, 434, 436, 450, 531, 532, 534 Stochastic calculus, 155, 156 Strassmann, Fritz, 282, 397, 400 Straus, Eugene, 630 Struve, Otto, 563 Stiicklen, Hildegard, 81 Sulfur metabolism, 388, 389 Sunyaev, Rashid, 555 Surface tension, 505, 506 Sutherland, Earl Jr., 121 Svedberg, Theodor, 608 Swann, William Francis Gray, 11 Symbolic addition procedure, 286, 287 Synesius of Cyrene (Bishop of Ptolemais), 273-275 Synthetic organic chemistry, 451, 452 Szarvasy, Arthur, 394 Szilard, Leo, 376, 574 Tacconi, Gaetano, 24, 26 Tang You Chi, 257 Tarbell, D Stanley, 408 Taxonomy See Chemical taxonomy Teller, Edward, 376-378, 380 Tesoro, Giuliana Cavaglieri, 547-552 Theon, 273, 275 Thompson, Dr., 406 Thompson, Harold, 208 Thomson, Joseph J., 597 Ticknor, Anna, 517 Tinsley, Beatrice Muriel Hill, 553-561 Tinsley, Brian A , 554, 555 Tiselius, Arne, 478 Todd, Alexander, 256, 258 Townsend, Jonathan, 111 Triboluminescence, 598-601 Turner, Abby, 162 Tyrosinosis, 388, 389 Ultraviolet spectroscopy, -8 , 239, 240, 498, 499, 533-535 Underhill, Anne Barbara, 562-571 Urea cycle, 510-512 Urey, Harold, 107, 108, 110, 377, 378 Urinalysis, 202, 203 Van Hove, Leon, 152 Vitamin B 12 crystallography, 208, 259 Vitamins, 184, 185, 3 -342, 350, 351 Vitamins and hormones, 436-438 Voegtlin, Carl, 162, 163 Voelker, Paul, 489 Voigt, Professor, 504 Voltaire, Francois-Marie Arouet de, 28, 102-104 Waals, Johannes van der, 534 Waddington, Conrad Hal, 607 Wall, Frederick T , 51 Wallace, William, 539 Walsh, John, 632 Wambacher, Hertha, 57, 59, 60 Waterman, Alan Tower, 10, 13 Waterman, Frank Allan, 10, 11 Watkins, Sallie, 493 Watson, James, 196, 197 Way, Katharine, 572-580 Weber, Dr., 504 Webster, Arthur G , 355 W eeks, Dorothy, 383 W eill, Adrienne, 192, 193 Weinberg, Alvin, 575, 577 Weinhouse, Sidney, 389 Weisburger, Elizabeth Amy Kreiser, 581-594 Weisburger, John Hans, 582, 583 Weisskopf, Victor, 376, 378 Weissman, Sam, 111 Wette, Frits de, 154 Wheeler, John, 573, 575, 577 Wheeler, John A , 153, 154 W hewell, William, 543 Whiting, Sarah Francis, 382, 388 Wick, Frances Gertrude, 382, 595-604 Wigner, Eugene, 376, 574, 575 W iley, Harvey W , 462, 466 Wilkins, Maurice, 195-197 Williams, John W , 478 Wilson, E Bright Jr., 498 Windaus, Adolf O R , 181, 182, 376 W olf, C J.E., 565 Wollaston, William, 539, 540, 542 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 372 Wood, Marion, 576 Wood, Robert W , 599 Woodger, Joseph Henri, 607 708 Woodman, A G , 518 Woodward, R B , 256 W oolley, Mary, 533 Wrinch, Dorothy Maud, 14, 605-612 Wrinch, Hugh Edward Hart, 605, 607 Wu, Chien-Shiung, 61, 95, 97, 613-625 X-ray crystallography, -2 , 259, 286, 287, 3 -3 , 498, 499 X-ray diffraction, 194-198 Yalow, Aaron, -6 INDEX Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman, 107, 626-639 Yang, C N , 614, 615 Young, Gale, 574 Young, Thomas, 539-541, 543 Young, Thomas F., 31 Young, William, 87 Yuan, Luke Chia Liu, 61, 613, 614 Zacharias, Jerrold, 626 Zeeman, Pieter, 472 Zeleney, John, 11 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS PNINA G ABIR-AM is NSF Visiting Associate Professor (1991-93) in the Department of the History of Science at the Johns Hopkins University, where she teaches historical perspectives on the twentieth-century molecular life sci­ ences and on women in science, culture, and society Her NSF-supported work includes a comparative study of research schools of molecular biology in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France from 1930 to 1970, and a study of the social conditions for success and failure in the careers of women scientists Her contribution to Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789-1979 (1987, 1989) received an award from the History of Science Society in 1988 JEAN-PIERRE ADLOFF is titular Professor of Nuclear Chemistry at the Uni­ versity Louis Pasteur in Strasbourg, where he prepared his doctorate under the guidance of Marguerite Perey He is author or coauthor of 130 original papers and several books His interest encompasses all aspects of fundamental and applied radiochemistry and education in these fields He is a member of the ACS, the French Chemical Society, and the French Society for Nuclear Energy He is presently chairman of the Commission on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Techniques of the IUPAC AGDA ARTNA-COHEN received a Ph.D degree in physics from McMaster University She was a member of the Nuclear Data Project (directed by Katharine Way) from 1962 until 1966 Her work in the field of nuclear data compilations and evaluations has been published in various journals and reports FRANK ASARO received a Ph.D degree in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley Senior Scientist Emeritus at the University of California Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, he is a participating faculty member of the U C Berkeley Graduate Group in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology, a member of the U C Berkeley Archaeological Research Facility, and a member 710 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS of the California Academy of Sciences He has published over 150 papers on basic research in nuclear chemistry, on the origin of ancient archaeological artifacts, and on the relationship between impacts of asteroids or comets on the Earth and massive extinctions of species in the past DEBRA L BANVILLE received her Ph.D degree in chemistry from Emory University, where she studied the binding of metal ions and complexes to DNA She then went to the University of California at San Francisco to pursue her interest in the application of NMR to the study of biochemical structures She is currently in the Department of Structural Chemistry at ICI Pharmaceuticals, where she is using NMR spectroscopy as a method to assist in the drug discovery effort Her publications are in the areas of molecular biology, biochemistry, and chemistry She currently serves as secretary for the Delaware Chapter of the ACS CAROL A BIERMANN, Professor of Biological Sciences at Kingsborough Community College of CUNY, received an Ed.D degree from Rutgers Uni­ versity She has served as secretary of the Community College Section of the National Association of Biology Teachers She has presented papers at scientific meetings and has coauthored papers in professional journals Her areas of interest include science and biology education LUDWIG BIERMANN is a chemist with the Veterans Administration Medical Center He works in the Nuclear Medicine Service, where he manages the Clinical Radioimmunoassay Laboratory He is a member of the Clinical Ligand Assay Society LOIS FISCHER BLACK, Special Collections Librarian at the New York Acad­ emy of Medicine, worked in Special Collections at the University of Delaware Library before joining the Academy While there she worked extensively with the History of Chemistry Collection, compiling an exhibition catalogue entitled From Liquid to Vapor and Back: Four Centuries o f the F irst Chem ical Separation P rocess Her current research interests include the uses of illustrations in early scientific works FRANCIS T BONNER, Professor of Chemistry at SUNY at Stony Brook, has also served as chairman of the Department of Chemistry and dean for international programs at Stony Brook His principal research concerns elucidation of the mechanisms of chemical reactions, particularly in the field of inorganic nitrogen chemistry, by kinetic, isotopic, and spectroscopic methods ADRIANE P BORGIAS received a B.S degree in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, and an M.S degree in environmental management from the University of San Francisco She is currently an environmental supervisor ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 711 with Pacific Gas Transmission in Spokane, WA She is a certified hazardous materials manager and is the national treasurer of the Academy of Certified Hazardous Materials Managers MARGARET A CAVANAUGH, Ph.D., is Program Director of the Inorganic, Bioinorganic, and Organometallic Program of the NSF Before joining the NSF, she was professor in and chair of the Chemistry Department, Saint Mary’s College, Notre Dame, Indiana She has served the ACS as chair of the Women Chemists Committee and is currently president of Iota Sigma Pi Any opinions expressed in her contributed chapters are her own and not represent the view of the NSF ELIZABETH M CAVICCHI has received B.S degrees in physics and human­ ities from MIT as well as an M A degree in physics and education from Boston University She has taught introductory physics courses in continuing education programs at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell, and at Wentworth Institute of Technology She was researcher for the PBS science series “ The Ring of Truth’’ and has participated in research on nonlinear optics She also works as an artist, carving wood and painting watercolors DEBORAH CHASMAN is the daughter of Renate Chasman She received a B.A degree in fine arts from Harvard University She is currently an editor at Beacon Press in Boston ERNEST D COURANT received a Ph.D degree in physics from the University of Rochester A physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory since 1948, he is currently Distinguished Senior Scientist Emeritus His work has been primarily on the theory and design principles of particle accelerators He has devised the principle of “ strong focusing’’ or “ alternating-gradient focusing,” which un­ derlies practically all large particle accelerators Currently he is a consultant in the design of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven, and the Superconducting Supercollider (SSC) in Texas He is a member of the U.S National Academy of Sciences He has received the Fermi Award (1986) and the R R Wilson Prize (1987) MARY R S CREESE is a chemist who has been studying the career of latenineteenth-century women scientists Her recent publications include an article on early British women chemists (British Journal fo r the H istory o f Science , 1991) and shorter papers on some early American women chemists in the Bulletin f o r the H istory o f Chem istry and the Journal o f the N ew England Chem istry Teachers A ssociation She has also contributed short biographies of several women chemists to the forthcoming second volume of Am erican Chemists and Chem ical Engineers, as well as sketches of a number of early British women scientists to the forthcoming Supplement to the D ictionary o f N ational Biography 712 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS THOMAS M CREESE teaches mathematics at the University of Kansas His joint publications include a textbook, Differential Equations for Engineers, and a research monograph, Polyharmonic Functions He has been associated with Mary R S Creese’s project on early women scientists for several years, un­ dertaking, in particular, computer sorting of bibliographical material WILL S D eLOACH received a Ph.D degree in chemistry from the University of Chicago He is currently Professor Emeritus of Chemistry of the University of North Carolina at Wilmington, where he was chairperson of the chemistry department for 12 years He has published numerous articles in chemistry and chemical education M ELIZABETH DERRICK, Professor of Chemistry at Valdosta State College, Valdosta, Georgia, received a Ph.D degree from Emory University She has also taught at Salem College, Davidson County Community College, and the University of Georgia During the 1992-93 academic year she was on leave at Florida State University on an NSF Visiting Professorship for Women grant doing research on helium atom scattering from self-assembling thiols on single­ crystal gold surfaces Her other research interests are thermodynamics of solu­ tions, microemulsions, women in science, and chemical education BRYCE D e WITT is Jane and Roland Blumberg Professor of Physics at the University of Texas He has been a senior research physicist at the Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, (1952-55) as well as the di­ rector of the Institute of Field Physics, University of North Carolina (1956-71) His research specialty is theoretical physics He has authored Dynamical Theory o f Groups and Fields (1965); “ Quantum field theory in curved spacetime” (Physics Reports, 1975); “ The spacetime approach to quantum field theory,” in Relativity, Groups and Topology II (1984); and Supermanifolds (1984, 1992) K THOMAS FINLEY, Professor of Chemistry at SUNY, College at Brockport, received degrees from Rochester Institute of Technology and the University of Rochester He has published criticisms of synthetic organic chemical literature: Quinones (1974, 1988, 1992) and Triazoles: 1,2, (1980) He has collaborated with his wife, Patricia J Siegel, in attempting to make science accessible to general readers They have coauthored Women in the Scientific Search (1985) as well as A Franco-American Kid: Une Gamine Franco-Americaine (1991) GEORGE FLECK received a Ph.D degree in physical chemistry from the Uni­ versity of Wisconsin He is currently Professor of Chemistry at Smith College, teaching chemistry and history of science DONALD L GLUSKER received a D Phil, degree from Oxford University He was a postdoctoral fellow at California Institute of Technology He is currently ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 713 Manager of the Polymers and Resins Synthesis Department at Rohm and Haas Research Laboratories His research interests are polymer science in general, emulsion polymerization, polymerization mechanisms, chemicals for electronics, photoresists, synthetic fibers, and adhesives HAROLD GOLD WHITE received a Ph.D degree in chemistry from Cambridge University, England He is currently Professor of Chemistry at California State University, Los Angeles, where he teaches inorganic chemistry, general chem­ istry, and the history of chemistry He is now researching the history of chemistry in the Manhattan Project as well as the lectures of Joseph Black and his teachers He is the author of several books, including a monograph on phosphorus chem­ istry and over 100 articles for professional journals MILES GOODMAN received an M.A degree in chemistry from Yale Univer­ sity He is currently Associate Professor and Chairperson of the Department of Physical Sciences at Kingsborough Community College of CUNY His research interests are in polymer chemistry LEON GORTLER received a Ph.D degree in chemistry from Harvard Univer­ sity He is currently Professor of Chemistry at Brooklyn College of CUNY His research interests include the mechanism of organic peroxide decomposition, the effect of ultrasound on organic compounds, and the history of chemistry He has conducted over 40 oral and videotaped history interviews with major Amer­ ican chemists NORWOOD B GOVE received a Ph.D degree in physics from the University of Illinois He was a member of the Nuclear Data Project (directed by Katharine Way) from 1958 to 1966 and coauthored with Way several articles and books on nuclear-level schemes and information science He has worked on computer applications in nuclear physics and information retrieval in the ONL Division of Mathematics He has also worked on computer programs for the International Nuclear Informational System of the IAEA in Vienna He is currently a computer consultant with Martin Marietta Energy Systems in Oak Ridge, Tennessee RUTH M GOVE received a B.A degree in geology from Bowling Green University and an M.S degree in psychology from the University of Tennessee She has been a close friend of Katharine Way since 1959 She worked as a research assistant in the U.S Geological Survey from 1958 to 1965 She has worked for the Oak Ridge Associated Universities in labor economics studies related to energy conservation, and for the ONL as an information specialist in energy and waste management She currently works at the ONL as a transpor­ tation specialist in transportation regulations for hazardous materials 714 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS LOUISE S GRINSTEIN received a Ph.D degree from Columbia University in mathematics education She has worked in industry as a computer programmer and systems analyst and is Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at Kingsborough Community College of CUNY She is the coeditor of Calculus: Readings from the Mathematics Teacher (1977), Women of Mathematics: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook (1987), and Mathematics Education in Secondary Schools and Two-year Colleges: A Sourcebook (1988) She is also the author of Mathematical Book Review Index, 1800-1940 (1992) JANET B GUERNSEY received a Ph.D degree from MIT Her professional career was entirely at Wellesley College starting as a teaching assistant and advancing through the ranks to professor and department chair She is currently Professor Emeritus Her interests include electronics, low-energy neutron phys­ ics, and physics education She has served on several AIP and AAPT committees and was president of the AAPT Her publications are in the areas of research and teaching Since retiring she teaches courses for senior citizens under the Retired Senior Volunteer Program, Lifetime Learning Program LEOPOLD HALPERN received a Ph.D degree from the University of Vienna with a thesis entitled ‘‘Galvanomagnetic Effects in Metals at Low Temperature ’’ He received a Fulbright grant (1952-53), which he spent working on experimental nuclear physics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute with Prof H Lang He was assistant to Nobel laureate Erwin Schrodinger in Vienna (1957-59) and also a senior research associate of Nobel laureate P.A.M Dirac (1974-84) at Florida State University His theoretical research is centered on gravitational theory and its unification with quantum and elementary particle physics He spent many years at the International Laboratories of CERN in Geneva, the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, the University of Stockholm, the Institut H Poincare in Paris, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California SHIRLEY W HARRISON received an A.B degree in mathematics and physics from Barnard College, an A.M degree in physics from Columbia University, and a Ph.D degree in physics from CUNY Currently Professor Emeritus, she was formerly the chairperson of the Department of Physical Sciences at Nassau Community College, New York She has lectured extensively on the contribu­ tions of women to astronomy and space science Her publications have resulted from research in quantum chemistry and statistical thermodynamics EDWARD HOCHBERG received a Ph.D degree in chemistry from CUNY He has worked as an editorial assistant in science at Plenum Press He is currently employed as an analytical chemist by the U.S Army at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey His areas of interest include inorganic synthesis, analytical chemistry, and the study of explosives ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 715 ARIEL HOLLINSHEAD received a Ph.D degree in pharmacology from George Washington University Formerly Director of the Laboratory for Virus and Can­ cer Research, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, she is currently President of Acti-Vax, Ltd., a biotech firm based in southern California She has authored numerous scientific papers and book chapters Some of her discoveries have been in the isolation and identification of cancer cell membranes as containing antitumor entities, and in achieving the first isolation, identification, purification, and testing of tumor-associated antigens (TAA), first in animals and then in humans She described the origins of TAA, some produced from reactivated fetal gene codes and some unique to cancer cells She is codiscoverer, with T.H.M Stewart, of specific active immunotherapy for cancer patients using TAA immunogens to induce a long-lasting cell-mediated immunity LILLI S HORNIG received a Ph.D degree in chemistry from Harvard Uni­ versity She has held faculty positions at Brown University and Trinity College (Washington, D.C.), where she was department head Currently she is Senior Consultant to Higher Education Resource Services, an organization dedicated to improving the status and opportunities of women in academe, which she founded and directed She is also visiting research Scholar at the Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, where she is at work on studies of policies affecting women’s participation in nontraditional fields She has served on numerous advisory boards and chaired the NAS Committee on the Education and Em­ ployment of Women in Science and Engineering RUTH H HOWES received a Ph.D degree in nuclear physics from Columbia University She was a William C Foster Fellow in the Bureau of Verification and Intelligence of the U.S Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (1984-85) She is currently the George and Frances Ball Distinguished Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Ball State University and Director of the Center for Global Security Studies Her research interests currently lie in the application of physics to problems in arms control verification and energy, as well as in physics edu­ cation MAUREEN M JULIAN received a Ph.D degree from Cornell University She was a research associate at University College London with Dame Kathleen Lonsdale She is currently Adjunct Professor of Geological Sciences and Visiting Professor of Material Engineering at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia Here she does research on the application of theoretical ab initio calculations to lattice dynamics and teaches thermodynamics and material engineering She has pub­ lished extensively in theoretical chemistry, chemical education, and history of science ANN E KAPLAN received a Ph.D degree in biochemistry from the University of Pennsylvania She has served at the Rockefeller University, the Salk Institute, 716 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS and the NIH, NCI Her research has been in purification and synthesis of cerebrosides She has also worked on the identification of central nervous system types of lactate dehydrogenase in serum as an indicator of breakdown in the central nervous system and alteration of physical properties of lactate dehydro­ genase as an indicator of hepatic cell transformation She has also investigated the identification of oxygenase pathways in cardiac mitochondria EDA C KAPSIS has a bachelor’s degree in classical studies from New York University She is currently a graduate student in chemistry at CUNY Her current research focuses on computer modeling of DNA-counterion distributions in com­ parison to Monte Carlo studies of these distributions Her interests include ap­ plications of modeling for DNA-drug intercalation GEORGE B KAUFFMAN, Professor of Chemistry at California State Univer­ sity, Fresno, is the author of numerous books as well as over 1,000 papers, reviews, and encyclopedia articles on chemistry, chemical education, and the history of science and technology A Guggenheim Scholar, contributing editor to four journals, and recipient of many research grants, he is the recipient of numerous honors, the most recent being the USSR Academy of Sciences’ Kurnakov (1990) and Chemyaev (1991) Medals, the Societe de Physique et d ’Histoire Naturelle de Geneve’s Marc Auguste Pictet Medal (1992), and the ACS George C Pimentel Award in Chemical Education (1993) SUNG KYU KIM received a Ph.D degree in theoretical physics from Duke University He is Professor of Physics and Chair of the Physics Department at Macalester College, St Paul, Minnesota He was a participant in Martin Klein’s NEH seminar, “ Physicists in Historical Context,” at Yale (1980) and was a visiting scholar at the Astronomy and Astrophysics Center of the University of Chicago (1980—81, 1987—88) He is the author of Physics: The F abric o f R eality (1975) and the coauthor of M odern P hysics f o r Scientists and Engineers (1978) He is currently interested in cosmology SUSAN KLARREICH received a Ph.D degree in chemistry from CUNY as well as an M.S degree in computer science from Stevens Institute of Technology She is currently Associate Professor in the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics at Bergen Community College Her areas of interest are differential thermal analysis, biopolymers, history of science, and chemical education GILLIAN R KNAPP is Professor of Astrophysics at Princeton University Her research interests include composition and evolution of the interstellar medium, the late stages of stellar evolution, and the dynamics and evolution of galaxies WALTER S KOSKI, Ph.D., is Bernard N Baker Professor of Chemistry at Johns Hopkins University His research interests cover a broad area of chemistry, ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 717 including nuclear and radiochemistry, radiation and hot atom chemistry, chemical kinetics, boron hydride chemistry, shock and detonation phenomena, ion mol­ ecule reactions, scattering of ions, mass spectroscopy, magnetic resonance, and energy transfer in collisions of halogen positive ions and rare gases atoms He has published approximately 200 papers in these fields MARJORIE MALLEY received a Ph.D degree from the University of California at Berkeley with a dissertation on the early history of radioactivity Currently she is working on the history of luminescence She teaches and does consulting for science education Among her recent publications is an article on Hertha Ayrton (DSB Supplem ent II, 1990, pp 40-42) BARBARA B MANDULA received a Ph.D degree in biochemistry She is Research Director for the nonprofit Committee for the National Institutes for the Environment in Washington, D.C She is currently on leave from the Environ­ mental Protection Agency She has led projects on risk assessment and envi­ ronmental policy at the NRC and has analyzed data on academic research and development for the NSF An active member of AWIS, she is a board member and editor o f AWIS M agazine Her major interests are science policy and issues affecting women scientists MURRAY J MARTIN received a Ph.D degree from McMaster University From 1963 to the present he has been a member of the Nuclear Data Project (NDP) (directed by Katharine Way up to 1968) in the ONL Division of Physics He has authored several reports and articles on nuclear and atomic radiations for applied users He is currently Director of the NDP, Editor-in-Chief of the journal N uclear D a ta Sheets , and Chairman of the Formats and Procedures Subcommittee of the U.S Nuclear Data Network VICTORIA McLANE received a B.A degree in physics from Adelphi Uni­ versity She is currently Senior Physics Associate at Brookhaven National Lab­ oratory She is responsible for nuclear reaction data compilation and international exchange of nuclear reaction data She has coauthored Neutron Cross Sections, vol 2, Neutron C ross Section Curves (1988) She has been president of the AWIS, Long Island Chapter, as well as cofounder and group coordinator of Brookhaven Women in Science MARY CLARKE MIKSIC received a Ph.D degree from Columbia University She currently teaches in the Department of Biological Sciences at Queensborough Community College of CUNY She has followed the developing picture of the structure of cells and of biologically important molecules that began with the deciphering of DNA structure The function of biological systems is intimately dependent on these structural details Nowhere is this relationship more fasci­ nating than in the nervous system She is working on a book that attempts to 718 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS make the significance of this interdependence of nervous system structure and behavior more accessible to the average reader JAMES A MILLER and the late Elizabeth Cavert Miller worked together for many years on the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis as professors of oncology at the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wis­ consin at Madison They observed in many publications that the majority of synthetic and environmental carcinogens are metabolized to reactive electrophiles that initiate the carcinogenic processes These electrophiles bind covalently to nucleophilic sites in critical genes in cellular DNA and cause mutations that lead to cancer For these studies they received many awards and honors They were concurrently elected to the U.S National Academy of Sciences JANE A MILLER, Associate Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at the University of Missouri-St Louis, has served on the faculties at Sophie Newcomb College, Tulane University, and Washington University Medical School She has served as chair of the Division of History of Chemistry, ACS, and the Midwest Junto for the History of Science Her research has resulted in papers on women in chemistry, chemistry in France after Lavoisier, and chemistry in St Louis MARY L MOLLER received a Ph.D degree in biochemistry She is currently Chair of the Department of Science at the Chapin School, New York City In addition, she is Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Science and Mathematics at Fordham University She has served as chair of the Women in Science Section of the NY AS She was also the founding president of the Metropolitan New York Chapter of AWIS During her graduate career, Dr Petermann was her role model She worked with Dr Petermann in the organi­ zation of MSKCCAPW while she was employed at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center THERESA A NAGY received an M.S degree in cosmic-ray physics from Texas A&M University and a Ph.D degree in astronomy from the University of Penn­ sylvania She has been employed at NASA, where she served in a variety of roles ranging from project scientist to acting branch chief for major space mis­ sions She has been involved in the conception, initiation, and coediting of the NASA!Goddard Space Flight Center Astronomical Data Bulletin She has also been the chair of the Department of Physics at Indiana State University She has served as an adjunct professor of Physics at Indiana University and St Maryof-the-Woods College Currently she is Director of Academic Affairs for the Fayette Campus of Penn State University She has authored numerous papers and documents in her discipline She has been selected as a fellow of the Indiana Academy of Science CHINH K NGUYEN received a Ph.D degree from the University of Chicago Currently he is Director of the Freshman Chemistry Laboratories at the University ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 719 of Chicago His research interests lie in theoretical material research and hightemperature geophysics and geochemistry He is now researching theoretical modeling of the excess energetics of solid solutions using tight-binding calcu­ lation via the extended Htickel method MARILYN BAILEY OGILVIE is currently Curator of the History of Science Collections, Associate Professor of Bibliography, and Adjunct Associate Pro­ fessor of the History of Science at the University of Oklahoma Her research interests include women in science, history of biology, and bibliography Her publications include Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century as well as chapters in Uneasy Career and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789-1979 (1987) and The Expansion of American Biology: The Interwar Years (1991) MIRIAM H RAFAILOVICH received her Ph.D degree in applied nuclear physics from SUNY at Stony Brook On leave from Queens College of CUNY, she is a professor in the Department of Materials Science at SUNY at Stony Brook as well as guest scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory Her research interests are in polymer physics TRUDY D REMPEL received a Ph.D degree in nuclear engineering and applied physics from the University of Wisconsin at Madison with an experimental thesis in plasma physics She has held a research associate position in the Department of Physics at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, performing research on electrostatic fluctuations in plasmas and their implications for plasma confine­ ment NINA MATHENY ROSCHER is Professor and Chair of the Department of Chemistry at the American University in Washington, D.C Her research interests are in physical organic chemistry with particular emphasis on the reaction of alcohols with bromine and silver salts She also serves as a consultant to the NSF in the Division of Undergraduate Education She recently completed Women Chemists, 1990 for the ACS ROSE K ROSE received a Ph.D degree in chemistry from CUNY She is Professor of Physical Sciences at Kingsborough Community College of CUNY She has been a contributing editor for six medical publications, including Medical Tribune and Oncology News Her areas of interest include chemical pharma­ cology, medicinal chemistry, organic synthesis, chelates of palladium, liquid crystals, spectroscopy, stereoselective reactions, heterogeneous catalysis, and education in chemistry and physics, as well as women in science GLENN T SEABORG is currently University Professor of Chemistry (the most distinguished title bestowed by the regents of the University of California), 720 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS Associate Director of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and Chairman of the Lawrence Hall of Science at the University of California at Berkeley Recipient of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the chemistry of the transuranium elements, he is one of the discoverers of plutonium as well as nine other elements in the periodic table He formulated the actinide concept of heavyelement electronic structure, which accurately demonstrates the relationships of the transuranium elements to the other elements This concept is one of the most significant changes to the periodic table since Mendeleev’s nineteenth-century design He is the author of numerous books, including Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban (1981), Stemming the Tide: Arm s Control in the Johnson Years (1987), and the upcoming A tom ic Energy Com mission under Nixon: Adjusting to Troubled Times As a member of the National Commission on Excellence in Education, which published the highly publicized report A N ation a t R isk (1983), he is recognized as a national spokesman on education, addressing in particular the crisis in mathematics and science education RAYMOND B SEYMOUR received a Ph.D degree from the University of Iowa Prior to his death in 1991, he was Distinguished Professor of Polymer Science at the University of Southern Mississippi His research interests were reactions of cellulose, charge-transfer polymerization, synthesis and character­ ization of macroradicals, synthesis and characterization of alternation, and block and graft copolymers as well as the history of polymer science During his career as scientist, educator, and writer he authored numerous books and articles in professional journals He was the recipient of 45 patents from the U.S Patent Office His reports are included in encyclopedias, and he has written chapters for many books PATRICIA J SIEGEL received degrees from Connecticut College and Yale University Her research interests are in nineteenth-century French literature Currently she is Professor of French at SUNY, College at Brockport She has collaborated with her husband, K Thomas Finley, in attempting to make science accessible to general readers They have coauthored Women in the Scientific Search (1985) as well as A Franco-American Kid: Une Gamine Franco-Americaine (1991) GEOFFREY SUTTON received a Ph.D degree in history from Princeton Uni­ versity He is currently a laboratory supervisor in physics at Macalester College in St Paul, where he also teaches occasional courses in the history of science He is working on a book describing the way science entered into polite culture in Paris during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries PARIS SVORONOS received a B.Sc degree in chemistry and physics from the American University in Cairo and a Ph.D degree in organic chemistry from Georgetown University He is currently Professor of Chemistry at Queensbor- ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 721 ough Community College of CUNY, with summer appointments as Visiting Professor at Georgetown University His research interests involve organic elec­ trochemistry He has coauthored B asic Tables in Chem ical Analysis as well as the manuals, W orkbook Problem s in O rganic Chem istry and Laboratory Exper­ iments in O rganic Chem istry SORAYA SVORONOS received B.Sc and M.S degrees in chemistry from Mashad University as well as M.S and Ph.D degrees in biochemistry from Georgetown University She has worked as a postdoctoral fellow at NIH and as a research associate at the Cancer Institute of Columbia University She is currently Adjunct Assistant Professor at Queensborough Community College of CUNY She has authored articles, biographies, and encyclopedia entries NANCY M TOONEY received a Ph.D degree in biochemistry from Brandeis University She is currently Associate Professor of Chemistry and Assistant Provost for Academic Affairs at Polytechnic University in Brooklyn, New York Her research interests are in physical biochemistry, including electron micros­ copy, X-ray diffraction, and circular dichroism spectroscopy of the proteins fibronectin, fibrinogen, and GFAP SAT.I IF A WATKINS received a B.Sc degree in chemistry from Notre Dame College of Ohio, as well as M.S and Ph.D degrees in physics from the Catholic University of America She is currently Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Southern Colorado She has authored numerous publications in physics, reporting research results in the fields of ultrasonics, nuclear reactor physics, history of science, and physics education She is currently editing a collection of the letters of Lise Meitner ... School in Manhattan in 1943 and enrolled in the University of Michigan, majoring in engineering There she was the only woman in a class of 100 She received a B.S degree in engineering in 1946... insurance agent in Springfield As a child Gladys Anslow was encouraged to pursue her mother’s interests in music, her father’s interests in color, and her grandfather’s interests in en­ gineering Her... on spectral investigations of the amino acid protein subunits, small polymers of these amino acids, and finally the proteins hemoglobin and insulin After World War II Anslow convinced the Smith