Quantum Systems in Chemistry and Physics Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics VOLUME 26 Honorary Editors: Sir Harold W Kroto (Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A.) Pr Yves Chauvin (Institut Franc¸ais du P´etrole, Tours, France) Editors-in-Chief: J Maruani (formerly Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Paris, France) S Wilson (formerly Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, U.K.) Editorial Board: V Aquilanti (Universit´a di Perugia, Italy) E Brăandas (University of Uppsala, Sweden) L Cederbaum (Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg, Germany) G Delgado-Barrio (Instituto de F´ısica Fundamental, Madrid, Spain) E.K.U Gross (Freie Universităat, Berlin, Germany) K Hirao (University of Tokyo, Japan) E Kryachko (Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine) R Lefebvre (Universit´e Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris, France) R Levine (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) K Lindenberg (University of California at San Diego, CA, U.S.A.) R McWeeny (Universit`a di Pisa, Italy) M.A.C Nascimento (Instituto de Qu´ımica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) P Piecuch (Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A.) M Quack (ETH Zăurich, Switzerland) S.D Schwartz (Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, U.S.A.) A Wang (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada) Former Editors and Editorial Board Members: I Prigogine () J Rychlewski () Y.G Smeyers () R Daudel () M Mateev () W.N Lipscomb () ˚ H Agren (*) D Avnir (*) J Cioslowski (*) W.F van Gunsteren (*) deceased; * end of term For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6464 H Hubaˇc (*) M.P Levy (*) G.L Malli (*) P.G Mezey (*) N Rahman (*) S Suhai (*) O Tapia (*) P.R Taylor (*) R.G Woolley (*) Kiyoshi Nishikawa • Jean Maruani Erkki J Brăandas ã Gerardo Delgado-Barrio Piotr Piecuch Editors Quantum Systems in Chemistry and Physics Progress in Methods and Applications 123 Editors Prof Kiyoshi Nishikawa Division of Mathem and Phys Science Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan Prof Erkki J Brăandas Department of Chemistry Angstră om Laboratory Institute for Theoretical Chemistry SE-751 20 Uppsala University Sweden Prof Jean Maruani Laboratoire de Chimie Physique 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France Prof Gerardo Delgado-Barrio Instituto de F´ısica Fundamental (IFF) C/ Serrano 123 28006 Madrid Spain Prof Piotr Piecuch Department of Chemistry Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA ISSN 1567-7354 ISBN 978-94-007-5296-2 ISBN 978-94-007-5297-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5297-9 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012954152 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly 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any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) PTCP Aim and Scope Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics A series reporting advances in theoretical molecular and material sciences, including theoretical, mathematical and computational chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical physics and biophysics Aim and Scope Science progresses by a symbiotic interaction between theory and experiment: theory is used to interpret experimental results and may suggest new experiments; experiment helps to test theoretical predictions and may lead to improved theories Theoretical Chemistry (including Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics) provides the conceptual and technical background and apparatus for the rationalisation of phenomena in the chemical sciences It is, therefore, a wide ranging subject, reflecting the diversity of molecular and related species and processes arising in chemical systems The book series Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics aims to report advances in methods and applications in this extended domain It will comprise monographs as well as collections of papers on particular themes, which may arise from proceedings of symposia or invited papers on specific topics as well as from initiatives from authors or translations The basic theories of physics – classical mechanics and electromagnetism, relativity theory, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, quantum electrodynamics – support the theoretical apparatus which is used in molecular sciences Quantum mechanics plays a particular role in theoretical chemistry, providing the basis for the valence theories, which allow to interpret the structure of molecules, and for the spectroscopic models, employed in the determination of structural information from spectral patterns Indeed, Quantum Chemistry often appears synonymous with Theoretical Chemistry; it will, therefore, constitute a major part of this book series However, the scope of the series will also include other areas of theoretical v vi PTCP Aim and Scope chemistry, such as mathematical chemistry (which involves the use of algebra and topology in the analysis of molecular structures and reactions); molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics and chemical thermodynamics, which play an important role in rationalizing the geometric and electronic structures of molecular assemblies and polymers, clusters and crystals; surface, interface, solvent and solid state effects; excited-state dynamics, reactive collisions, and chemical reactions Recent decades have seen the emergence of a novel approach to scientific research, based on the exploitation of fast electronic digital computers Computation provides a method of investigation which transcends the traditional division between theory and experiment Computer-assisted simulation and design may afford a solution to complex problems which would otherwise be intractable to theoretical analysis, and may also provide a viable alternative to difficult or costly laboratory experiments Though stemming from Theoretical Chemistry, Computational Chemistry is a field of research in its own right, which can help to test theoretical predictions and may also suggest improved theories The field of theoretical molecular sciences ranges from fundamental physical questions relevant to the molecular concept, through the statics and dynamics of isolated molecules, aggregates and materials, molecular properties and interactions, to the role of molecules in the biological sciences Therefore, it involves the physical basis for geometric and electronic structure, states of aggregation, physical and chemical transformations, thermodynamic and kinetic properties, as well as unusual properties such as extreme flexibility or strong relativistic or quantum-field effects, extreme conditions such as intense radiation fields or interaction with the continuum, and the specificity of biochemical reactions Theoretical Chemistry has an applied branch (a part of molecular engineering), which involves the investigation of structure-property relationships aiming at the design, synthesis and application of molecules and materials endowed with specific functions, now in demand in such areas as molecular electronics, drug design or genetic engineering Relevant properties include conductivity (normal, semi- and super-), magnetism (ferro- and ferri-), optoelectronic effects (involving nonlinear response), photochromism and photoreactivity, radiation and thermal resistance, molecular recognition and information processing, biological and pharmaceutical activities, as well as properties favouring self-assembling mechanisms and combination properties needed in multifunctional systems Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics is made at different rates in these various research fields The aim of this book series is to provide timely and in-depth coverage of selected topics and broad-ranging yet detailed analysis of contemporary theories and their applications The series will be of primary interest to those whose research is directly concerned with the development and application of theoretical approaches in the chemical sciences It will provide up-to-date reports on theoretical methods for the chemist, thermodynamician or spectroscopist, the atomic, molecular or cluster physicist, and the biochemist or molecular biologist who wish to employ techniques developed in theoretical, mathematical and computational chemistry in their research programs It is also intended to provide the graduate student with a readily accessible documentation on various branches of theoretical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical physics Preface This volume collects 33 selected papers from the scientific contributions presented at the Sixteenth International Workshop on Quantum Systems in Chemistry and Physics (QSCP-XVI), which was organized by Pr Kiyoshi Nishikawa at the Ishikawa Prefecture Museum of Art in Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan, from September 11 to 17, 2011 Close to 150 scientists from 30 countries attended the meeting Participants of QSCP-XVI discussed the state of the art, new trends, and future evolution of methods in molecular quantum mechanics, as well as their applications to a wide range of problems in chemistry, physics, and biology The particularly large attendance to QSCP-XVI was partly due to its coordination with the VIIth Congress of the International Society for Theoretical Chemical Physics (ISTCP-VII), which was organized by Pr Hiromi Nakai at Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan, just a week earlier, and which gathered over 400 participants These two reputed meetings were therefore exceptionally successful, especially considering that they took place barely five months after the Fukushima disaster As a matter of fact, they would have both been cancelled if it wasn’t for the courage and resilience of our Japanese colleagues and friends as well as for the wave of solidarity of both QSCP-XVI and ISTCP-VII faithful attendees Kanazawa is situated in the western central part of the Honshu island in Japan, and the Ishikawa Prefecture Museum of Art (IPMA) sits in the heart of the city centre – which offers a variety of museums including the 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art – and next to the Kenrokuen Garden, one of most beautiful gardens in Japan IPMA is the main art gallery of Ishikawa Prefecture and its collection includes a National Treasure and various important cultural properties in its permanent exhibition halls Details of the Kanazawa meeting including the scientific program can be found on the website: http://qscp16.s.kanazawa-u.ac.jp Altogether, there were 24 morning and afternoon sessions, where 12 key lectures, 50 plenary talks and 28 parallel talks were given, and evening poster sessions, each with 25 flash presentations of posters which were displayed in the close Shiinoki Cultural Complex We are grateful to all the participants for making the QSCP-XVI workshop such a stimulating experience and great success vii viii Preface The QSCP-XVI workshop followed traditions established at previous meetings: QSCP-I, organized by Roy McWeeny in 1996 at San Miniato (Pisa, Italy) QSCP-II, by Stephen Wilson in 1997 at Oxford (England) QSCP-III, by Alfonso Hernandez-Laguna in 1998 at Granada (Spain) QSCP-IV, by Jean Maruani in 1999 at Marly le Roi (Paris, France) QSCP-V, by Erkki Brăandas in 2000 at Uppsala (Sweden) QSCP-VI, by Alia Tadjer in 2001 at Sofia (Bulgaria) QSCP-VII, by Ivan Hubac in 2002 at Bratislava (Slovakia) QSCP-VIII, by Aristides Mavridis in 2003 at Spetses (Athens, Greece) QSCP-IX, by Jean-Pierre Julien in 2004 at Les Houches (Grenoble, France) QSCP-X, by Souad Lahmar in 2005 at Carthage (Tunisia) QSCP-XI, by Oleg Vasyutinskii in 2006 at Pushkin (St Petersburg, Russia) QSCP-XII, by Stephen Wilson in 2007 near Windsor (London, England) QSCP-XIII, by Piotr Piecuch in 2008 at East Lansing (Michigan, USA) QSCP-XIV, by Gerardo Delgado-Barrio in 2009 at El Escorial (Spain) QSCP-XV, by Philip Hoggan in 2010 at Cambridge (England) The lectures presented at QSCP-XVI were grouped into seven areas in the field of Quantum Systems in Chemistry and Physics: Concepts and Methods in Quantum Chemistry and Physics Molecular Structure, Dynamics, and Spectroscopy Atoms and Molecules in Strong Electric and Magnetic Fields Condensed Matter; Complexes and Clusters; Surfaces and Interfaces Molecular and Nano Materials, Electronics, and Biology Reactive Collisions and Chemical Reactions Computational Chemistry, Physics, and Biology The breadth and depth of the scientific topics discussed during QSCP-XVI are reflected in the contents of this volume of proceedings of Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, which includes six parts: I II III IV V VI Fundamental Theory (three chapters) Molecular Processes (nine chapters) Molecular Structure (six chapters) Molecular Properties (three chapters) Condensed Matter (six chapters) Biosystems (six chapters) In addition to the scientific program, the workshop had its share of cultural activities There was an impressive traditional drum show on the spot One afternoon was devoted to a visit in a gold craft workshop, where participants had a chance to test gold plating There was also a visit to a zen temple, where they could discuss with zen monks and practice meditation for a few hours The award ceremony of the CMOA Prize and Medal took place in the banquet room of the Kanazawa Excel Hotel Tokyu Preface ix The Prize was shared between three of the selected nominees: Shuhua Li (Nanjing, China); Oleg Prezhdo (Rochester, USA); and Jun-ya Hasegawa (Kyoto, Japan) The CMOA Medal was awarded to Pr Hiroshi Nakatsuji (Kyoto, Japan) Following an established tradition at QSCP meetings, the venue of the following (XVIIth) workshop was disclosed at the end of the banquet: Turku, Finland We are pleased to acknowledge the support given to QSCP-XVI by the Ishikawa Prefecture, Kanazawa City, Kanazawa University, the Society DV-X’, Quantum Chemistry Research Institute, Inoue Foundation of Science, Concurrent Systems, HPC SYSTEMS, FUJITSU Ltd, HITACHI Ltd, Real Computing Inc., Sumisho Computer System Corporation, and CMOA We are most grateful to all members of the Local Organizing Committee (LOC) for their work and dedication, which made the stay and work of the participants both pleasant and fruitful Finally, we would like to thank the Honorary Committee (HC) and International Scientific Committee (ISC) members for their invaluable expertise and advice We hope the readers will find as much interest in consulting these proceedings as the participants had in attending the meeting The Editors 33 Designing the Binding Surface of Proteins to Construct Nano-fibers Table 33.1 The condition of MD simulation 557 Time step for integration fs Periodic boundary conditions Temperature coupling Time constant for temperature coupling Pressure coupling Time constant for pressure coupling Cutoff length of forces xyz directions Velocity rescaling 0.1 ps Parrinello-Rahman 2.0 ps 1.0 nm Fig 33.2 (a) The basic structure of LARFH Four ’-helices align parallel to each other to form a hydrophobic core (b) The basic structure of sulerythrin This structure is obtained after ns of simulation (c) The basic structure of IPMDH This structure is obtained after ns of simulation in NPT ensemble with constant temperature and pressure of 300 K and bar As force field of water, we adopted TIP3P model [11] Other conditions of MD simulation are shown in Table 33.1 33.2.2 Models The conformation of LARFH was created by mimicking the Lac repressor Cterminal ’-helices After energy minimization and solvent relaxation, we performed simulation in water for 10 ns Then, the coordinates of the protein were determined (Fig 33.2a) Sulerythrin (PDBID: 1J3O) contains two pairs of Fe2C and Zn2C that we disregard and remove in this simulation (Fig 33.2b) The coordinates of IPMDH (PDBID: 1OSJ) are derived from T thermophiles (Fig 33.2c) To enhance stability of nano-fiber, mutation of charged amino acids was induced We introduce mutation of either lysine having positive charge or glutamic acid having negative charge to our model of amino acids (Fig 33.3a, b and c) 558 Y Komatsu et al Fig 33.3 (a) The rough sketch of LARFH One cylinder denotes one ’-helix (b, c) Upper view from the direction of arrow in (a) Mutations are induced toward the outside of hydrophobic cores One circle denotes one ’-helix One stick denotes one loop The symbol “C” in (b) (or “ ” in (c)) indicates side chain with positive (or negative) charge These figures show the way to mutate in LARFH, and the same way to induce mutation is used in other proteins (d) The configuration of ’-helices in sulerythrin The names of these helices are used in Table 33.2 The same classification is used in other proteins We have prepared proteins mutated on their surface of ’-helices corresponding to their bonding surfaces outward from hydrophobic cores We define LARFH E, LARFH K, sulerythrin E, sulerythrin K, IPMDH E, and IPMDH K in Table 33.2 We name these mutated proteins as variant, while we name proteins without mutation as wild type For the combination of mutational proteins, we used LARFH, sulerythrin, and IPMDH as basic units The four combinations of proteins we used are LARFH-/-LARFH, LARFH-/-sulerythrin, sulerythrin-/-sulerythrin, and IPMDH-/-IPMDH (Table 33.3) 33.2.3 Rg and RMSD Two proteins were aligned nearby and placed in solutions We used two types of solutions, water and KCl solution (500 mM) We calculated radius of gyration (Rg ) of two proteins and RMSD (root-mean-square deviation from one backbone to another backbone) and compared these in different conditions Rg is given by 33 Designing the Binding Surface of Proteins to Construct Nano-fibers Table 33.2 Mutation of proteins Number of residues Helix LARFH E 98 A04E Q11E R18E LARFH K A04K Q11K R18K chain A Sulerythrin E 282 (E84E) Q96E (E107E) Sulerythrin K E84K Q96K E107K chain A IPMDH E 690 P13E L20E D27E IPMDH K A04K Q11K R18K Helix A29E Q36E R43E A29K Q36K R43K chain A (E115E) R122E (E129E) E115K R122K E129K chain A G332EA 335E A338E G332K A335K A338K Helix A54E Q61E R68E A54K Q61K R68K chain B (E115E) R122E (E129E) E115K R122K E129K chain B G332EA 335E A338E G332K A335K A338K 559 Helix A79E Q86E R93E A79K Q86K R93K chain B (E84E) Q96E (E107E) E84K Q96K E107K chain B P13E L20E D27E A04K Q11K R18K For each protein, number of residues is shown Helix and are on one side of proteins, and helix and are on the other side of proteins (Fig 33.3d) Table 33.3 Four combinations of proteins Notation Protein LARFH-/-LARFH LARFH-/-Sulerythrin Sulerythrin-/-Sulerythrin IPMDH-/-IPMDH [0] [EK] [0] [EK] [0] [EK] [0] [EK] Wild type LARFH E Wild type LARFH E Wild type Sulerythrin E Wild type IPMDH E Protein Wild type LARFH K Wild type sulerythrin K Wild type Sulerythrin K Wild type IPMDH K Two kinds of proteins are aligned nearby in simulations For example, [EK] in LARFH-/-LARFH means combination of LARFH E and LARFH K The symbol [0] means combination of wild-type proteins sP Rg D i mi kr i P i r COM k2 mi (33.1) where i is taken over all the atoms of two proteins, mi is the mass of atom i, r COM is the center of mass of the system of two proteins, and ri is the coordinate of atom i 560 Table 33.4 The conditions of pulling and umbrella simulation Y Komatsu et al Time step for integration fs Periodic boundary conditions Temperature coupling Time constant for temperature coupling Pressure coupling Time constant for pressure coupling Cutoff length of forces Pulling force xyz directions Nose-Hoover 0.2 ps Parrinello-Rahman 2.0 ps 1.4 nm 2,000 kJ/(mol nm2 ) We assume that proteins are bonding strongly if the values of Rg are small The definition of RMSD is sP r i 0/k2 i mi kr i t/ P RM SD.t/ D (33.2) i mi where i is taken over all the atoms of two proteins, mi is the mass of atom i, and r i t/ is the coordinate of atom i at time t From the values of RMSD, we can determine the displacement from initial configurations of proteins We take t D as right after solvent relaxation 33.2.4 Umbrella Sampling Umbrella-sampling simulations enable us to obtain PMF (potential of mean force), from which binding energy Gbi nd is derived [12] and the strength of proteinprotein interactions is determined To calculate PMF, various conditions along reaction coordinates need to be sampled Adding artificial potential energy to original potential energy makes the edge of potential energy lower Our simulations were started with two proteins aligned nearby Next, we pulled apart two proteins and obtained 15–25 configurations during one simulation We used those configurations for initial conditions of umbrella sampling After simulations using umbrella sampling, PMF was calculated by the weighted histogram analysis methods (WHAM) [13] provided in GROMACS The conditions of pulling simulation and umbrella simulation are shown in Table 33.4 33.2.5 Analysis of Hydrophobic and Electrostatic Interactions We compare Rg and Gbind in pure water and KCl solution to investigate how to contribute hydrophobic or electrostatic interaction (Fig 33.4) It is known that salts screen off electrostatic interaction and enhance hydrophobic interaction [14, 15] Two proteins are close in pure water and KCl solution shown in Fig 33.4a and b 33 Designing the Binding Surface of Proteins to Construct Nano-fibers 561 Fig 33.4 Schematic diagram of interactions between two proteins The two proteins in water are in (a), (c), and (e), and two proteins in KCl solution are in (b), (d), and (f) The stick labeled as “H” shows hydrophobic interaction The stick labeled as “E” shows electrostatic interaction (a) Two proteins in water (b) Two proteins in KCl solution (c) Two proteins in a short distance in water (d) Two proteins in a long distance in KCl solution (e) Two proteins in a long distance in water (f) Two proteins in a short distance in KCl solution In Fig 33.4c, two proteins in a short distance in water are shown Since these proteins are close to each other, Rg is small and Gbind should be low, and the binding is strong In Fig 33.4d, two proteins in a long distance in KCl solution are shown Since these proteins are far from each other, Rg is large and Gbind should be high As shown in Fig 33.4c and d, two proteins in a certain combination are in close distance in water and in far distance in KCl in a combination of proteins, so that electrostatic interactions should be strong in water It means that if distance between proteins increases by electrostatic screening of KCl, the electrostatic interaction is suggested to be attractive one and hydrophobic interaction is non-attractive in water In Fig 33.4e, two proteins in a long distance in water are shown Since these proteins are far from each other, Rg is large and Gbind should be high, and the binding is weak In Fig 33.4f, two proteins in a short distance in KCl solution are 562 Y Komatsu et al shown Since these proteins are close to each other, Rg is small and Gbind should be low As shown in Fig 33.4e and f, two proteins in a certain combination are in far distance in water and in close distance in KCl, so that hydrophobic interactions should be weak in water It means that if distance between proteins decreases by electrostatic screening of KCl, the electrostatic interaction is suggested to be repulsive one and hydrophobic interaction is attractive one in water 33.3 Results and Discussion 33.3.1 LARFH-/-LARFH 33.3.1.1 Rg and RMSD First, as shown in Fig 33.5, in LARFH-/-LARFH [0] (using the notation explained in Table 33.2), we examined which interactions are dominant in stabilization as fiber with different values of initial distance between centers of mass of two proteins We also show in Fig 33.4 some of the explanations for our results We define di as the initial distance between centers of mass of two proteins We start our simulations with different values of di In Fig 33.5, we show Rg of the system of two proteins and RMSD of LARFH-/-LARFH The values of Rg and RMSD become larger on the whole as di increases In pure water, the values of Rg are small from 2.4 to 3.6 nm of di , while in KCl solutions, the values of Rg are small from 2.4 to 3.2 nm The values of RMSD are smaller in KCl than in water for most values of di as shown in Fig 33.5b We used analysis of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions explained in Sect 33.2.5 When di D 3.7 nm, although the value of Rg in water is small, the value of Rg in KCl is large This means that when electrostatic interaction is screened off, the value of Rg becomes larger when di D 3.7 nm (Fig 33.4c and d) Therefore, around 3.7 nm of di , electrostatic interaction can be dominant Moreover, because the range of error bar in KCl solution is smaller than that in water except for di D 3.7 nm, the system in KCl is becoming more stable than the system in water at 9–10 ns 33.3.1.2 Umbrella Sampling After our pulling simulation, explained in Sect 33.2.4, umbrella-sampling simulations were carried out for ns In each condition, 15–25 independent simulations were performed PMF curve and histogram are shown in Fig 33.6a and in Fig 33.6b, respectively Calculated values of Gbind , obtained from PMF, are shown in Fig 33.6c In the four cases, the system of [EK] in water is the most 33 Designing the Binding Surface of Proteins to Construct Nano-fibers b 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 water KCl RMSD [nm] Rg [nm] a 563 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 di [nm] 4.4 2.5 1.5 0.5 water KCl 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 di [nm] 4.4 Fig 33.5 Rg and RMSD for LARFH-/-LARFH Calculations with different values of di were carried out Each simulation was performed for 10 ns, and the results in last ns are shown (a) Radius of gyration of two proteins (b) RMSD fitting backbone to backbone b 25 20 15 10 -5 Count PMF [kJ/mol] a 2.2 c 2.4 2.6 2.8 λ [nm] 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 λ [nm] ΔGbind kJ/mol Fig 33.6 The results in umbrella-sampling simulations for LARFH-/-LARFH (a) PMF in [0] in water is the coordinate of protein in the direction of pulling Gbind is analyzed from this figure The way to calculate Gbind in other conditions is the same as in this condition (b) Umbrella histogram for wild/wild in water Histogram shows reasonable overlap between windows when sampling Each peak is obtained by different simulations (c) The values of Gbind in LARFH Gbind was calculated from the values of PMF, shown in (b) The notations of [0] and [EK] are shown in Table 33.2 stable and the system of [EK] in KCl is the least stable In the cases of [EK], Gbind is lower in water than in KCl This means that two proteins of [EK] are more likely to bind in water than in KCl, which is due to the electrostatic attraction between two proteins, as described in Fig 33.4c and d On the other hand, in the case of [0], Gbind is lower in KCl than in water This means that two proteins are more likely to bind in KCl than in water, which is due to the hydrophobic interaction between two proteins, since Gbind is lower when screening off electrostatic interaction and 564 Y Komatsu et al b EK 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time [ps] c RMSD [nm] Rg [nm] 2.56 2.52 2.48 2.44 2.4 2.36 2.32 2.28 2.56 2.52 2.48 2.44 2.4 2.36 2.32 2.28 0 EK 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time [ps] d 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 EK 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time [ps] RMSD [nm] Rg [nm] a 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 EK 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time [ps] Fig 33.7 Results for LARFH-/-sulerythrin (a) Rg in water (b) Rg in KCl (c) RMSD in water (d) RMSD in KCl enhancing hydrophobic interaction, as described in Fig 33.4e and f In conclusion, hydrophobic interaction is enhanced in [0] and electrostatic interaction is enhanced in [EK], respectively 33.3.2 LARFH-/-Sulerythrin 33.3.2.1 Rg and RMSD In Fig 33.7, we show our results of Rg and RMSD in pure water and KCl solution for LARFH-/-sulerythrin In water, the values of Rg and RMSD in [EK] are smaller than those in [0], as shown in Fig 33.7a and c Thus, [EK] may be more stable than [0] in pure water In KCl solutions, on the other hand, the values of Rg and RMSD are almost the same in both [0] and [EK], as shown in Fig 33.7b and d It means that there is no apparent difference of their stability between [0] and [EK] Moreover, in [0], the values of Rg and RMSD in pure water are larger than in KCl solution, as shown in the comparison of the solid lines of Fig 33.7a and b and also c and d This means that hydrophobic interaction can contribute to stability of fiber rather than electrostatic interaction, as described in Fig 33.4c and d On the other hand, in [EK], both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions can contribute to stability since the values of Rg and RMSD are almost the same 33 Designing the Binding Surface of Proteins to Construct Nano-fibers RMSD [nm] c 1.4 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 EK 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time [ps] Rg [nm] b 3.5 3.45 3.4 3.35 3.3 3.25 3.2 3.15 EK 3.1 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time [ps] 3.5 3.45 3.4 3.35 3.3 3.25 3.2 3.15 3.1 EK d RMSD [nm] Rg [nm] a 565 1.4 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time [ps] EK 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time [ps] Fig 33.8 Results are for sulerythrin-/-sulerythrin (a) Rg in water (b) Rg in KCl (c) RMSD in water (d) RMSD in KCl 33.3.3 Sulerythrin-/-Sulerythrin 33.3.3.1 Rg and RMSD In Fig 33.8, we show our results of Rg and RMSD in water and KCl solution for sulerythrin-/-sulerythrin In Fig 33.8c and d, in both [0] and [EK], the values of RMSD in KCl solution are smaller than those in pure water This suggests that proteins in KCl are hard to move from the initial configuration, while the configuration in water is shifting from initial condition The value of Rg in [0] is comparatively smaller than the other conditions 33.3.4 IPMDH-/-IPMDH 33.3.4.1 Rg and RMSD In Fig 33.9, we show our results of Rg and RMSD in water and KCl solution for IPMDH-/-IPMDH In Fig 33.9a and b, in both water and KCl, the values of Rg of [EK] are considerably smaller than those of [0] It means that this mutation can enhance the stability as fiber Moreover, in [0], the values of Rg and RMSD at ns in pure water are smaller than the values in KCl solution Therefore, in wild type of IPMDH, electrostatic interaction should contribute to stability, compared with hy- 566 Y Komatsu et al b RMSD [nm] c Rg [nm] 6.8 6.4 EK 5.6 5.2 4.8 4.4 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time [ps] 6.8 6.4 EK 5.6 5.2 4.8 4.4 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time [ps] d 1.6 EK 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time [ps] RMSD [nm] Rg [nm] a 1.6 EK 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time [ps] Fig 33.9 Results are for IPMDH-/-IPMDH (a) Rg in water (b) Rg in KCl (c) RMSD in water (d) RMSD in KCl drophobic interaction, as shown in Fig 33.4c and d In [EK], there is no remarkable difference of the values of Rg between water and KCl, as shown in Fig 33.9a and b In [EK], the configuration in water, compared with that in KCl, is shifting from initial condition, while two proteins are keeping close together because the values of RMSD in water is larger than those in KCl, as shown in Fig 33.9c and d 33.4 Conclusions For LARFH, we investigated which interactions are dominant with different initial conditions Then, we compared the stabilities of wild type and variant by Gbind In IPMDH, we found the mutant showing high stability Next, we found that in LARFH-/-LARFH, electrostatic interaction can be dominant at around 3.7 nm of initial distance, from the values of Rg of [EK] and RMSD from different di From the values of Gbind , the system in [EK] in water is the most stable, and the system in [EK] in KCl is the least stable Moreover, hydrophobic interaction is enhanced in [0], and electrostatic interaction is enhanced in [EK] In LARFH-/-sulerythrin, the wild types of proteins in pure water can be considerably unstable In the case of sulerythrin-/-sulerythrin, in both [0] and [EK], proteins in KCl stay almost around the initial configuration, while the configuration in water is shifting from initial condition Moreover, the combination of mutant showing high stability was found in IPMDH-/-IPMDH 33 Designing the Binding Surface of Proteins to Construct Nano-fibers 567 Although sulerythrin contains two pairs of metal ions, we omitted these ions in our simulations The influence of these ions is an important topic, and one should calculate the electronic state around metal ions by molecular orbital methods Then, force field calculation or QM/MM around metal ions should be performed In order to obtain results for large systems with long time scale, coarse-grained model should be useful With these computational methods, we can predict the binding sites of the proteins and the structures of the proteins which are not observed in experiments By calculating Rg or Gbind , strength of fiber can be compared Moreover, measuring the contribution of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions becomes a kind of index to design where and how to induce mutations of hydrophobic or charged amino acids to proteins Acknowledgments This work was partially funded by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research C (24540442) References 10 11 12 13 14 15 Glenner GGN (1980) Engl J Med 302:1283 Saido TC, Iwata N (2006) Neurosci Res 54:235 Kamtekar S, Hecht MH (1995) FASEB J 9:1013 Akanuma S, Matsuba T, Ueno E, Umeda N, Yamagishi A (2010) J Biochem 147:371 Fushinobu S, Shoun H, Wakagi T (2003) Biochemistry 42:11707 Kotsuka T, Akanuma S, Tomuro M, Yamagishi A, Oshima T (1996) J Bacteriol 178:723 Qu C, Akanuma S, Moriyama H, Tanaka N, Oshima T (1997) Protein Eng 10:45 Kadono S, Sakurai M, Moriyama H, Sato M, Hayashi Y, Oshima T, Tanaka N (1995) J Biochem 118:745 Spoel DVD, Lindahl E, Hess B, Groenhof G, Mark AE, Berendsen HJC (2005) J Comput Chem 26:1701 Lindorff-Larsen K, Piana S, Palmo K, Maragakis P, Klepeis JL, Dror RO, Shaw DE (2010) Proteins 78:1950 Jorgensen WL, Chandrasekhar J, Madura JD, Impey RW, Klien ML (1983) J Chem Phys 79:926 Lemkul JA, Bevan DR (2010) J Phys Chem B 114:1652 Kumer S, Rosenberg JM, Bouzida D, Swendsen RH, Kollman PA (1993) J Comput Chem 13:1011 Merutka G, Shalongo W, Stellwagen E (1991) Biochemistry 30:4245 Huyghues-Despointes BMP, Scholtz JM, Baldwin RL (1993) Protein Sci 2:1604 Index A Aniline, 80, 101–106 Anion, 208, 373, 374, 439, 441–446, 450, 454, 462, 464–466, 468 Antiferromagnetism, 349, 437–446, 462, 464, 465, 469, 471 AP See Approximate spin-projection (AP) Approximate spin-projection (AP), 345–358 Area velocity, 10, 12, 15, 16 Atomic radial matrix elements, 224 Autoionization decay (processes), 24, 232, 233, 240 B Binary-encounter approximation, 194, 199–200 Biomolecular (Biochemical) homochirality, 67–69 Bixon-Jortner model, 85–86, 105 Bloch wavefunction, 443 Broken-symmetry (BS) method, 186, 187, 346–357, 452 BS method See Broken-symmetry (BS) method C CaCuO2 , 438, 439, 444, 446 CA method See Coulomb approximation (CA) method Chiral molecule, 48, 53, 59–67, 69–71, 122, 409 CI See Conical intersection (CI) Cluster models, 364, 366, 381, 382, 384, 439, 445, 446 Color tuning, 489–500 Combined electron (hole)-nuclear one-photon transitions, 223 Complex symmetry, 4–7, 10, 11, 20, 21 Compton radius, 30, 32, 33, 36–39, 41, 42, 45 Compton wavelength, 23–45 Condon locus, 179, 180, 184–190 Conical intersection (CI), 80, 86–94, 105, 106, 133, 136, 490 Conjugate operator, 8, 9, 12 Control of vibrational dynamics, 164 Cooperative electron-”-nuclear process, 217–226, 233 Cooperative “shake-up” effects, 218 Copper (Cu) oxide, 438–444 Core ionized/excited states, 275–305 Core-valence-Rydberg B3LYP, 284–298 Cosmology, 69–72 Coulomb and Breit parts of interaction operator, 237, 238 Coulomb approximation (CA) method, 245, 246 CPT violation, 53, 71 Current operator for electron, 222–223 Cusp condition, 39 D Dark matter, 70 de Broglie wavelength, 25–26 Decay probability, 221–223, 234, 249 Density functional theory (DFT), 100, 103, 104, 152, 154, 155, 158, 159, 162, 167, 174, 232, 240, 275–305, 309–319, 332, 334, 336, 337, 342, 346, 356, 358, 363–375, 396, 449–458, 462–464, 466, 469, 470, 476–478, 491, 514–517 K Nishikawa et al (eds.), Quantum Systems in Chemistry and Physics, Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics 26, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5297-9, © Springer ScienceCBusiness Media Dordrecht 2012 569 570 Density matrix, 79–106, 111, 113, 429–431, 452 Deslandres table, 185, 190 DF method See Dirac-Fock (DF) method DFT See Density functional theory (DFT) DFT calculation, 155, 288, 297, 311, 313, 319, 334, 336, 337, 363–375, 396, 464, 466, 476–478, 514, 515 Diatomic molecule, 180, 184 Di-chromium(II) tetra-acetate complex, 346 Dinuclear metal complex, 386 Dirac-Bloumkvist-Wahlborn model, 225 Dirac equation, 5, 25–30, 35, 36, 41, 42, 44, 242 Dirac-Fock (DF) method, 194, 201, 220, 232, 243–248 Dirac-Fock potential, 233 Dirac-Kohn-Sham-like equation, 243 Dirac-Kohn-Sham zeroth approximation, 218 Dirac-Woods-Saxon model, 219, 225 Discrete variational (DV) method, 380, 438–442 DV method See Discrete variational (DV) method E Effective exchange integrals, 348 EIT See Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) Electric/magnetic (E/M) multipolarity, 224 Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), 109–120 Electronic and nuclear coherent dynamics, 121–146 Electronic hole current, 223, 224 Electron momentum distribution, 193–204 Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), 30, 450, 455, 472, 514 -Electron rotation, 122–126, 128–132, 135, 137, 145–146 Electron structure, 44 Electrostatic interaction, 493–495, 515, 531, 556, 560–567 Electrostatic radius, 36, 40 E/M multipolarity See Electric/magnetic (E/M) multipolarity Enantiomers, 48–50, 53–55, 60, 61, 67–71, 123, 127, 129–132, 137, 146 Energy gap, 93, 94, 104, 106, 126, 127, 133, 355, 410, 441 Energy shift, 221–223, 232, 234, 236, 249, 491 Entanglement in scattering, 408, 410, 422–424 EPR See Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) Index Europium (Eu), 243–246 Evjen method, 443, 445 Exchange-correlation effects, 220, 245, 477 Exchange correlation (XC) functional, 275, 277, 278, 282–285, 291, 293, 298, 300–305, 450, 455, 456, 458, 462–463, 466, 468, 470–472 Expansion on spherical harmonics, 223 F FCFs See Franck-Condon factors (FCFs) Ferredoxin, 346, 355 Fine-structure constant, 37, 39, 43, 44, 196, 225, 233 Franck-Condon factors (FCFs), 179–190 f-type polarization, 332–334, 336, 338, 340–343 Fullerene, 150, 153, 155, 167, 174 G Gauge dependent contribution to radiation width, 241 Gaussian function of charge distribution in a nucleus, 419 Gell-Mann and Low adiabatic formula, 221, 234 Generalized energy approach, 218 Generalized Uehling Serber approximation, 225 Geometry optimization, 132, 133, 214, 332, 333, 339, 345–358, 394–396, 452, 466, 471, 476, 477, 547 Găodels incompleteness theorem, 4, 21 Gravitational field, 11, 18, 34, 42 Gravitational invariant, 39 Gravitational radius, 9, 38 H Hartree-Fock exchange (HFx), 276, 278, 279, 281, 283–286, 289, 291–294, 296, 298–305, 450 Hartree-Fock (HF) method, 210, 232, 244, 295, 297, 311, 455 Heavy atom, 213, 231, 232, 243, 452, 516 HFCs See Hyperfine coupling constants (HFCs) HF method See Hartree-Fock (HF) method HFx See Hartree-Fock Exchange (HFx) Human cone visual pigment, 489–500 Hyperfine coupling constants (HFCs), 450–452, 455–458 Index I Improper torsion, 334, 340–342 Impulsive Raman excitation, 153, 156–163, 174 Infrared (IR), 65, 95, 96, 98, 101–103, 149–175, 393–403, 463 Inner-shell ionization, 193, 194, 199, 204 IR See Infrared (IR) Ivanov-Ivanova effective potential, 234, 246 J Jordan block, 7–11, 18–20 K Kepler problem, 3–22 Kohn-Sham formalism, 380, 446 L Laser-induced ultrafast coherent dynamics, 121–146 LCAO See Linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO) Ligand field splitting, 377, 378, 380, 382, 384, 387 Linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO), 124, 127, 382, 395 Local density approximation (LDA), 275, 301, 303–305, 437–446 Luminescence, 377–391 M Magnetic interaction, 225, 233, 355, 451, 454, 458, 463–464, 466, 468–472 Magnetic moment, 29, 30, 32, 35, 36, 39, 41, 44, 438, 439, 441, 442, 445 Manganese cluster, 449–458 Many-body correlation effect, 220 Molecular aggregate, 112, 114–115, 119 Multiatomic hydrogen molecules, 438, 439, 446 Multicharged ion, 218, 231–249 Multielectron atom, 232–243, 249 Multipole expansion, 223, 237 N Near-infrared (IR) pulse, 151 Negative energy, 29, 34, 35, 44, 133, 170, 242, 279, 313, 368, 369, 371, 394, 395, 422, 477, 498, 522 571 Neutrino, 24, 41–44, 70, 71 Neutron Compton scattering, 407–424 Nonadiabatic treatment of electronic and vibrational motions, 122, 123, 126, 132–134, 137, 139, 140, 145, 146 Nonstatistical fragmentation, 150, 151, 153, 163, 171–175 Nuclear current, 122, 126, 146, 210, 222–224 Nuclear excitation by electron capture, 219 by electron transition, 219–222, 225–226 Nuclear excitation by electron transition (NEET) probability, 218–226 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift, 396, 400–403 Numerical basis functions (atomic orbitals) of anion, 445 O O2– , 439, 442–444, 446 One-quasiparticle optimized representation, 225, 240–243, 249 Operator of a nuclear electromagnetic transition, 222 Optical response, 84, 110, 111, 119 Orbital-specific (OS) hybrid functional, 298, 300, 301, 303, 304 Origin of life, 51–53, 59, 62, 67–70 Oscillator strength, 231, 237, 243–247, 249 P Parity violation, 47–72 Particle fusion, 42, 43, 45 Perihelion motion, 4, 8, 9, 14, 18, 21 Periodicity, 50–51, 57, 179, 190, 353, 437–446, 505, 547, 557, 560 Photon propagator, 122, 222, 236, 241, 245, 246, 249 Polarization and ladder diagrams, 68, 84, 112, 114, 122–127, 129–138, 140, 144, 146, 151, 157, 159, 160, 163, 165, 166, 203, 225, 235, 236, 240, 242–247, 332, 365, 374, 395, 454, 466, 469, 477, 491, 495, 500, 520, 528, 534 Protein environment, 489–500, 514–515, 517 Protonation, 208, 450, 461–472, 547 Pyrazine, 80, 86–94, 105, 106, 122 Q QM/MM method, 358, 491, 492, 567 Quantum decoherence, 8, 20, 21, 407–424 Quantum master equation, 86, 109–120 572 R Radiative decay (width), 222, 223, 231–249 Reduced nuclear probability, 224 Relativistic energy approach, 217–226, 231–249 Relativistic many-body perturbation theory (PT), 217, 219, 221, 225, 232, 246 Rest mass, 7–9, 11–14, 16, 18, 23–45 Retinal protonated Schiff base (PSB), 490–493, 495, 497, 498, 500 Rosette orbit, 4, 14, 18 S SAC-CI See Symmetry-adapted clusterconfiguration interaction (SAC-CI) SCE See Spin contamination error (SCE) Schrăodinger equation accurate solution, 256, 257 dissociation energy, 263–267, 270, 273 free complement method, 255–273 gauge origin dependence, 256–257, 267–273 H2 C , 255–273 magnetic field, 255–273 Schwarzschild radius, 10–13, 16–19 Secular matrix, 221, 234–240 Self-interaction, 222, 276–284, 471 S-matrix formalism, 218, 232, 249 Solution 13 C NMR spectral analysis, 393–403 Special and general relativity, 3–4, 7, 10, 21, 25, 38 Spin contamination error (SCE), 346, 347, 349, 352–357 Spin, 23–45, 53, 125–128, 277, 345–358, 414, 415, 438, 440–443, 446, 450–452, 454, 462–465, 469–471, 516, 519–522 Statistical fragmentation, 150, 151, 153, 171–175 Stone-Wales rearrangements (SWRs), 153, 166–171, 173–175 Subfemtosecond dynamics, 413, 424 Sulfonamide, 331–343 SWRs See Stone-Wales rearrangements (SWRs) Index Symmetry, 9, 28, 30, 34, 47, 90, 122, 150, 185, 208, 235, 257, 276, 312, 365, 420, 430, 444, 518 Symmetry-adapted cluster-configuration interaction (SAC-CI), 490–496, 500 Symmetry violation, 21, 47–72 T Time-reversed bound-state internal conversion, 219 Transition probability, 218, 219, 221–226, 231–232, 234, 236–241, 243–249 Two-particle polarizable operator, 235 V Valence XPS, 393–403, 476–478, 481–484 Vibrational relaxation, 80, 85, 94–106, 146, 150 Vibration frequency, 92, 102, 145, 154–157, 160, 161, 166, 189–190, 212, 351, 395, 399, 419, 476–477 W Water dimer, 100–101, 106, 208 Wave beat, 34, 44 Well potential depth, 439, 441–446 X XC functional See Exchange correlation (XC) functional XPS See X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 394, 480 Y Ytterbium (Yb), 243–247 Z Zitterbewegung, 23–45 ... 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