Rubber Compounding - Chemistry and Applications Part 1 docx

New York•BaselRubber Compounding Chemistry and Applications edited by Brendan Rodgers The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Akron, Ohio... Tonson Abraham Advanced Elastomer Systems, L.P., A

Marcel Dekker, Inc New York•Basel

Rubber Compounding

Chemistry and Applications

edited by

Brendan Rodgers

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Akron, Ohio

Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neither the author(s) nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publica-tion, shall be liable for any loss, damage, or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book The material contained herein is not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any specific situation

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trade-marks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN: 0-8247-4871-9

This book is printed on acid-free paper

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Marcel Dekker, Inc., 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A

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Copyright nn2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission

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Current printing (last digit):

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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

4871-9_Rodgers_Prelims_R2_052404

Rubber compounding includes the science of elastomer chemistry and the modification of elastomers and elastomer blends by addition of other materials to meet a set of required mechanical properties It is therefore among the most complex disciplines in that the materials scientist requires a thorough understanding of materials physics, organic and polymer chemistry, inorganic chemistry, thermodynamics, and reaction kinetics

The rubber industry has changed over the last few years For example, tires have evolved from bias to tubeless radial constructions, and now ultralow-profile products are emerging Service lives of tires and of industrial products such as automobile engine hoses have dramatically improved None

of these innovations would have been possible without an emphasis on the understanding of the chemistry of raw materials and compounds Examples

of advances in materials technologies over recent years include

1 Commercialization of functionalized and coupled, solution-poly-merized polymers

2 Thermoplastic elastomers

3 Development of silica tread compound for high-performance tires

4 Hybrid filler systems and nanocomposite technologies

5 Reversion-resistant vulcanization systems

6 Halobutyl polymers, which were the foundation for the develop-ment of the tubeless radial tire

7 A new emphasis on recycling and renewable sources for raw materials

4871-9_Rodgers_Preface_R2_052404

To elaborate on the philosophy behind this book, we want to emphasize the chemistry of the materials used in building a compound formulation for a tire or engineered product Although subjects are not presented at an introductory level, this is not an advanced treatise Rather, it is intended as

a tool for the industrial compounder, teacher, or other academic scientist, to provide basic information on materials used in the rubber industry It also addresses a gap in the body of literature available to the chemist in industry and academia One chapter describes the application of materials technolo-gies in products such as hoses, conveyor belts, and tires

As Fred Barlow said in his book, Rubber Compounding, Second Edition (Dekker, 1993), no comprehensive review of a subject such as this could be written by one individual The compilation of this work thus depended on many contributors, and I want to express my thanks to the authors who participated in the project All are recognized authorities in their field, and this is reflected in the quality of their contributions I also wish to express many thanks to both Joseph Gingo, Senior Vice President, and Carl Payntor

at The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company for their support, to the staff at Marcel Dekker, Inc., Rita Lazazzaro and Lila Harris for their patience, and most important to my wife, Elizabeth, for her encouragement

Brendan Rodgers

4871-9_Rodgers_Preface_R2_052404

Preface

Contributors

1 Natural Rubber and Recycled Materials

William Klingensmith and Brendan Rodgers

2 General-Purpose Elastomers

Howard Colvin

3 Special-Purpose Elastomers

Sudhin Datta

4 Butyl Rubbers

Walter H Waddell and Andy H Tsou

5 Thermoplastic Elastomers: Fundamentals and Applications

Tonson Abraham and Colleen McMahan

6 Carbon Black

Wesley A Wampler, Thomas F Carlson,

and William R Jones

4871-9_Rodgers_Contents_R2_052104

7 Silica and Silanes

Walter Meon, Anke Blume, Hans-Detlef Luginsland,

and Stefan Uhrlandt

Harry G Moneypenny, Karl-Hans Menting,

and F Michael Gragg

9 Resins

James E Duddey

10 Antioxidants and Other Protectant Systems

Sung W Hong

11 Vulcanization

Frederick Ignatz-Hoover and Byron H To

12 Compound Development and Applications

George Burrowes and Brendan Rodgers

4871-9_Rodgers_Contents_R2_052104

Tonson Abraham Advanced Elastomer Systems, L.P., Akron, Ohio, U.S.A Anke Blume Degussa AG, Cologne, Germany

George Burrowes The Goodyear Tire &Rubber Company, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A

Thomas F Carlson Sid Richardson Carbon Company, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.A

Howard Colvin Riba-Fairfield, Decatur, Illinois, U.S.A

Sudhin Datta ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas, U.S.A James E Duddy Akron, Ohio, U.S.A

F Michael Gragg ExxonMobil Lubricants &Petroleum Specialties Company, Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.A

Sung W Hong Crompton Corporation, Uniroyal Chemical, Naugatuck, Connecticut, U.S.A

Frederick Ignatz-Hoover Flexsys America LP, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A

4871-9_Rodgers_Contributors_R2_052104

William R Jones Sid Richardson Carbon Company, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.A

William Klingensmith Akron Consulting Company, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A Hans-Detlef Luginsland Degussa AG, Cologne, Germany

Colleen McMahon Advanced Elastomer Systems, L.P., Akron, Ohio, U.S.A Karl-Hans Menting Schill &Seilacher ‘‘Struktol’’ Aktiengesellschaft, Hamburg, Germany

Harry G Moneypenny Moneypenny Tire &Rubber Consultants, Den Haag, The Netherlands

Walter Meon Degussa Corporation, Parsippany, New Jersey, U.S.A Brendan Rodgers The Goodyear Tire &Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A

Byron H To Flexsys America LP, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A

Andy H Tsou ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas, U.S.A Stefan Uhrlandt Degussa Corporation, Piscataway, New Jersey, U.S.A Walter H Waddell ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas, U.S.A

Wesley A Wampler Sid Richardson Carbon Company, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.A

4871-9_Rodgers_Contributors_R2_052104